Hydropower is a flexible energy source that is essential for balancing the electrical power system on all timescales, from seconds to years. In addition to intra-hour regulation, it provides frequency containment reserves (FCR-N,FCR-D) and frequency restoration reserves (mFRR, aFRR) to the grid. The turbine governor is a device responsible for controlling the power output and delivering frequency control to the system. The aim of this Master’s Thesis project is to develop a new hydropower turbine governor in MATLAB/Simulink, which contains all critical functionality from the existing governor and with the same performance. The new governor should as far as possible comply to the well-established communication standard IEC 61850. A working model of the turbine governor has been built in Simulink that supports normal operation with frequency control, start and stop, load rejection, operation mode as synchronous condenser and more. Validations of the model against data from Akkats powerplant shows that the model behaves as a real governor during normal operation. Validations of the start sequence showed deviations during sequence 3 and 4 which can be explained by usage of different PID parameters. Using IEC 61850 as a nomenclature and as a way of structuring functions in the governor has also been possible. Implementing the whole standard for communication, requires that the control system also is renewed according to IEC 61850. Certain functions, as sequencing has thus not been done according to the standard. MATLAB and Simulink provide tools for building, simulating and testing implementations of the turbine governor. The contributions this platform can provide are; ease of implementation, optimization and testing of control strategies. Simulink also provides a graphical interface, which reduce system complexity. An optimal implementation requires a hardware with support for Simulink to get a transparent platform. Ultimately, these benefits could result in better frequency quality at a lower cost, which is essential for successful and cost-effective integration of other renewable energy sources such as wind- and solar power.

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En Colombie, la prépondérance de l’hydroélectricité comme principale source d’énergie électrique a normalement été expliquée par la richesse hydrique du pays et justement, par la « rentabilité » de sa production par rapport à d’autres sources d’énergie. Cependant, cette recherche vise à contester ces idées préconçues. Mon argument principal est qu’il est nécessaire d’explorer le caractère politique et relationnel de cette ressource pour comprendre son importance au sein du secteur de l’énergie électrique. Pour ce faire, j’explore les causes et les effets de la crise énergétique de 1992, bien connue comme El gran apagón (la grande panne). Je montre comment cette crise a été instrumentalisée afin de négocier les techno-politiques du secteur ainsi que ses infrastructures. Soit dans l’implémentation des politiques néolibérales qui émergeaient dans les années 1990 et dans la légitimation de nouveaux barrages hydroélectriques. Dans le cas présent, le barrage hydroélectrique Porce II, situé dans le département d’Antioquia. L’objectif est de mettre en évidence comment les discours de crise et de rareté (mais aussi les discours d’abondance) de l’hydroélectricité ont permis sa prolifération, et par conséquent la transformation massive de certains territoires. Tout en discutant comment ces discours ne sont ni neutres ni statiques dans le temps et dans l’espace. À partir des perspectives de l’écologie politique et des études de la Science et des technologies, je m’attarde sur les effets des discours d’experts et des représentations dominantes de l’eau et de l’hydroélectricité afin de voir comment ils jouent un rôle dans la configuration le secteur de l’énergie électrique entre 1940 et 2000. La crise de El gran Apagón s’avère intéressante dans la mesure elle met en lumière comment ces représentations, mais aussi les pratiques, modèles de gestion et la gouvernance du secteur sont mises en dispute dans ce contexte. Dans la trajectoire historique de l’hydroélectricité en Colombie, cette étude voit comment ces infrastructures sont légitimées non seulement des promesses contradictoires de développement et de progrès, mais aussi par les discours crises. / In Colombia, the predominance of hydropower over other sources of energy have generally been explained by the notion of water abundance in the territory and therefore because of the rentability of its production. Nevertheless, this research aims to question these given ideas. I argue that it is necessary to explore the political and relational nature of this resource to understand its importance in the national electric sector. To do so, I explore the causes and effects of the 1992 energetic crisis, well-know as El gran apagón (The Great Blackout). I put into evidence how this crisis happened to be instrumentalized to negotiate the techno-politics and infrastructures that shape the electric sector system. More precisely, in the processes of implementation of neoliberal politics and in the legitimization of the construction of new dams. In this case, Porce II dam situated in the department of Antioquia. The main goal of this study is to reveal how crisis and scarcity discourses (as much as abundance discourses) of hydroelectricity allowed its proliferation, and thus, massive transformations of several territories in the country. Discussing at the same time how these discourses aren’t neutral nor static through space and time. From political ecology and Science and technology studies perspectives, I pay attention on the effects of expert discourses and representations of hydropower and water to see how they have shaped the electric sector in the period between 1940 and 2000. The crisis of El grand Apagón proves to be interesting as it allows to put into light how these representations, but also practices and the governance are contested and negotiated in this context. In the historical trajectory of hydropower in Colombia, this research seeks to explore how infrastructures are not only legitimated by contradictory promises of development and progress, but also by crisis discourses.

