INTRODUÇÃO: O hipotireoidismo congênito (HC) é uma doença, de acometimento neonatal, caracterizada por diminuição nos níveis de hormônios tireoidianos. As causas mais comuns de HC primário permanente são as alterações no desenvolvimento da glândula tireóide (disgenesia) e os defeitos de síntese dos hormônios tireóideos (disormonogênese). A determinação da etiologia do HC tem papel importante na determinação da gravidade da doença, evolução e tratamento. Essa investigação é feita através de exames como ultrassonografia e cintilografia (CINT) da tireóide. Além disso, com o conhecimento do genoma humano, diversas mutações foram descritas, sendo a investigação molecular importante para a determinação da etiologia da doença. OBJETIVOS: 1. Determinar o diagnóstico etiológico dos pacientes com HC a partir de dosagens hormonais, tireoglobulina e exames de imagem; 2. Estabelecer a importância do uso da ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido (USDC) no diagnóstico etiológico; 3. Estabelecer a importância do uso do teste do perclorato de sódio intravenoso (PSIV) no diagnóstico diferencial de HC por disormonogênese; 4. Estudar os genes PAX8 e receptor do TSH (TSHR) em pacientes com HC causado por disgenesia tireoidiana MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 40 pacientes acompanhados na APAE - São Caetano com diagnóstico de HC primário e permanente acima de 3 anos de idade. Os pacientes realizaram dosagens de T3, T4, T4 livre, TSH, tireoglobulina (TG) e anticorpo anti-TG pelo método imunofluorimétrico, além de USDC e CINT. Os pacientes com suspeita de disormonogênese foram submetidos ao teste PSIV e avaliação com otorrinolaringologista e audiometria tonal, se necessário. Os pacientes que apresentavam disgenesia tireoidiana tiveram o DNA extraído a partir de leucócitos periféricos para o estudo dos genes PAX8 e TSHR através de PCR e sequenciamento automático. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 28 pacientes do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino, após suspensão do tratamento com levotiroxina por 4 semanas. A idade média foi de 6,5 anos. O TSH médio foi 129,9 UI/mL (normal: 0,7-6,0). Os valores de T3, T4 e T4 livre variaram de 14 217 ng/dL (normal: 105-269), <1,6 15,8 g/dL (normal: 1,5-15) e < 0,3 2,7 ng/dL (normal: 0,7-1,5), respectivamente. A TG variou de <1 287 ng/dL (normal: 1,7-35). A USDC mostrou 21 pacientes com tireóide tópica (53%), 8 pacientes com tireóide ectópica (20%) e 11 pacientes com atireose (27%). Na CINT, o mapeamento identificou tireóide tópica em 20 pacientes (51%), tireóide ectópica em 13 pacientes (32%), e atireose em 7 pacientes (17%). A captação mostrou-se aumentada em 2 horas em 10 pacientes. O teste PSIV foi realizado em 9 pacientes com bócio ou glândula de tamanho normal ao USDC, cuja captação foi aumentada. Apenas um paciente apresentou vômito ao início do teste. Seis pacientes apresentaram teste positivo, considerando uma queda maior que 20%. Nenhum desses pacientes apresentava surdez neurossensorial. Encontramos discrepância entre USDC e CINT em 9 pacientes, principalmente nos casos de ectopia. A dosagem de TG auxiliou na confirmação de atireose. Os níveis mais altos de TG encontrados foram nos casos de disormonogênese causados por defeito na organificação. Assim, determinamos o diagnóstico de ectopia em 32,5% dos pacientes, hipoplasia em 20%, defeito na organificação (defeito de TPO ou THOX2) em 17,5%, atireose em 15%, defeito na TG em 7,5% e 3 casos a esclarecer (7,5%). Vinte e sete pacientes foram diagnosticados como portadores de disgenesia tireoidiana e não apresentaram mutações nos genes PAX8 e TSHR. CONCLUSÃO: Estabelecemos o diagnóstico etiológico em 37 dos 40 pacientes estudados. A USDC