Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4221.pdf: 1619993 bytes, checksum: e58f2b93617431fa47276cfbf3f7b73e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The objective of this work was to develop methodologies for the determination of inorganic constituents in meat sample and the study of correlations between samples with chemical elements profile, especially Nelore samples of project BifeQuali aimed at improving the quality of Brazilian meat. Three different strategies for sample preparation, basic extraction, acid extraction and microwave assisted acid digestion were optimized and evaluated, by using bovine liver certified reference material (NIST 1577b), and the decomposition assisted by microwave radiation chosen for the decomposition of 650 samples used in this work. For the measurements of chemical elements, mass spectrometry and optical emission inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP OES and ICP-MS, respectively) were used. The chemical elements quantified by ICP-MS were V, Mn, As, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Pb, Cr, Se and Fe, by ICP OES were Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn. The use of internal standard (Sc, Y and Bi) contributed to the accuracy and precision of measurements. For principal component analysis (PCA) was developed a worksheet to perform the spectral scanning, monitoring 250 wavelength from 167 to 770 nm using ICP OES. The results showed that the crop that is bred proved to be an important variable, forming clusters corresponds to the two crops analyzed, which indicates that climatic factors affect the profile of chemical elements and the quality of nutrition. Moreover, the place of confinement is also presented as an important variable, showing the grouping according to the place where it was confined. Through PCA and analysis using SAS software was possible to observe the correlation between Na and K with the tenderness, and the higher the concentration of these, the lower the shear force, and the higher the tenderness / Esta tese teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias para determinação de elementos químicos essenciais e tóxicos em amostra de carne bovina (Longissimus dorsi) e a identificação de possíveis correlações entre as informações obtidas. Assim, visou-se a rastreabilidade das amostras, em especial aquelas de gado Nelore pertencentes ao projeto BifeQuali , em desenvolvimento na Embrapa que objetiva a melhoria da qualidade da carne nacional. Foram otimizadas e avaliadas três diferentes estratégias de preparo de amostra: extração alcalina, extração ácida e digestão assistida por radiação micro-ondas, empregando amostra de fígado bovino certificado (NIST 1577b), sendo a decomposição assistida por radiação micro-ondas adotada como padrão para a decomposição das 650 amostras disponíveis para o trabalho. Para as quantificações foram utilizadas a espectrometria de massa e de emissão óptica com plasma de argônio indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS e ICP OES, respectivamente). Os elementos químicos quantificados por ICP-MS foram As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se e V; já por ICP OES foram Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S e Zn. A utilização de padrão interno (Sc, Y e Bi) contribuiu para a exatidão e precisão das quantificações. Os dados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente e para as análises de componente principal (PCA) foi desenvolvida uma planilha para realizar varredura espectral de 250 comprimentos que compreendiam o intervalo de 167 a 770 nm, empregando ICP OES. Os resultados demonstraram que a safra em que o animal foi criado mostrou-se como parâmetro importante, formando os agrupamentos correspondentes às duas safras analisadas, fato que indica que os fatores climáticos afetam o perfil dos elementos químicos e na qualidade da alimentação do rebanho. Além disso, o local de confinamento também se apresentou como uma condição importante, mostrando o agrupamento de acordo com o local onde os animais eram confinados. As análises de PCA e as análises estatísticas indicaram existir correlação entre Na e K com a maciez da carne, sendo que quanto maior a concentração desses, menor será a força de cisalhamento, ou seja, maior será a maciez do contra-filé.