<p>The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage.</p>

This thesis has focused on color reproduction processes in the graphics field and is based on theoretical research and practical studies. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how new tools and tools adapted to a specific production set-up can be used to raise awareness regarding the quality and workflow of images and image processing for sheet-fed offset within the graphic industry. The work is divided in to the following three study areas with several sub-studies: 1) The first research goal of the thesis is to identify knowledge levels regarding color separation of images and demand specifications within printing houses. 2) The second research goal is to investigate whether novel tools and new terminology can help to increase the knowledge level regarding color management 3) The third goal is to investigate whether process specific adaptation of key color control tools can improve quality levels Three surveys about color reproduction (focusing on level of knowledge concerning color separation, the use of ICC-profiles and demand specifications for controlled color reproduction) at printing companies in Sweden were made between 2000 and 2004. The surveys indicated a serious problem in the graphic arts industry, involving both an insufficient understanding of color management and a lack of communication. An important part of the work was to assist in make color management understandable for users and thereby optimize printing. For this purpose, digital test forms have been developed. The developed tools, together with descriptive material, will facilitate the understanding of color management issues. Definitions within the field of color separations have been examined, and changes have been suggested. A new term for separation “Compensation by Black”, CB, has been suggested, instead of e.g. GCR and UCR. Is it possible to adapt the different parts of the process chain in order to achieve an improved production? Yes! This work has developed the method for adaptation of the scanne rtest chart, the printing test chart for image categorization and the control strip forsheet-fed offset using gray balance. This thesis suggests that it is possible to produce a custom-made IT8 target test chart for scanners and achieve a result at least similar to or even better than the standard test charts on the market. This work has also shown that itis possible to adapt the test chart for printing to image category. The result showed that low-key image separated by the image-adapted test chart showed more detail in the dark areas than a low-key image separated by the standard test chart, in the prints on a coated paper. The result from the adaptation of a control strip for sheet-fed offset showed that gray balance can be used as a control parameter for quality control in sheet-fed offset. / QC20100617

Detta examensarbete beskriver i detalj hur ICC-profiler fo¨r utskriftsmedier, i detta fall fo¨r storformatskrivare, skapas. Examensarbetet omfattade framtagande av ICC-profiler fo¨r substrat till storformatskrivaren Mutoh Toucan PJ-1614NXE (Mutoh Toucan) hos BEMI REKLAM AB (BEMI), Borla¨nge. Fo¨retaget har tidigare anva¨nt en standardlinja¨risering till samtliga substrat fo¨r storformatskrivaren, dock utan att applicera na°gon ICC-profil fo¨r utenheter. Samtliga substrat till Mutoh Toucan a¨r avsedda fo¨r utomhusbruk.

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt (Main), 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 283 - 305.

This study investigates possible contributing factors to the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) in undergraduate language learners. Moreover, the study tests the viability of a survey instrument which can help language programs describe the ICC of their students. ICC has been determined to be a valuable—if not central—component of the future of language teaching and learning (Aguilar, 2007) because of the focus the construct places on “appropriate and effective” interaction between the learner and interlocutors from the target culture. A total of 108 lower-division German language students were surveyed as part of this study. They represented a cross section of all lower-division German language courses offered at the University of Texas at Austin in the spring semester of 2010. The Assessment of Undergraduate Intercultural Competence was used to collect student responses. The survey, an extensive adaptation of Fantini’s Assessment of Intercultural Competence (2006) for the undergraduate language learning context, gathered demographic data, such as nationality, foreign travel experience and nature of a participant’s intercultural relationships. Students were also asked to rank the applicability to themselves of an array of personality traits. Finally, students responded to 54 questions which addressed the core domains of ICC: Knowledge, Attitude, Skills and Awareness. These items, as well as the personality traits were rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale. The data collected were analyzed by quantitative methods The findings of this analysis determined that there was no connection between students progressing through the language program and the development of ICC. Additionally, though, a number of other factors, including the presence of intercultural relationships and a student’s willingness to adjust to new ways of living, were found to contribute positively to one’s ICC. The results of the study suggest that language programs consider ways to incorporate these factors into curricula. The findings also provide benchmark data for future studies of language learner ICC in the context of the American undergraduate experience. / text

<p>The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage.</p>

Universiẗat, Diss.--Freiburg im Breisgau, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 9 - 33.