mostrou-se importante no diagnóstico etiológico do HC, especialmente associada à dosagem de TG. O teste PSIV mostrou-se seguro no diagnóstico diferencial do HC por disormonogênese. Não identificamos nenhuma mutação nos genes PAX8 e TSHR nos casos estudados de disgenesia / INTRODUCTION: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a disease at neonatal period characterized by low thyroid hormones levels. Most common causes of primary CH are alterations at thyroid gland development (dysgenesis) and thyroid hormone synthesis defects (dyshormonogenesis). The establishment of CH etiology has important role to define the severity, evolution and treatment of the disease. This investigation is based on thyroid ultrasound and radiouptake and radionuclide imaging (RAIU). With human genome knowledge, several mutations were described, becoming molecular investigation so important to etiology definition. OBJECTIVES: 1. Establish the etiologic diagnosis of CH patients using hormonal measurements, thyroglobulin and imaging exams. 2. Establish the importance of color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) in etiologic diagnosis. 3. Establish the importance of intravenous perchlorate sodium test in differential diagnosis of CH due to dyshormonogenesis. 4. Study PAX8 and TSH receptor (TSHR) genes in patients with CH due to thyroid dysgenesis. METHODS: We evaluated forty patients followed-up at APAE - São Caetano with primary and permanent CH diagnosis above 3 years-old. Patients performed T3, T4, free T4, TSH, thyroglobulin (TG) and anti-TG antibody using immunofluorimetric assays, besides thyroid CDUS and RAIU. Patients with thyroid dysgenesis had their DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes to study PAX8 and TSHR genes using PCR and automatic sequencing. Patients with dyshormonogenesis suspected were submitted to intravenous perchlorate sodium test and otorhinolaryngologist and tonal audiometric evaluation, if necessary. RESULTS: We evaluated 28 female and 12 male after levothyroxine treatment off for 4 weeks. Mean age of studied patients was 6.5 years-old. Mean TSH was 129.9 UI/mL (normal: 0.7-6.0). T3, T4 and freeT4 ranged from 14 217 ng/dL (normal 105-269) , <1.6 15.8 g/dL (normal: 1.5- 15) and < 0.3 2.7 ng/dL (normal: 0.7-1.5) respectively. TG level ranged from < 1 287 ng/dL (normal 1.7-35). CDUS showed normally located thyroid in 21 patients (53%), ectopy in 8 patients (20%), and athyrosis in 11 patients (27%). At RAIU, thyroid scan identified normal located gland in 20 patients (51%), ectopy in 13 patients (32%) e athyrosis in 7 patients (17%). Two-hours uptake was elevated in ten patients. Intravenous perchlorate sodium test was performed in 9 patients with goiter or normal volume at CDUS, with normal or elevated uptake. Only one patient presented vomit. Six patients had positive test, considering more than 20% of decline. None from these patients had neurosensorial deafness. We found discrepancy between CDUS and RAIU in 9 patients, especially in ectopic cases. Thyroglobulin measurement helped to confirm athyrosis. Highest TG levels were found in dyshormonogenesis patients due to organification defects. Therefore we determined etiologic diagnosis of ectopic gland in 32,5% of patients, hypoplasia in 20%, organification defect (TPO or THOX2 defects) in 17,5%, athyrosis in 15%, thyroglobulin defect in 7,5% and three cases were undefined (7,5%). Twenty seven patients were diagnosed with thyroid dysgenesis and had no mutation in PAX8 and TSHR genes. CONCLUSION: We established the etiologic diagnosis in 37 from 40 patients here studied. CDUS was useful on etiologic diagnosis of CH, especially associated to thyroglobulin level. Intravenous perchlorate sodium test was safe and efficient in CH differential diagnosis of dyshormonogenesis. We identified no mutation in PAX8 and TSHR genes in dysgenesis cases