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFCP.pdf: 872515 bytes, checksum: 9999d59df5e906241a9e5c0ad54a27a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Analytical procedures using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of total As in rice samples and fruit juices and inorganic As in rice samples were developed. A microwave-assisted digestion procedure carried out in closed vessels was developed using hydrogen peroxide and dilute nitric acid for better control of the analytical blank. The selective extraction procedure used for the determination of inorganic As was characterized by its simplicity and use of non-toxic reagents. Inductively ICP-MS/MS in mass-shift mode was efficient for the determination of total As in juices samples by reaction of the analyte with oxygen, enabling the determination of arsenic without interferences by monitoring 75As16O+. The limit of detection was 0.013 μg L-1 and total As concentrations determined in juices ranged from 0.126 to 1.45 μg L-1. All samples had As concentrations significantly lower than the maximum tolerable limits imposed by legislation. Addition and recovery experiments performed in reactive gas operating mode led to quantitative recoveries showing the accuracy of the procedure. Determination of total and inorganic As in rice samples were performed using ICP-MS in acquisition mode with and without collision cell pressurized with He flow rate at 4.5 mL min-1. The limit of detection without collision gas acquisition mode was in the range of 0.005 a 0.007 mg kg-1. Recovery was 103 % for total As content certified for NIST 1568a rice flour. The total As concentrations in rice samples ranged from 0.073 to 0.665 mg kg-1 with a mean content of 0.278 mg kg-1. Three different types of rice grains had higher concentrations than the maximum tolerable level 0.30 mg kg-1 of total As imposed by ANVISA, FAO and WHO. The inorganic As determination procedure had detection limit ranged from 0.05 to 0.06 μg kg-1 and mean concentrations of 0.079 mg kg-1 for rice samples. All samples had inorganic As concentrations lower than the maximum tolerable limit 0.20 mg kg-1 imposed by FAO and WHO, except brown rice sample. The total and inorganic As concentrations higher than those allowed in legislations indicate the relevance of As monitoring in rice and the need to improve the Brazilian legislation which so far does not have a regulation for inorganic As. / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos procedimentos analíticos usando espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS) para a determinação de As total em amostras de arroz e sucos de frutas e As inorgânico em amostras de arroz. O procedimento de digestão das amostras foi conduzido em frascos fechados assistido por radiação micro-ondas empregando-se solução de H2O2 e ácido nítrico diluído, condição favorável para o controle do branco analítico. O procedimento de extração seletiva adotado para a determinação de As inorgânico se caracterizou pela praticidade e emprego de reagentes pouco tóxicos. O ICP-MS/MS em modo de operação mass-shift foi eficiente para a determinação de As total nas amostras de sucos pela reação do analito com oxigênio, possibilitando a determinação de As isenta de interferências monitorando-se a espécie 75As16O+. O limite de detecção do procedimento foi de 0,013 μg L-1 e as concentrações de As total determinadas nos sucos variaram de 0,126 a 1,45 μg L-1, sendo significativamente inferiores aos limites máximos toleráveis impostos pelas legislações. As recuperações quantitativas obtidas no experimento de adição e recuperação realizado em modo de operação com gás reacional possibilitaram inferir sobre a exatidão do procedimento. As determinações de As total e inorgânico nas amostras de arroz foram realizadas empregando o equipamento ICP-MS no modo de aquisição sem e com cela de colisão pressurizada com He na vazão otimizada de 4,5 mL min-1. O limite de detecção em modo de aquisição sem gás de colisão apresentou-se na faixa de 0,005 a 0,007 mg kg-1 com recuperação de 103 % referente ao teor de As total certificado para o material de referência certificado NIST 1568a farinha de arroz. As concentrações de As total para as amostras de arroz analisadas variaram de 0,073 a 0,665 mg kg-1 com média de 0,278 mg kg-1. Três diferentes tipos de grãos de arroz apresentaram concentrações superiores ao teor máximo tolerável de 0,30 mg kg-1 de As total imposto pela ANVISA, FAO e WHO. O procedimento de determinação de As inorgânico apresentou limite de detecção na faixa de 0,05 a 0,06 μg kg-1 e teor médio de 0,079 mg kg-1 para as amostras de arroz. Todas as amostras apresentaram concentrações de As inorgânico inferiores ao limite máximo tolerável de 0,20 mg kg-1 imposto pela FAO e WHO, com exceção da amostra de arroz integral. As concentrações de As total e inorgânico superiores às permitidas nas legislações atestam a relevância do monitoramento de As em arroz assim como a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento da legislação brasileira, que não apresenta regulamento para As inorgânico.