Dagens samhälle är beroende av el, allt från att få rent vatten i kranen till att kunna tanka bilen kräver el. Vattenkraftverk står för nästan 50% av dagens elproduktion i Sverige vilket medför att vattenkraft är en väsentlig verksamhet för att få samhället att fungera. Ur ett miljöperspektiv anses vattenkraft vara mer miljövänlig än el som produceras på fossila bränslen. I och med den stora rollen vattenkraft spelar i dagens samhälle är det viktigt att förebygga eventuella olyckor och produktionsstopp, till exempel bränder. Bränder har tidigare förekommit på vattenkraftverk runt om i världen. Colorado är ett exempel där det började brinna i det brandfarliga materialet som arbetades med i en tunnel på stationen. Detta resulterade i en brand där flera arbetare blev instängda i en tunnel under marken, samtliga omkom då det endast fanns en utrymningsväg. I vattenkraftstationer som är belägna under marken är det vanligt förekommande att det endast finns en utrymningsväg. Olyckan påvisar den komplexitet som finns vid dimensionering av vattenkraftstationer under marken. Syftet och målet med detta projekt har varit att identifiera brandrisker på två vattenkraftverk och finna passande åtgärder för att minimera och förebygga dessa. För att uppnå projektets mål har bland annat en litteraturstudie genomförts för att ge en förståelse över problem som kan uppstå. En riskidentifiering genom platsbesök har också genomförts för att se hur det ser ut i verkligheten på de två vattenkraftstationerna. Det har även gjorts en datasimulering för att ge en uppfattning av rökspridningen, denna datasimulering har genomförts med hjälp av Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Litteraturstudien påvisade, genom statistik från MSB:s databas IDA, att transformatorbränder är en av de största riskerna i anläggningar under marken. Vid platsbesöket på Messaure, ett vattenkraftverk, fanns det endast lokaltransformatorer placerade under marken. Dessa lokaltransformatorer var av typen torrtransformator vilket medför en mindre brandrisk. Tidigare fanns även övriga transformatorer under mark men dessa är flyttade ovan mark för att minimera brandrisken. Till skillnad från Messaure fanns Akkats, ett vattenkraftverk, transformator placerad under mark i en egen transformatorhall vilket utgör en egen brandcell. Entrén till denna fanns i direkt anslutning till tillfartstunneln som också används för utrymning. För att undersöka hur mycket en brand i transformatorhallen skulle påverka utrymningen valdes detta utrymme för en FDS-analys. Den slutsatsen som kan dras är att skulle dörren stå öppen skulle en brand i transformatorn ha en stor negativ inverkan på utrymningen. Rökutvecklingen skedde snabbt och röken strömmade tidigt ut i tillfartstunneln vilket medförde en påverkan på all utrymning. Vanligtvis ska dörren till transformatorhallen vara stängd men den kan lätt glömmas öppen i och med att det inte finns en dörrstängare. En kostnadseffektiv förbättring vore att installera en dörrstängare, det skulle kunna rädda liv. / Today's society is dependent on electricity, from getting clean water in the faucet to being able to put fuel in the car electricity is required. Hydroelectric power plants account for almost half of today's production of electricity, which means that hydropower is a vital factor for the community to function. From an environmental perspective, hydropower is considered more environmentally friendly than electricity produced from fossil fuels. Since hydroelectric power plants play a big role in society makes it very important to prevent possible accidents and hold-ups in production, such as a fire. Fires have occurred at hydropower plants around the world. Colorado is an example where the fire started in the flammable material that was being used in a tunnel at the hydropower plant. This resulted in a fire where several workers were trapped in a tunnel underground, all workers died since there was only one escape route. In hydropower stations located underground, it is common that there is only one escape route. The accident demonstrates the complexity that exists in the dimensioning of hydropower stations underground. The purpose and goal of this project has been to identify fire risks at two hydropower plants and how to minimize and prevent them. In order to achieve the project's goals, a literature study has been conducted to provide an understanding for the problems that may arise. A risk investigation was also conducted at the hydropower plants to see what they look like in the reality. A computer simulation has also been made to give an idea of the smoke spread. This computer simulation has been performed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The literature study showed, through statistics from MSB's database IDA, that transformer fires are one of the biggest risks in underground facilities. During the visit to Messaure, a hydroelectric power plant, only the local transformers were placed below the ground. These local transformers were of a dry-transformer type, which results in a smaller fire hazard. Previously, there were also other transformers underground, but these are moved above ground to minimize the fire hazard. Unlike Messaure, Akkat's, a hydroelectric power plant, transformer was placed underground in a separate transformer hall, which is a separate fire cell. The entrance to this was directly adjacent to the access tunnel which is also used for evacuation. To investigate how much a fire in the transformer hall would affect the evacuation, this space was chosen for an FDS analysis. The conclusion that can be drawn is that if the door should be left open, a fire in the transformer would have a major negative impact on the evacuation. Smoke quickly streamed into the access tunnel, which has an effect on all evacuation. The door should always be closed . However, there is no automatic door closer, which can result in the door being left open. A cost-effective improvement would be to install a door closer, which could save lives.