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Roberto dos Santos Teixeira.pdf: 537086 bytes, checksum: 255e9ad40f6e12e7b8375df64bad6672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-31 / This study was held at the Dermatology sector of the veterinarian clinic Animalia Rio de Janeiro RJ, from August 1998 to December 2005, 19,7% of the total amount of dogs treated at the clinic(4107) were guided to the Dermatology practice. A number of 266 (6.5%) animals were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. All 100% of the subjects had skin or coat disorders; moreover, 35.7% also had non cutaneous clinical signs of hypothyroidism. The most common dermatopathies were hair coat disorders (65.8%) and keratinization disorders (46.6%). The more repeated non cutaneous clinical signs in the study were metabolic disorders (19.6%) and reproductive (19.2%). The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed dosing the thyroid hormone and TSH (18%), biopsy and histopathology of the skin (35.3%) also by the association of both procedures (46.7%). Within these last group of animals , the histopathology was considered as the most efficient diagnosis method for hypothyroidism (97.6% / 98.2%) as for the Hormone tests the efficiency of this diagnosis was less expressive: T4 Free (72.7% / 75.8%) e T4 Total (77.8% / 73.9%). A percentage of 68,5% of the animals with hypothyroidism , had 1 or 2 secondary diseases or associated to the endocrinopathy, from which immune mediated disorders (45,9%) were accentuated . 157 of the diagnosed patients were submitted to treatment, with positive results in 93.6% of the cases. The disease was most found in females (57,9%). Dogs from 1 to 8 years old (81,6%) represented the age range of the affected animals. There were 43 breeds of dogs involved in the study, from which Chow Chow, Shar pei and English Cocker Spaniel were considered to have predisposition for the disease. / Este estudo foi realizado no setor de Dermatologia da Cl?nica Veterin?ria Anim?lia Rio de Janeiro RJ, no per?odo de agosto de 1998 a dezembro de 2005. Do total de c?es atendidos na cl?nica (4107), 19,7% foram encaminhados ao setor, e em 266 destes (6,5%) foi diagnosticado hipotireoidismo. Em todos os c?es foram observadas altera??es na pele, enquanto que, 35,7% tinham tamb?m sintomas cl?nicos n?o cut?neos do hipotireoidismo. As dermatopatias mais comuns foram os dist?rbios de pelagem (65,8%) e os dist?rbios de queratiniza??o (46,6%). Dos sinais cl?nico-gerais n?o cut?neos, destacaram-se dist?rbios metab?licos (19,6%) e reprodutivos (19,2%). O diagn?stico de hipotireoidismo foi realizado atrav?s de dosagens dos horm?nios tireoidianos e TSH (18%), pela bi?psia e histopatologia de pele (35,3%) e pela associa??o entre estes m?todos (46,7%). Neste ?ltimo grupo de animais, a histopatologia foi considerada como o m?todo de diagn?stico mais eficaz para o hipotireoidismo (97,6% / 98,2%). Com rela??o ?s dosagens hormonais, a efic?cia para este diagn?stico foi menos expressiva: T4 Livre (72,7% / 75,8%) e T4 Total (77,8% / 73,9%). Dos animais com hipotireoidismo, 68,5% tinham 1 ou 2 doen?as secund?rias ou associadas ? endocrinopatia, das quais destacam-se os processos imunomediados (45,9%). Dos animais hipotireoideos, 157 foram submetidos ao tratamento, com resposta positiva em 93,6%. As f?meas (57,9%) foram mais acometidas. Animais com idades entre 1 a 8 anos (81,6%) representaram a faixa et?ria mais freq?entemente afetadas. Dentre as 43 ra?as de c?es acometidas, foram consideradas predispostas Chow Chow, Shar pei e Cocker Spaniel Ingl?s.