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work it is proposed the development of flow injection systems for hydride generation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FI-HG-ICPMS) for determination of trace elements (As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn and Te) in lead alloys employed in automotive battery. Due to the characteristics of the sample matrix, manly the presence of high concentrations of lead that can interfere in hydride generation technique, a detailed investigation of the influence of the physical and chemical parameters was made. The carrier solution concentration (HCl) reductant concentration (NaBH4 solution), reaction coil length and sample volume were evaluated. As the ICP-MS is a multielmentar technique, the parameters were optimized in order to determine simultaneously the highest number of elements. Three different configurations of FI systems were tested: a) a single channel system; b) a two channel system with one gas/liquid separator; and, c) a two channel system with two gas/liquid separators. According to the characteristics of the elements, two groups were separated: one group containing As, Bi, Se and Te were 6.0 mol l-1 HCl is necessary as sample carrier solution and another group containing Sb and Sn were 0.1 mol l-1 HCl is used as sample carrier. The compromise conditions of NaBH4 concentration, carrier gas (Ar) flow rate, sample volume and reactor coil length were 0.6% (m/v), 1.25 L min-1, 87 μL and 50 cm, respectively, for both groups of elements. Both systems with two reaction channels allow the simultaneous determination of the two groups of elements. Strong analyte signal suppression in presence of Pb, Ag, Bi and Cu was observed. However, the interference could be overcome by using the optimized conditions for hydride generation. By using the proposed FI-HG-ICP-MS systems it was possible to determine relatively low concentrations of Bi, Sb, Se, Sn and Te in lead alloys. The limits of detection were 0.34, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 mg g-1 of As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn and Te, respectively. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by using analyte recovery tests where the results were in range 94 to 103%. / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos sistemas de injeção em fluxo (FI) para a geração de hidretos (HG) acoplados a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (FI-HG-ICP-MS), para a determinação de elementos traço em liga de chumbo empregada em baterias automotivas. Devido às características da matriz da amostra, principalmente devido a presença de Pb, foi feita uma investigação detalhada dos parâmetros físicos e químicos da HG como, a concentração da solução carregadora (HCl), concentração do redutor, comprimento do reator e o volume de amostra injetado. Para a eficiente geração dos hidretos voláteis foi necessário estabelecer uma condição de compromisso. Desta forma, para As, Bi, Se e Te foi usada como solução carregadora da amostra HCl 6,0 mol L-1 e HCl 0,1 mol L-1 para Sb e Sn. A concentração de NaBH4, vazão do gás de arraste (Ar), volume de amostra injetado e o comprimento do reator foram 0,6% (m/v), 1,25 L min-1, 87 μL e 50 cm, respectivamente, para ambos os grupos de elementos. Após estabelecidas as condições reacionais para a geração de hidretos, foram desenvolvidos três sistemas FI. Um sistema FI com um canal de reação e dois sistemas com dois canais de reação, com um e dois separadores gás-líquido. Os sistemas com dois canais de reação permitem a determinação simultânea dos dois grupos de elementos. Forte supressão de sinal foi observada na presença de Pb, Ag, Bi e Cu porém, estas foram contornadas, particularmente, pelas condições reacionais da geração de hidretos e o reduzido volume de amostra injetado. Desta forma, utilizando os sistemas propostos foi possível a determinação de concentrações relativamente baixas para Bi, Sb, Se, Sn e Te em amostras de liga de chumbo. Os limites de detecção obtidos foram de 0,34, 0,01, 0,01, 0,01, 0,01, 0,01 mg g-1 para As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn e Te, respectivamente. A exatidão do método proposto foi avaliada através de teste de recuperação dos analitos, sendo que os mesmos ficaram na faixa entre 94 e 103%.

