A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado. / This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.

The present thesis project focused on the preclinical study of Neurotensin receptor 1 (Ntsr1), Endoglin/CD105 (Eng), Glypican 6 (Gpc6) and Sprouty homolog 4 (Spry4) as potential markers or molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Ntsr1 expression was characterized was reported in a paper that I co-authored entitled “Neurotensin receptor 1 is expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors but not in interstitial cells of Cajal.” by Gromova et al. PLOS ONE, 2009. As radio-labeled NTSR1 ligand analogues have already been reported for whole-body imaging and therapeutic interventions, prompting us to investigate NTSR1 as a target for in vivo imaging of GIST.Next, expression of Eng was characterized in the KitK641E murine GIST model, human GIST, GIST882 and BaF3 cells. This study has been reported in “Endoglin/CD105 is expressed in KIT positive cells in the gut and gastrointestinal stromal tumors” by Gromova et al. JCMM, 2011, a paper I co-authored. As result, an American start-up approached us to assess their proprietary compound targeting ENG on GIST882 cells. However, concerns were raised about possible non-selective action and the project was stalled by the company.Subsequently, GIST tissue microarrays were examined by immunohistochemistry using the sole commercially available GPC6 antibody. No statistical correlation could be found between GPC6-ir and GIST clinic-pathological features and concerns were raised about the reliability of the GPC6 antibody used. Ultimately, Spry4 was investigated in the last part of my thesis. In vitro, we have demonstrated that Spry4 is specifically upregulated by the ERK pathway in GIST882 cells. In vivo, Spry4 deficient mice showed an ICC hyperplasia in antrum and colon, using a new ICC quantification method developed in the lab, which was reminiscent of the oncogenic GIST murine model KitK641E. Similarities between Spry4 KO and KitK641E heterozygous animals were even further emphasized by functional studies, as both genotypes showed a delay in transit time. This study lead to the publication “Hyperplasia of interstitial cells of Cajal in Sprouty homolog 4 deficient mice” by Thys et al. 2015, PLOS ONE. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Magister Legum - LLM / The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM

Cette recherche doctorale vise à faire la lumière sur un paradoxe : alors que l'impact des différences culturelles sur les relations de travail est reconnu, la Gestion des Ressources Humaines n'utilise pas tous les leviers dont elle dispose pour aider ses managers à être performants dans les situations interculturelles. Notre travail s'appuie sur l'étude d'un cas unique, celui de Renault où 74 entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés dans une démarche qualitative. Les résultats mettent au jour une vision restrictive de la compétence interculturelle, qui assimile cette compétence à l'expatriation et à ceux qui l'ont vécue. Ces représentations ancrées dans l'histoire de l'internationalisation de l'entreprise influencent les pratiques de GRH et ne correspondent plus tout à fait à la réalité interculturelle de l'entreprise. En effet, notre étude révèle que, suivant la combinaison de ses dimensions, cette compétence donne lieu à une diversité de profils interculturels plus ou moins adaptés à des contextes interculturels variés. Notre contribution théorique consiste donc en une relecture du concept propre à nourrir des pratiques de GRH visant à améliorer l'adéquation entre besoins et ressources en compétences. Dans une logique nouvelle, nous proposons de renoncer à l'évaluation des compétences des individus et de concentrer l'analyse sur l'identification systématique des besoins. Notre contribution managériale porte sur la proposition de pratiques de GRH, dont des variables d'analyse de la complexité interculturelle des contextes. La relecture du concept de compétence interculturelle que nous défendons dans cette recherche peut être proposée à toute entreprise multinationale. / This doctoral research intends to understand a paradox: while the impact of cultural differences on business relationships are well known, the HR function does not equip the managers with the tools necessary to deal adequately with cross-cultural situations. This work is based on a case study conducted at Renault through 74 qualitative interviews. The results show a restrictive understanding of the intercultural competence (ICC) which is equated with expatriation, acquired "automatically," by those assigned to work overseas. It follows that the HR practices based on these beliefs, inherited from an era of rapid international expansion for Renault, no longer correspond to today's cross-cultural reality. Indeed, our findings suggest that, the ICC dimensions combine in multiple ways, resulting in managerial profiles which are more or less adapted according to the professional context. Our main theoretical contribution is the review of the concept of ICC, allowing the HR function to more effectively match competencies to the needs of a given situation. This new approach proposes abandoning individuals' competency assessment to concentrate on a systematic identification of the needs. Secondly, we aim to provide adapted practices for use within the HR function.

This work focuses on the description and characteristics of common problems which graphic designers face daily when working for advertising agencies. This work describes tasks and organises them according to the type of graphic being processed and the types of output. In addition, this work describes the ways these common tasks can be completed using modern graphics editing software. It also provides a practical definition of a graphic designer and graphic agency. The aim of this work is to map out the fundamental tasks with raster graphics which graphic designers must perform most frequently during their work and to suggest an optimal workflow. As a result, after collating all of the proposed solutions, a manual should take form. It should help to facilitate early stages of work for students who may hold the position of junior graphic designer within advertising agencies.

This thesis describes a combination of two current areas of research: the Crayons image classifier system and active learning. Currently Crayons provides no guidance to the user in what pixels should be labeled or when the task is complete. This work focuses on two main areas: 1) active learning for user guidance, and 2) accuracy estimation as a measure of completion. First, I provide a study through simulation and user experiments of seven active learning techniques as they relate to Crayons. Three of these techniques were specifically designed for use in Crayons. These three perform comparably to the others and are much less computationally intensive. A new widget is proposed for use in the Crayons environment giving an overview of the system "confusion". Second, I give a comparison of four accuracy estimation techniques relating to true accuracy and for use as a completion estimate. I show how three traditional accuracy estimation techniques are ineffective when placed in the Crayons environment. The fourth technique uses the same computation as the three new active learning techniques proposed in this work and thus requires little extra computation and outstrips the other three as a completion estimate both in simulation and user experiments.