Introdução: Os inibidores tirosino-quinase (ITQs) constituem uma nova terapia molecular para o carcinoma medular da tireoide (CMT). O vandetanibe, um ITQ que atua contra os receptores VEGFR, EGFR e RET, inibe a transformação e o crescimento do tumor no CMT. No entanto, os ITQs têm importantes efeitos adversos, incluindo o hipotireoidismo. O aumento da expressão da iodotironina desiodase do tipo 3 (D3/DIO3), uma enzima chave na inativação dos hormônios da tireoide, pode ser um possível mecanismo de indução do hipotireoidismo por estas drogas. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos dos inibidores tirosino-quinase na expressão da D3 em células derivadas do CMT. Métodos: Estudo experimental in vitro, utilizando linhagem de células humanas oriundas de CMT (células TT). As células foram cultivadas em meio específico e tratadas com diferentes doses do ITQ vandetanibe (0,25; 0,5 e 1μM) ou com DMSO. A proliferação celular foi determinada por contagem em câmara de Neubauer. A expressão do mRNA foi avaliada por meio de PCR em tempo real, a expressão proteica por meio de Western Blot e a atividade da D3 foi avaliada por meio da técnica de cromatografia em colunas de Sephadex LH-20. Resultados: A adição do vandetanibe ao meio de cultura causou diminuição do número de células e seu efeito foi tempo e dose dependente, apresentando uma redução máxima (77%) após 6 dias de tratamento na dose de 1μM. Como esperado, o tratamento com vandetanibe inibiu a fosforilação do ERK. Não foram observadas alterações significativas dos níveis de mRNA da DIO3 após 3 (0,02 vs. 0,02 vs. 0,01 vs. 0,01; P = 0,34) ou 6 dias (0,02 vs. 0,02 vs. 0,03 vs. 0,02; P = 0,33) de tratamento. Consequentemente, a expressão proteica da D3 não aumentou nos grupos tratados. No entanto, observou-se um aumento de 2 a 5 vezes na atividade da D3 após 3 dias de tratamento e um aumento de 1,5 a 2,15 vezes em 6 dias de tratamento. Conclusões: O tratamento com vandetanibe não foi associado com níveis aumentados de expressão do mRNA e da proteína da D3 em células derivadas de CMT, embora tenha sido observado um aumento na sua atividade enzimática. / Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) constitute a novel molecular therapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Vandetanib, a TKI that acts against the VEGFR, EGFR and RET receptors, inhibits tumor transformation and growth in MTC. However, TKIs have important adverse effects, including hypothyroidism. Increases in the expression of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3/DIO3), a key enzyme in the inactivation of thyroid hormones, may be a possible mechanism of induction of hypothyroidism by these drugs. Objective: To investigate the effects of vandetanib on D3 expression in MTC-derived cells. Methods: In vitro experimental study using human MTC cell line (TT cells). Cells were cultured in specific medium and treated with different doses of vandetanib (0.25, 0.5 and 1μM) or DMSO. Cell proliferation was determined by counting in Neubauer's chamber. Expression of mRNA was evaluated by real-time PCR, protein expression by Western Blot and D3 activity was evaluated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Results: The addition of vandetanib to the culture medium caused a time and dose-dependent decrease in the number of cells, with a maximum reduction (77%) after 6 days of treatment at 1μM dose. As expected, vandetanib treatment inhibited ERK phosphorylation. No significant changes in DIO3 mRNA levels were observed after 3 (0.02 vs. 0.02 vs. 0.01 vs. 0.01; P = 0.34) or 6 days (0.02 vs. 0.02 vs. 0.03 vs. 0.02; P = 0.33) of treatment. Accordingly, D3 protein expression did not increase in treated groups. However, we observed a 2 to 5-fold increase in D3 activity after 3 days of treatment and a 1.5 to 2.15-fold increase in 6 days of treatment. Conclusions: Treatment with vandetanib was not associated with increased DIO3 mRNA and D3 protein expression levels in MTC-derived cells, although an increase in enzyme activity has been observed.

Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that TSH-stimulated FA release from adipocytes contributes to macrophage inflammation. 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous differentiated adipocytes were treated with TSH for 4 hours under various conditions and lipolysis assessed via glycerol secretion. Optimal conditions were determined and protein expression of ATGL, HSL and perilipin remained stable. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 or human adipocyte-conditioned medium (T-ACM) was placed on murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, and macrophage cytokine mRNA levels (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. T-ACM did not change cytokine mRNA expression in J774 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages when compared to ACM. Absence of BSA in the medium may have hindered release of FA from differentiated adipocytes into the medium, BSA may be required to permit adequate FA accumulation in the medium to then evaluate the effect of T-ACM on macrophages. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of FA on J774 and THP-1 inflammatory response.

Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that TSH-stimulated FA release from adipocytes contributes to macrophage inflammation. 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous differentiated adipocytes were treated with TSH for 4 hours under various conditions and lipolysis assessed via glycerol secretion. Optimal conditions were determined and protein expression of ATGL, HSL and perilipin remained stable. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 or human adipocyte-conditioned medium (T-ACM) was placed on murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, and macrophage cytokine mRNA levels (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. T-ACM did not change cytokine mRNA expression in J774 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages when compared to ACM. Absence of BSA in the medium may have hindered release of FA from differentiated adipocytes into the medium, BSA may be required to permit adequate FA accumulation in the medium to then evaluate the effect of T-ACM on macrophages. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of FA on J774 and THP-1 inflammatory response.

No description available.

Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that TSH-stimulated FA release from adipocytes contributes to macrophage inflammation. 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous differentiated adipocytes were treated with TSH for 4 hours under various conditions and lipolysis assessed via glycerol secretion. Optimal conditions were determined and protein expression of ATGL, HSL and perilipin remained stable. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 or human adipocyte-conditioned medium (T-ACM) was placed on murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, and macrophage cytokine mRNA levels (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. T-ACM did not change cytokine mRNA expression in J774 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages when compared to ACM. Absence of BSA in the medium may have hindered release of FA from differentiated adipocytes into the medium, BSA may be required to permit adequate FA accumulation in the medium to then evaluate the effect of T-ACM on macrophages. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of FA on J774 and THP-1 inflammatory response.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis investigates mechanisms of brain maturation by utilising the special advantages offered by the protracted maturation of neural circuits in chicken forebrain. Biochemical, behavioural and electrophysiological techniques are used in behaving animals to investigate the functional consequences of maturation changes at the molecular, behavioural and physiological levels. Two issues are addressed: (1) do immature (2 week) and mature (8 week) chickens employ different molecular mechanisms to produce changes in neuronal function after learning a behavioural task; and (2) can quantitative non-invasive measures of neuronal function be used to monitor maturation changes in chicken forebrain? Biochemical investigation of subcellular fractions using antibodies and western blots of chicken