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 229 - 259.

En diskussion om könsdiskriminerande reklam har pågått sedan 1970 – talet. Än idag har det inte reglerats om könsdiskriminerande reklam och det har passerat ca 40 år. Det har pågått i sådan lång tid på grund av att experter i området har uttryckt att könsdiskriminerande reklam skyddas utav grundlagen. Könsdiskriminerande reklam anses skyddas av tryck- och yttrandefriheten på grund av att sådan reklam innehåller värderingar och åsikter. När det handlar om reklam, förväntas det omfattas av marknadsföringslagen, men lagen omfattar inte könsdiskriminerande reklam. Detta kom marknadsdomstolen (MD) fram i ett fall som heter MD 1976:8 och menade att marknadsföringslagen skyddar enbart konsumenter och näringsidkare, men inte konsumenternas integritet var för sig. För att handskas med könsdiskriminerande reklam har näringslivet skapat en självreglering, som heter Reklamombudsmannen (RO). RO har till uppgift att göra en bedömning om vad som kan uppfattas som könsdiskriminerande reklam enligt Internationella Handelskammarens regler. När RO kommer fram till att en marknadsföring är könsdiskriminerande, så är dessa besluten inte bindande. RO:s sanktioner är enbart att publicera överträdelsen. Uppsatsens uppgift är att antingen verifiera eller falsifiera argumenten om lagstiftning är möjlig och om RO:s arbete fungerar. Detta har skett i uppsatsen genom att ha frågeställningen, ”Skulle en lagstiftning mot könsdiskriminerande reklam strida mot grundlagen eller Marknadsföringslagen 2008:486 (MFL)?”. Denna frågeställning utreds med hjälp utav den rättsdogmatiska metoden.  Problemen i att lagstifta om könsdiskriminerande reklam finna inte enbart i juridiken, utan det finns även ett problem ur ett samhällsperspektiv genom konsekvenser av en sådan lagstiftning. Enligt lag så får en sådan framställning fortfarande ske. För att utreda om samhället har ett behov av en lagstiftning i området har främst ett rättsociologiskt och en empirisk perspektiv använts. Att lagstifta i området skapar ett samhällspåverkan och samhällsmarkering. Könsdiskriminerande reklam motverkar exempelvis jämställdheten och dess utveckling. Uppsatsen kommer utreda om en lagstiftning kommer hjälpa eller hämma samhället. Det som sägs i uppsatsen är bland annat att det finns en riska att med en lagstiftning att färre ärenden prövas och att lagstiftningen inte skulle följa samhällsutvecklingen. Därav lyder den andra frågeställningen att ”Bör det finnas en lagstiftning om könsdiskriminerande reklam, eller kan samhället handskas med detta?”. Könsdiskriminerande reklam motarbetas genom näringslivets egenåtgärder, med andra ord RO. Men räcker det att enbart RO handskas med könsdiskriminerande reklam och att det inte finns en lagstiftning i området. Hur har det funkat för stiftelsen hittills. Här kommer det göras en sammanställning på vad som hittills har bedöms som könsdiskriminerande reklam, genom att ta upp flera exempel på marknadsföring. Detta för att få en förståelse kring hur RO arbetar i praktiken och för att besvara på frågeställningen ”Hur väl fungerar RO:s arbete emot könsdiskriminerande reklam?”.  Reklam som är könsdiskriminerande skapar båda samhälleliga och juridiska problem. En diskussion pågår genom hela uppsatsen och det kommer inte finnas en enkel lösning till hands.

A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado. / This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.