"With the entry into force of the Rome Statute in July 2002 and the election of judges and prosecutors of the Court in 2003, there is need for states parties to the Rome Statute to enact laws to incorporate the crimes defined in the treaty. Currently, 92 states are parties to the treaty. The success of the ICC will depend not only on widespread ratification of the Rome Statute, but also on states parties' compliance with obligations under the treaty. For almost every state this will require some change in national law in accordance with existing laws and proceedings in a given legal system. The experience of most states parties to the treaty is that the Rome Statute will require some form of domestic implementing legislation, even if this is not the normal practice of the state. There is need for co-operation between the Court and state parties on the administration of justice. For the Court to function properly, the immunity of its personnel should be guaranteed and provisions in national constitutions that are incompatible with the Rome Statute should be amended to bring them in conformity with the provisions of the treaty. ... Thus far, South Africa is the only African country that has adopted an implementing legislation domesticating the Rome Statute. Other African countries such as Congo, DRC, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal have draft bills. There is, therefore, the need for African countries that are state parties to the treaty to positiviely confront the above challnges while incorporating the provisions of the Rome Statute into national law. ... The first chapter is an introduciton. It sketches the background of the study and reviews the materials that will be used for the study. It focuses on several hypothesis and research questions that the study is set out to answer. It highlights the dearth of materials on the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The second chapter analyses the ICC and the emerging international legal system. It discusses the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute and analysis the crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The effect of the bilateral immunity agreements signed by states parties to the Rome Statute with the United States of America is also highlighted. The third chapter deals with the ICC and indernational approaches to the implementation of the Rome Statute. This involves discussions on compatibility of the Rome Statute with national constitutions. Approaches adopted by states with regards to specific issues of implementation will also come into focus, followed by discussions on the amendment of constitutions and purposive interpretation as adopted by various states parties to the Rome Statute. The fourth chapter will discuss implications of the Rome Statute for domestic constitutions in Africa. The discussion will focus on immunity from prosecution granted to heads of state and government by constitutions, the surrender of persons to the ICC and sentencing of persons convicted by the Court with regards to their relationship in the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. The fifth chapter will be a comparative analysis of impelementation strategies adopted by South Africa, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). There will be an analysis of the relationship between the Rome Statute and African human right system. The last chapter is the conclusion with recommendations and arguments on the need for a comprehensive domestic implementation strategy of the Rome Statute in Africa." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Lovell Fernandez at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This study deals with two aspects of international law. The first is ‘immunity of state officials’ and the second is ‘prosecution of international crimes.’ Immunity is discussed in the context of international crimes. The study focuses on Africa because African state officials have become subjects of international criminal justice before international courts and various national courts both in Europe and Africa. It presents a new contribution to international criminal justice in Africa by examining the practice on prosecution of international crimes in eleven African states: South Africa; Kenya; Senegal; Ethiopia; Burundi; Rwanda; DRC; Congo; Niger; Burkina Faso and Uganda. The study concludes that immunity of state officials has been outlawed in these states thereby rendering state officials amenable to criminal prosecution for international crimes. The thesis argues that although immunity is founded under customary international law, it does not prevail over international law jus cogens on the prosecution of international crimes because such jus cogens trumps immunity. It is argued that, committing international crimes cannot qualify as acts performed in official capacity for the purpose of upholding immunity of state officials. In principle, customary international law outlaws functional immunity in respect of international crimes. Hence, in relation to international crimes, state officials cannot benefit from immunity from prosecution or subpoenas. Further, the study criticises the African Union’s opposition to the prosecutions before the International Criminal Court (ICC). It argues that however strong it may be, such opposition is unfounded in international law and is motivated by African solidarity to weaken the role of the ICC in Africa. It concludes that the decisions taken by the African Union not to cooperate with the ICC are geared towards breaching international obligations on cooperation with the ICC. The study calls upon African states to respect their obligations under the Rome Statute and customary international law. It recommends that African states should cooperate with the ICC in the investigations and prosecution of persons responsible for international crimes in Africa. At international level, the study reveals the conflicting jurisprudence of international courts on subpoenas against state officials. It argues that, state officials are not immune from being subpoenaed to testify or adduce evidence before international courts. It contends that issuing subpoenas to state officials ensures fairness and equality of arms in the prosecution of international crimes. It recommends that international courts should treat state officials equally regarding prosecution and subpoenas. It further recommends that African states should respect their obligations arising from the Rome Statute and that, immunity should not be used to develop a culture of impunity for international crimes committed in Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

This study investigates the intercultural development with young learners from Sweden and New Zealand, when using written telecollaboration as a tool. Telecollaboration; is a tool used for online collaboration, it provides for a possibility of connecting students from across the globe and can function as a supplement to traditional teaching. The exchange, took place over a couple of months, connecting two remote and quite unknown corners of the world, from the students’ perspective. Students shared cultural topics with their peers through the course of two emails each, as well as, creating an overall multimodal presentation of their school. The telecollaborative exchange was done in the quest to develop the students social and self-awareness regarding culture through authentic meetings. The data collected is in the form of mind-maps, multi-choice surveys and unstructured observations. Visible themes, found during the project, is unpacked and analysed in accordance with Byram’s (1997) theoretical model of ICC. These themes are also compared with findings of previous research on telecollaboration in educational settings. The results of the study revealed that a development of the young learners’ intercultural understanding was partially achieved. Furthermore, implications met, was the limitation of time as well as the range of technology available.