forebrain and intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) revealed regional differences in expression levels of a number of components of the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system. The discriminative taste aversion learning (DTAL) task was used to assess whether an animal learns the same task at different ages using different intracellular signalling pathways. The patterns of biochemical change seen in the IMM after DTAL training was very different at 2 weeks and 8 weeks. Two major differences were observed. Firstly, the same type of training induced changes occurred at both ages in GluR1 and CaMKII but they occurred faster at 8 weeks. Secondly the difference in ERK and CREB responses is consistent with a change in the relative contribution made by the ERK signalling pathway and CREB requirement to learning at these two ages. These results imply that the molecular changes induced by learning a behavioural task are faster in mature than immature brain and may involve a different balance of intracellular signalling pathways. In order to be able to investigate biological mechanisms controlling maturation and to use the chicken as an animal model in which pharmacological and/or environmental agents can be screened for potentially harmful effects on brain maturation two non-invasive measures of neuronal function were investigated. One was behavioural (prepulse inhibition: PPI) and the other was electrophysiological (auditory evoked related potentials: AERP). PPI in the chicken was examined electromyographically and via whole body movement with a stabilimeter apparatus. In two strains of chicken (a meat breed and a laying breed) PPI was identified but shown to be small and variable compared to that in the rat. The results indicate that the phenomenon of PPI in the chicken is too small and variable to be used as a quantitative measure of neural circuit maturation. Quantitative analysis of the chicken AERP revealed a significant decrease in amplitude of the positive AERP component and a decrease in latency of the negative AERP component with maturation. These maturation changes were comparable to developmental changes seen in human and other mammal AERPs. Such changes may reflect changes in the intracortical synaptic organisation of the auditory cortex. This technique allowed for repeated measures to be undertaken on the same animal over a number of weeks and enabled developmental changes to be monitored. This technique was extended to investigate perturbed maturation via the induction of chemically induced hypothyroidism. Results from this study showed that the induction of late onset hypothyroidism produces measurable effects on the chicken AERP consistent with perturbation in maturation of neuronal circuits and synapses. This suggests that AERPs may be useful non-invasive functional measures of brain maturation that can be used to study the effects of endogenous or exogenous factors on brain maturation in the chicken. Since human brain also exhibits a protracted maturation period the availability of a well characterised animal model for protracted brain maturation provides an opportunity to identify molecules, genes and environmental factors that are important in the regulation of maturation. Such a model may provide the basis for developing rational therapies or prevention strategies for some neurodevelopmental disorders. The protracted maturation of neuronal circuits observed in chicken forebrain offers such a model.

Στην εποχή της συστημικής βιολογίας, οι υψηλής απόδοσης (-ομικές) τεχνικές βιομοριακής ανάλυσης επέτρεψαν την ολιστική ανάλυση των διαφόρων μοριακών επιπέδων κυτταρικής λειτουργίας μέσω της ταυτόχρονης μέτρησης εκατοντάδων έως χιλιάδων αντιπροσωπευτικών μοριακών ποσοτήτων. Η μεταβολομική αναφέρεται στην ποσοτικοποίηση του (σχετικού) προτύπου συγκέντρωσης των ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών. Λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψιν, το ρόλο των μεταβολιτών ως, αντιδρώντα ή/και προϊόντα των μεταβολικών αντιδράσεων, το πρότυπο συγκέντρωσης τους επηρεάζει και επηρεάζεται από την κατανομή των μεταβολικών ροών, αποτελώντας επομένως ένα αποτύπωμα της μεταβολικής κατάστασης ενός βιολογικού συστήματος. Μεταξύ των πλεονεκτημάτων της μεταβολομικής ανάλυσης είναι