Abstract Humus-rich natural water samples, containing high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), are challenging for certain analytical methods used in trace element analysis, including hydride generation methods and electrochemical methods. In order to obtain reliable results, the samples must to be pretreated to release analytes from humic acid complexes prior to the determination. In this study, methods for both pretreatment and analysis steps were developed. Arsenic is a toxic element and therefore its determination even at low concentration levels is important in environmental monitoring. Arsenic complexed with humic substances is not likely to form volatile hydrides quantitatively during borohydride reduction. In this study, natural water samples were digested with microwave-assisted digestion method prior to analysis by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HG-ICP-MS). In addition, a dual mode sample introduction system was used to study internal standardization in order to correct signal variations during the measurement of arsenic with HG-ICP-MS. A novel nano-TiO2 catalyzed ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) digestion device was developed to apply green chemistry principles in sample preparation. The method consumes less harmful reagents and less energy than traditional techniques. The DOC removal efficiency was studied as a function of pH, irradiation time and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Recoveries of spiked heavy metals and hydride forming elements were studied. UV-LED technology is growing rapidly, and new catalytic semiconductor materials for photocatalysis are being developed. In this study, the effects of synthesis method variables on the properties of ZnO nanopowders were investigated. / Tiivistelmä Luonnonvesinäytteet voivat sisältää suuria määriä liuennutta hiiltä (DOC), jolloin pienten alkuainepitoisuuksien määrittäminen voi olla haasteellista esimerkiksi hydridinmuodostusmenetelmillä ja sähkökemiallisilla menetelmillä. Luotettavien tulosten saavuttamiseksi näytteet täytyy esikäsitellä analyyttien vapauttamiseksi humushappokomplekseista ennen määrityksiä. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin menetelmiä humuspitoisille luonnonvesinäytteille sekä esikäsittelyvaiheeseen että analyysivaiheeseen. Arseeni on myrkyllinen alkuaine, jonka määrittäminen pienissä pitoisuuksissa on ympäristön seurannan kannalta tärkeää. Humusyhdisteisiin kompleksoitunut arseeni ei muodosta kvantitatiivisesti hydridejä borohydridipelkistyksellä. Tässä tutkimuksessa luonnonvesinäytteet hajotettiin mikroaaltoavusteisella hajotusmenetelmällä ennen arseenin mittaamista hydridinmuodostus-induktiiviplasmamassaspektrometrialla (HG-ICP-MS). Tämän lisäksi tutkittiin mittaustarkkuuden parantamista sisäisellä standardoinnilla mitattaessa arseenia HG-ICP-MS-menetelmällä. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin myös uudenlainen näytteenkäsittelylaitteisto, jossa käytettiin säteilylähteenä ultraviolettivaloa emittoivaa diodia (UV-LED) ja katalyyttinä nanotitaanidioksidia. Uusi ympäristöystävällinen menetelmä kuluttaa vähemmän haitallisia reagensseja ja vähemmän energiaa kuin perinteiset menetelmät. Kehitetyn menetelmän hajotustehokkuutta tutkittiin pH:n, säteilytysajan ja vetyperoksidikonsentraation funktiona. Lisäksi raskasmetallien ja hydridiä muodostavien alkuaineiden saantoja tutkittiin lisäyskokeilla. UV-LED-teknologia kehittyy nopeasti ja uusia valokatalyysimateriaaleja tutkitaan jatkuvasti. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin synteesimuuttujien vaikutusta sinkkioksidinanojauheiden ominaisuuksiin.

During paper manufacturing, coating and adhesives are added to paper and cardboard to improve quality and durability. When the paper is later recycled or becoming new paper, the coatings may pollute the water used in the recycling process. Thus, it is important to know in which fraction these coatings finish during the process. In this study, laboratory made samples that mimic the repulping and paper making process is used. The different fractions of the processes were analyzed for a clay as well as a polymer coating. Metal content from clay coating is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. For analyzing polymer coating, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used. From the result of the analysis the Reject sample, which was collected with a bigger mesh sieve in a repulping system, contained the highest amount of both clay and polymer coating. The other sample fractions from the repulping process and paper making process, did not contain as high mass content of either clay nor polymer coating.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to provide an overview of the prevalence of allergenic and potentially allergenic metals in eye shadows. The diploma thesis gives an overview of the legislation on cosmetics and description of the types of allergenic reactions caused by allergenic and potential allergenic metals in eye shadows. Listed below are the preparation methods of the samples for analysis and the list of the methods by which can the selected metals be analyzed. The experimental part of the diploma thesis deals with an analysis of selected allergenic and potentially allergenic metals in eye shadows. In the experimental part of diploma thesis method of sample preparation for analysis of eye shadows and a method of analysis of sample of eye shadows by ICP-MS have been optimized. Monitored analytes were selected metals. Altogether 6 samples of eye shadows from different manufacturers were chosen. Measured results have been statistically processed, confronted with the applicable legislation and assessed in terms of possible allergic reactions.