This master’s thesis deals with the feasibility study of the pumped-storage hydropower plant. Design is divided at three parts – upper water-reservoir with water intake, penstock with cabel tunnel and mechanical room with four Francis reversible turbine. Study contains engineering report, hydraulic calculations, photodocumentation and drawing documentation.

This doctoral thesis is focused on hydraulic design of axial turbine by CFD and FEM analyses. The results are runners with nonuniform cascades. Nonuniform runners consist of blades with different axial positions, blades with different pitch angles in runner or indifferent blades. Each runner is designed with respect to 3D printing by FDM or SLS technology and hydraulic measuring. The analyses of the excitation frequencies, modal analysis, shape of the turbine operating range, maximal efficiency, output parameters and cavitation properties are emphasized.

Emergency gates are important safety feature of hydropower plants. They are used to close the flow in order to protect power plant equipment in case of emergency. In this diploma the-sis are realized CDF simulations of emergency closure of wheel-mounted gate on two-dimensional model of the Slapy hydropower plant. Simulations were performed for the case of constant lowering gate speed and for the case of gravitational closure. Dynamic mesh was used to enable the gate motion. The 6DOF method was used for the case of gravitational clo-sure and user defined function was defined to control movement of the gate. User defined function include gravitational force, hydrodynamic forces and friction force. Simulations were used to verify forces acting on gate and volume flow through gate during closing process. In case of gravitational closure the speed and orientation of closing process and closing process time were determined.