ότι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε μεταβαλλόμενη κατάσταση φυσιολογίας, ενώ δεν απαιτεί ολοκληρωμένη γνώση του μεταβολικού δικτύου ενός οργανισμού. Αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά είναι ιδιαίτερα πλεονεκτικά για τη μελέτη της μεταβολικής ενεργότητας του εγκεφάλου, λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν την ανατομική, μορφολογική και φαινοτυπική πολυπλοκότητα αυτού του οργάνου και την έως τώρα κατανόηση των μεταβολικών του μηχανισμών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα για την επίδραση του ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού στον μεταβολισμό του εγκεφάλου, η μέχρι σήμερα γνώση παραμένει αποσπασματική, ενώ προέρχεται από διαφορετικά πειράματα και διάφορες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές. Μια ολιστική θεώρηση του μεταβολισμού σε συνθήκες υποθυρεοειδισμού σε συγκεκριμένες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές αναμένεται να αυξήσει σημαντικά τη γνώση μας για την ασθένεια αυτή. Σε μια πρόσφατη μελέτη της ερευνητικής μας ομάδας, που ήταν η πρώτη μεταβολική ανάλυση εγκεφαλικού ιστού σε ζωικό μοντέλο μακρόχρονου υποθυρεοειδισμού, η πολυπαραμετρική στατιστική ανάλυση των μεταβολικών προτύπων της παρεγκεφαλίδας μυός έδειξε διαφορές στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία του ιστού στα ευ- σε σχέση με τα υποθυρεοειδικά ζώα, παρέχοντας ισχυρές ενδείξεις ότι ο μεταβολισμός της παρεγκεφαλίδας θηλαστικών επηρρεάζεται από τον μακρόχρονο υποθυρεοειδισμό. Στην παρούσα εργασία, συγκρίθηκε η επίδραση του μακρόχρονου υποθυρεοειδισμού στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία της παρεγκεφαλίδας μεταξύ αρσενικών και θηλυκών Balb/cJ μυών, αφού επεκτάθηκε για επιπλέον μεταβολίτες η αυτοματοποιημένη μέθοδος προσδιορισμού κορυφών στο χρωματογράφημα. Ο μακρόχρονος υποθυρεοειδισμός επήχθη με χορήγηση 1% υπερχλωρικού καλλίου για 64 μέρες στο πόσιμο νερό των ζώων. Αυτή είναι και η πρώτη μελέτη της επίδρασης του ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού στην μεταβολομική φυσιολογία του 4 εγκεφάλου των θηλυκών μυών. Τα μεταβολικά πρότυπα αναλύθηκαν με το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα ΤΜ4/ MEV(www.tm4.org/MEV) για την πολυπαραμετρική στατιστική ανάλυση των -ομικών δεδομένων. Τα αποτελέσματα συζητήθηκαν στο πλαίσιο ενός κατάλληλα ανακατασκευασμένου μεταβολικού δικτύου για την παρεγκεφαλίδα μυός με βάση τις μεταβολικές βάσεις δεδομένων KEGG και EXPASY και δεδομένα από τη βιβλιογραφία. Η ανάλυση των προτύπων έδειξε ότι η επίδραση της δίμηνης χορήγησης υπερχλωρικού καλλίου στη μεταβολική φυσιολογία της παρεγκεφαλίδας ήταν πιο οξεία στα αρσενικά απ’ότι στα θηλυκά ζώα. Αυτή η παρατήρηση υποστηριζόταν και απο την σημαντικά μικρότερη μείωση του μέσου βάρους των υποθυρεοειδικών σε σχέση με αυτό των ευθυρεοειδικών ζώων στο τέλος της δίμηνης χορήγησης στα θηλυκά σε σχέση με τα αρσενικά. Τέος, σύγκριση των μεταβολικών προτύπων της παρεγκεφαλίδας των ευθυρεοειδικών αρσενικών και θηλυκών μυών έδειξε τους μισούς από τους μεταβολίτες στην παρεγκεφαλίδα των αρσενικών να έχουν σημαντικά μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση απ’ ότι στον ιστό των θηλυκών. Αυτή η παρατήρηση καταδεικνύει την ανάγκη της παρεγκεφαλίδας των θηλυκών σε μικρότερες συγκεντρώσεις ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών για την εύρυθμη λειτουργία της ως ένα πιθανό παράγοντα «προστασίας» του μεταβολισμού της από την επίδραση του μακρόχρονου ενήλικου υποθυρεοειδισμού. Καθώς η παρεγκεφαλίδα των αρσενικών χρειάζεται μεγαλύτερες ποσότητες ελεύθερων μικρών μεταβολιτών, η αναμενώμενη μείωση της συγκέντρωσης των μεταβολιτών που λαμβάνει ο εγκέφαλος μέσω του αιματοεγκεφαλικού φραγμού λόγω του υποθυρεοειδισμού θα την επηρεάσει πιο γρήγορα και πιο δραστικά από αυτή των θηλυκών. Αυτές οι σημαντικές παρατηρήσεις χρειάζονται περαιτέρω διερεύνηση μέσω κατάλληλα σχεδιασμένων αναλύσεων μεταβολομικής και φυσιολογίας και άλλων εγκεφαλικών περιοχών, συνδυάζοντας επίσης μετρήσεις των επιπέδων των θυρεοειδικών ορμονών με μεταβολομική ανάλυση του εγκεφαλικού ιστού με Υγρή Χρωματογραφία- Φασματομετρίας Μάζας, καθώς και μετρήσεις ομικών αναλύσεων από άλλα επίπεδα κυτταρικής λειτουργίας, κυρίως της πρωτεωμικής. / In the systems biology era, the high-throughput “omic” technologies have enabled the holistic analysis of the various molecular levels