The present PhD is focused on the development of new analytical methods based on ICP techniques to carry out the elemental and isotopic analysis of bioethanol samples and other specimens taken along the bioethanol production process. The total sample consumption system, so-called hTISIS, has been used as sample introduction system in ICP-OES for the quantification of major and minor metals, and ICP-MS for the determination of trace metals. The hTISIS has also been successfully set up to carry out the lead isotopic analysis of bioethanol samples. Additionally, metals found in bioethanol have been monitored along the production process of this biofuel to identify the origin of these metals. Finally, volatile organic compounds have been determined in different bioethanol samples to perform the characterization of the matrices and their effect on the accuracy of the methods based on ICP techniques, developed in the present PhD for the elemental and isotopic analysis of these kind of samples. / La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de análisis basados en técnicas de ICP para llevar a cabo el análisis elemental e isotópico de muestras de bioetanol y muestras tomadas a lo largo del proceso de obtención de dicho biocombustible. Se ha empleado un sistema de consumo total de muestra, conocido como hTISIS, como sistema de introducción de muestras en ICP-OES para la cuantificación de metales mayoritarios y minoritarios, y en ICP-MS para la determinación de metales traza en bioetanol. El sistema hTISIS también se ha empleado con éxito para llevar a cabo el análisis isotópico de plomo en dichas muestras. Además, los metales encontrados en las muestras de bioetanol han sido monitorizados a lo largo del proceso de obtención del mismo para identificar el origen de dichos metales. Finalmente, se han determinado los compuestos volátiles presentes en diferentes muestras de bioetanol, con el objetivo de caracterizar las matrices y como estas pueden afectar a la exactitud de los métodos desarrollados, que emplean técnicas ICP para el análisis elemental e isotópico de este tipo de muestras.

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of selected toxic elements in wine. The theoretical part described technology of wine production and selected toxic elements (cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, nickel and chromium) in the terms of their impact on wine quality and their effects on the human organism. It provides an overview of instrumental analytical methods, which can be used for the analysis of toxic metals. In the experimental part inductively coupled mass spektrometry technique was used for the analysis of wine samples. The measured values are statistically processed and compared with current legislation.

The determination of inorganic speciations of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in natural waters demands often separation and preconcentration. Solid phase extraction is a very effective method for these purposes. In this paper the separation and preconcentration of these microelements is realised on the basis of modified silica Separon SGX C18, SGX C8, SGX CN, SGX NH2, SGX Phenyl and strongly basic anion Exchanger SGX AX. The sorption was provided in the presence of cationic surfactants such as benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium bromide (Ajatin), benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (Zephyramine), 1-ethoxycarbonylpentadecyltrimetrhylammonium bromide (Septonex) and selected complexing agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acide (8-HQS), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (PYR), amonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate (APDC), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) or thiourea(Thur). The interactions of the formed ion associate with the sorbent shows a complicated character which has not been cleared as yet. The previous conditioning of the sorbent plays an outstanding role. Thus, the sorption efficiency was studied in the presence and absence of surfactant and of selected organic complexing agents. Moreover, the influence of pH of the sorbed solution as well as the speed and the volume of the solution running through the sorbent and the type and volume of the eluent on the resulting sorption efficiency was evaluated. The sorption was successfully carried out from 50-1000 ml of solution which allows the 100 fold increase of the preconcentration factor and the determination of the microelements in g.l-1 instead of mg.l-1 by using the common ICP-AES. The influence of macroelements occurring in waters as well as B, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in comparable concentrations involve less than 5% error. After the quantitative elution of microelements, the organic solvents were evaporated under IR lamps prior to the determination by ICP-AES and |ICP-MS. The conditions for the direct determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in g.l-1 with ICP-MS were also described in detail in the absence and presence of internal standards Ge and Bi. However, even in this case the preconcentration on silica in the presence of surfactant and selected organic complexants was also tested. When the sorption was followed from 500 ml a 50 fold enrichment factor is reached and the sensitivity for the microelements is improved. The direct determination and the sorption of microelements were applied on synthetic and real waters (dirinking, surface, mineral and sea waters). Instrumental and practical detection limits for various water samples were evaluated according to IUPAC. The results from 1000 ml solution of real waters after sorption on modified silica and the final determination of microelements with ICP-AES were compared with those from ICP-MS without sorption using the method of standards addition in the presence of suitable internal standards. By comparison of results for synthetic and real water samples the error of the determination of microelements was evaluated.

No description available.