Under hösten leker en inhemsk population av Atlantisk lax (Salmo salar) i Klarälven, Sverige, för att därefter vandra nedströms tillbaka till sjön Vänern. Vid älvens andra kraftverk sett från Vänerns mynning, Dejefors kraftverk, finns det planer på att ersätta ett av kraftverken mot ett nytt och det finns därför ett behov av att ta reda på hur laxens nedströmsvandring påverkas av det kraftverket som finns där i dag. Då alla kraftverk i Klarälven saknar fiskpassagelösningar är det extra viktigt att följa upp laxarnas passageöverlevnad under vandringen. Avsikten med denna studie var därför att ta reda på hur laxen rörde sig runt kraftverket, hur väl de klarade av att passera kraftverket beroende av vilken passageväg de tog och vilka faktorer som påverkade passageframgången. Under september 2020 fångades 40 laxindivider in när de var på väg uppströms inför leken. De mättes och märktes med telemetrisändare för att sedan transporteras uppströms och släppas ut nedanför kraftverket i Munkfors, varifrån deras nedströmsvandring förbi Dejefors kraftverk följdes och analyserades med hjälp av akustisk telemetri. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad mellan kön för när laxarna påbörjade sin nedströmsvandring. Kraftverket visade sig dock fördröja laxarnas nedströmsvandring då det tog längre tid för dem att passera kraftverket än vad det tagit dem att simma ner dit i den fritt strömmande delen av älven. Av de 31 laxar som anlände till Deje så passerade 27 av dem kraftverket, varav 13 individer överlevde (48 %). Överlevnaden var högre för individer som passerade via spillutskoven (10 av 12) än turbinerna (3 av 15). Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i mortalitet vid kraftverkspassage beroende på laxens längd och passageväg; långa individer hade en högre mortalitet (73 %) än kortare (25 %) och passagevägen hade en signifikant effekt på mortaliteten. Resultatet visar tydligt på ett behov av åtgärder för att förbättra överlevnaden hos lax vid passage av Dejefors kraftverk. Lösningar för att få fisken att helt undvika turbinerna och istället välja en annan passageväg vore troligen den bästa och effektivaste lösningen för att öka laxens överlevnad under nedströmsvandringen. / During autumn, the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) migrate upstream to spawn in the river Klarälven, Sweden, after which they migrate downstream back to Lake Vänern. There are plans to remove one of the power houses in Deje, and replace it with a new power house, and before that happens it is important to study the downstream passage conditions at the site. As all power plants in Klarälven lack fish passage solutions, it is important to follow up the salmon passage survival during the migration. The purpose of this study was therefore to study how downstream migrating salmon negotiate the power plant, the route-specific passage survival and what factors that could affect their passage success. In September 2020, 40 upstream migrating salmon individuals were caught, measured and tagged after which they were transported and released below the power plant in Munkfors. Their downstream migration past Dejefors power plant was studied and analyzed using acoustic telemetry. The results showed that there was no significant difference between sexes in regards of downstream migration timing. However, the power plant turned out to delay downstream migrating salmon as it took longer time for them to pass the power plant than it took them to swim down the free-flowing part of the river. Of the 31 salmon that arrived in Deje, 27 passed the power plant, of which 13 individuals survived (48%). The survival rate was higher for individuals passing via spillways (10 of 12) than turbines (3 of 15). There was a significant difference in mortality rate at power plant passage depending on the length and passage route of the salmon. Large individuals suffered a higher mortality (11 of 15) than short (3 of 12) and a larger proportion of the salmon died when passing through the turbines than through spill gates. Based on the results, there was a clear need for improved survival rates for salmon passing the Dejefors power plant. The design of the turbines could be changed for increased survival, but at the same time other solutions that will make it possible for fish to avoid the turbines and instead choose another passageway would probably be a better and more efficient solution to increase the survival of the salmon during their downstream migration.

The present thesis deals with the description of the current state on the course of Morava river from small hydro Kromeriz after a small water plant Hodonin. Subsequently, I deal with the description of search of weir plants and weirs for the construction of small hydropower (especially their heads, structures and, where appropriate, possible adaptation). Then I deal with completion new hydroelectric plants on this founded weir plants and weirs which are in section between the small hydroelectric power Kromeriz and Lanžhot city on the Czech Republic side (Brodské on the Slovak Republic side). In this work is mainly focus on the calculation of installed performance in individual locations (and also the calculation of achievable performance in these locations), machinery design (for the use of selected sets from Hydrohrom company) and the way the configuration of the power switch. If it is in those places, řeším even more possibilities of this construction is splavnění view of the river, especially in the field of Hodonin - Lanžhot. In addition, deals with the design of line side cubicle of each switch to local distribution networks (draft routes). In the last phase deals with the size of the production in each generation, calculations of costs of constructing these plants, approximate calculation of the production (of the flows of 2007) and time of return on your investment in the construction.

The Lunsemfwa river catchment is of paramount importance to the Zambian economy, particularly with regards to energy, agricultural and water for domestic, as well as wildlife. Water shortages during dry spells in the area present a huge problem for the various stakeholders in the basin. As the impact of climate variability increases in the basin, water resources managers in the basin are increasing challenged to efficiently allocate decreasing reserves of water resources against increasing levels of demand. This paper attempts to highlight the value of water resources to the earlier mentioned sectors; hydropower, agriculture and households, in order to inform allocation decisions in the Lunsemfwa catchment area of Zambia. The paper uses the SDDP method to investigate the average cost of electricity production, coupled with market electricity prices to ascertain the value of a unit of electricity given reservoir outflow levels. The PF method was used to evaluate the marginal value of water is agriculture, while the value of water for domestic consumers was evaluated using the Contingent Valuation method, particularly the willingness to pay, which essentially uses market prices to represent the consumers’ willingness to pay. A value of US$93/MWh is attached to hydropower produced here, while the marginal value of water in agriculture is estimated to be US$0.068/m3. The willingness to pay for connection to piped water is approximately US$34.13, while the monthly value is US$6.9. The Gross Financial Value (GFV) generated from hydropower, agriculture and domestic water supply is US$24,174,000, US$ 262,083,045.91 and $7,140,000.00 respectively.