of cellular function through the simultaneous measurement of hundreds to thousands of relevant molecular quantities. Metabolomics refers to the quantification of the (relative) concentration profile of the free small metabolites. Taking into consideration the role of the metabolites as reactants and products of the metabolic reactions, their concentration profile affects and is affected by the metabolic pathway flux distribution. Thus, the metabolic profile provides a fingerprint of the metabolic state of a biological system. Among the advantages of the metabolomic analysis is that it can be easily used to monitor transient metabolic conditions without requiring extensive knowledge of the structure and regulation of the investigated metabolic networks. This characteristic is especially advantageous for the analysis of brain metabolism, considering the anatomical, morphological and phenotypic complexity of this organ and our current shortages in understanding its metabolic mechanisms. For the effect of adult onset hypothyroidism (AOH) on brain metabolism in particular, the current knowledge remains fragmented, concerning different experimental setups and recovered from various brain regions. A holistic view of metabolism under AOH in particular brain regions is expected to significantly enhance the current knowledge about the disease. In a recent study of our group, which was the first metabolomic analysis of brain tissue in a prolonged AOH mouse model, multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic profiles of the mouse cerebella indicated differences in the metabolic physiology of the tissue in the eu- compared to the hypo- thyroid animals, providing strong evidence that the mammalian cerebellum is metabolically responsive to prolonged AOH. In the present work, we compared the effect of prolonged AOH on the cerebellar metabolic physiology between male and female Balb/cJ mice, after enhancing the metabolite peak identification method to include additional metabolites. The prolonged AOH was induced by a 64-day treatment with 1% potassium perchlorate in the drinking water of the animals. This is the first reported analysis of the effect of AOH on the brain metabolic physiology of female mice. The raw metabolic profiles were normalized and appropriately filtered. The normalized metabolic profiles were analyzed using the open-source TM4/MeV software (www.tm4.org/MeV) for the multivariate statistical analysis of “omic” data. The acquired results were interpreted in the context of an appropriately reconstructed metabolic network for the mouse cerebellum based on the metabolic databases, KEGG and Expasy, and a plethora of information mined from the literature. The analysis of the metabolic profiles 6 indicated that the effect of the 2-month potassium perchlorate treatment on the metabolic physiology of the cerebellum is more acute in the male with respect to the female mice. The time profile of the body weight of the female compared to the male mice indicated a significantly smaller decrease in the mean weight of the hypothyroid compared to the euthyroid mice in the female compared to the male population at the end of the KClO4 treatment, an observation that further supports the metabolic profiling results. Finally, comparison between the metabolic profiles of the euthyroid male and female cerebellum indicated a significantly higher concentration in half of the measured free metabolites in the male compared to the female animals. This indicates the “leanness” of the metabolic profile of the female cerebellum as a potential “protective” parameter to the effect of AOH on its metabolic physiology, in the sense that the expected due to AOH decrease in the concentrations of the metabolites that are transferred to the brain through the blood brain barrier may affect more the male cerebellum that requires higher levels of free metabolites for its regular activity. These significant observations are in need of further investigation through appropriately designed physiological and metabolomic studies, integrating also thyroid hormone measurements from Liquid Chromatography-MS metabolomic analysis of brain tissue as well as omic measurements from other molecular levels of cellular function, mainly from proteomics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo