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The purpose of this paper is to study how the conservatism have changed in the conservative party in the United Kingdom and what influence the party leader seems to have over the party ideology. To answer this purpose an idea analysis is used and a material consisting of election manifestos from three periods of the party´s history (Churchill, Thatcher and Cameron) but even political biographies of the leaders. The result shows some difference between the manifestos and the leaders, but even some similarities. One difference, but also a similarity over time, is the view of a cooperation in Europe. Churchill’s manifestos are positive to a cooperation between nations in Europe, Thatcher and Cameron there manifestos share the same skeptics against a further European cooperation. One similarity over time is the support for family as one of the central values in the country. About the leaders and the manifestos there are some similarities, but also some difference between them. Example of similarities are Churchill and the manifestos support full employment, Thatcher and the manifestos support aim on inflation. Cameron is personally divvied in his relation to trade unions and so is the manifestos.  One difference between Churchill and the manifestos is that Churchill accepted capital punishment, but the manifestos never take a stand in this issue. Thatcher and the manifestos don’t share the same view on homosexuality rights, Thatcher is negative and the manifestos not even take a stand. Cameron´s view on privatization is unown, but the manifestos are positive.

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El propósito de este estudio de investigación está enfocado en brindar información detallada y clara acerca de la oportunidad de negocio que actualmente se podría dar a través de la exportación de café orgánico a China y sobre todo datos numéricos que respaldan el éxito económico que representa esta idea de negocio que a la fecha ya se viene realizando. Cabe señalar que para la elaboración de este artículo se ha considerado la investigación bibliográfica y documental para sustentar y dar mayor relevancia a esta publicación. A partir del estudio realizado se obtuvo datos relevantes que indican que nuestro país posee un reconocimiento internacional que nos coloca como principales exportadores de café orgánico y hemos superado a países latinoamericanos como Brasil y Colombia. Se concluye el artículo, haciendo referencia a las estrategias de negocio que se pueden practicar para exportar un producto peruano de alto nivel de consumismo en China como es el café orgánico, siendo considerado producto bandera.

A pesquisa apresenta um estudo teórico desencadeado pela tentativa de se alcançar a compreensão sobre um sentido de lugar relacionado ao plano das ideias, sendo estas entendidas como o resultado de elaborações mentais fundadas a partir das experiências, percepções e também do imaginário das pessoas. A abordagem ancora-se num enfoque transdisciplinar a fim de desenvolver uma reflexão a respeito das muitas questões simbólicas e subjetivas que tangem o tema. Considerando-se a hipótese de que o lugar não é apenas uma construção física, já que no âmbito dos usos e das apropriações o contato entre indivíduo e obra edificada é determinante para trazer à tona um sentido essencial de lugar, entende-se que essa essência esteja intimamente conectada às ideias que as pessoas têm acerca dos lugares, refletindo o fenômeno existencial da habitação. Tal perspectiva aponta para a adoção da fenomenologia como um método de análise preocupado com as questões referentes ao problema das essências e que, no caso específico do estudo de lugar, repercute os domínios das emoções e do pensamento humano. Ao integrar-se a essa esfera subjetiva, permeada pelas práticas existenciais estabelecidas entre sujeito e mundo vivido, nota-se que o sentido de lugar enfocado pela pesquisa se traduz por um forte caráter simbólico, que ultrapassa a perspectiva das localizações físicas e da materialidade do ambiente construído. Dessa forma, fundamenta-se a elaboração da tese que aponta para o entendimento de que a arquitetura não constrói lugares, mas, ao agir na configuração espacial, repercute os ecos de uma atividade que auxilia a humanidade a compor suas próprias ideias de lugar. Tanto o pensamento por detrás do projeto arquitetônico quanto as qualidades físicas da obra executada são capazes de lançar as ordens conceituais, utilitárias e estéticas sinalizadoras das diretrizes interpostas na relação das pessoas com os lugares. A arquitetura estimula a percepção dos usuários e convida-os a uma experiência deflagradora de ideias formatadas pelo uso, apropriação e/ou contemplação de determinado ambiente, cristalizando um sentido de lugar propício à habitação que, na prática, corresponde aos atos de entrar, permanecer e contemplar o/no mundo. / This research presents a theoretical study brought about by an attempt to achieve an understanding of a sense of place in relation to the realm of ideas, which result from mental elaborations created from people’s experiences, perceptions, and imagination. The approach is grounded on a transdisciplinary perspective in order to develop some reflective thought on the many symbolic and subjective issues around the theme. Taking into account the hypothesis that place is not a mere physical construction, given that within the scope of use and appropriation the contact between individuals and erected buildings is a determining factor to bring forth an essential sense of place, there is an understanding that this essence is intimately linked to the ideas that people have about places, reflecting the existential phenomenon of inhabiting. This perspective indicates the adoption of phenomenology as an analytical method concerned with questions regarding the problem of essences and which, in the specific case of a study on place, echoes the domains of emotions and human thought. By adjoining this subjective sphere permeated by existential practices established between subject and the experienced world, one can observe that the sense of place addressed by the study is perceived as having a strong symbolic character which goes beyond the perspective of physical locations and the materiality of the built environment. This is the foundation of the thesis pointing towards the understanding that architecture does not build places, but rather, upon acting on spatial configuration echoes an activity that helps people compose their own ideas of place. Both the thought behind an architectural project and the physical characteristics of the executed work are capable of disposing the conceptual, utilitarian, and aesthetic orders that signal the guidelines interposed in the relationship between people and places. Architecture stimulates users’ perception and invites them to an experience that entices ideas formatted by the use, appropriation, and/or contemplation of a given environment, thus solidifying a sense of place suitable for inhabiting which, in practice, corresponds to the acts of entering, remaining in, and contemplating the world.

This study examined how Florida administrative law judges (ALJs) constructed an appropriate education for students with disabilities in their final orders. This study utilized the Johnstone Method as a heuristic in analyzing the data. It examined the construction of an appropriate education from the implementation of PL 94-142 up to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Board of Education v. Rowley (1975-1978), after the Rowley decision (1983-1986), and after the reauthorization of the Individual with Disabilities Education Act in 2004 (2004-2007). Each time period was examined individually and then the results were compared. The data sources included six purposively sampled final orders obtained from the Florida Division of Administrative Hearings and the Florida Department of Education. Two final orders per time period have been examined. For each time period, one final order with the school district as the prevailing party and one with the parent as the prevailing party were selected. Immersive line-by-line coding, and grounding of claims in specific textual evidence have been utilized to establish trustworthiness. The results indicate that during the period pre-Rowley, ALJs constructed an "appropriate" education based on the needs of the child and the special education program proposed to meet those needs. Deference was not given to one party over the other and the ALJ used his or her judgment in helping to construct an appropriate education. After the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Board of Education v. Rowley (1982), experts were charged with constructing an appropriate education for students with disabilities. This decision established an epistemic hierarchy that gave deference to school districts over parents. Outcomes were not considered by ALJs in constructing an appropriate education post-Rowley. The purpose of special education as outlined in IDEA (2004) had no impact on the construction of an appropriate education for a student with a disability; instead the Rowley decision impacted the time period post-IDEA (2004). Throughout the three time periods, the ALJs all emphasized that school districts are not required to provide the "best" education to students with disabilities.

Documenting organisational history and heritage, it is argued, is an increasingly critical precursor to effective corporate and scenario planning. This study proposes that organisational history and heritage can be encapsulated in any local setting through the application of van der Heijden's (1996) conceptual framework i.e. the "business" idea. The study demonstrates that documenting the organisational business idea in use is a valid and meaningful planning activity. Secondly, the possession of multiple perspectives on the business idea in use, means that current and future planning teams will collectively be better informed, more competent and ready to abandon established ways of doing business and to strategise about unknown futures.Interpretivist methodology utilising an embedded single case study method was applied to an organisation undergoing change: the Family Planning Association of Western Australia, Inc. (FPWA). A stratified sample of thirty-four members from FPWA's institutional (Board of Management), corporate, organisational (service managers and coordinators) and technical (service delivery) organisational levels were interviewed, with the intent of capturing broad perceptions from each organisational level of the derived categories of the business idea framework. The categories investigated were those of organisational purpose, customer value created, distinctive competencies, competitive advantage, organisational uniqueness, positive and negative forces, and results. The study sought evidence to support each of the derived categories, as well as looking to elaborate on the process and task of business idea investigation and articulation.Interview outcomes were transcribed, coded and analysed using NUD*IST, the intent being to craft a consolidated model of the business idea in use at FPWA. Multiple perspectives from the four nominated organisational ++ / levels were isolated by copying the core NUD*IST database four times. A copy was assigned to each organisational group wherein interviews belonging to the assigned group were retained, and the remainder deleted, thereby allowing the differences between each group to emerge. Elements of the NUD*IST index system for the core and four derived databases were then exported to Decision Explorer for graphical representation and gap analysis. Narrative analysis was applied to relate the study's findings.Key internal and external factors were identified as both driving and hindering evolution of FPWA's corporate culture. It was in these areas that key insights to the meta value of the study emerged. The key driving external force was the changing face of sexual health community issues, specifically the expansion of services beyond women's health to cover men's, gay, lesbian and special need groups-FPWA is about sex (positive external force).The question of who should pay for sexual health services is also challenged. Concerns over the withdrawal of government funding (negative external force) and a lack of perceived direction (negative internal force) by members at the organisational and technical levels, has led to behaviour aimed at corporate survival and maintenance of the status quo. Many staff at FPWA were interpreted as clinging tightly to social justice, women's rights issues, reflecting the humanitarian (positive internal force) value-based aspects that have sustained FPWA's service over its twenty-five years of service.The conceptual framework associated with the business idea proved to be essentially a system that maps the organisation's corporate and commercial rationale. The systemic insights that emerged from the study at FPWA enabled the researcher to build a four level hierarchical model of systemic appreciation with van der Heijden's framework as the ++ / foundation. Issues of corporate age and stage of growth, systemic archetype and the key question facing the scenario planning team made up the higher levels of an emergent model of scenario planning readiness. The critical thinking associated with documenting the organisational history and heritage in the form of the business idea system has therefore generated a crucial link in the corporate and scenario planning process: the articulation of the key question as a catalyst to the next stage of corporate strategy formulation.

<p>  This thesis aims at how to enhance innovation management in the companies. Collecting the data by surveys which we have sent to five Swedish companies. Through studying the theories and analyzing the data, then we got a new model about how to enhance innovation management.    Through the survey and literatures studies, we found that innovation was the most important for an enterprise; it is a power of enterprise survival and development. To enhance the innovation capability, enterprises must strengthen their innovation management.    How to enhance the innovation management effectively? With this purpose question, we have analyzed it through management idea innovation, technology innovation and culture innovation<strong>.</strong> Through the survey analysis and the theories study, there are 9 factors should be considered when the innovation management has launched .the company should know how to balance the dilemma of innovation, moreover, leader own the open views and offer a loose and free environment to the employees, then choosing a right partner and gain more support in form of fund and technology and so on. At last, we created a new model about enhancing innovation management. In conclusion, innovation management should be taken be an active state in organization operation with the management idea innovation, technology innovation and culture innovation.</p>

This thesis aims at how to enhance innovation management in the companies. Collecting the data by surveys which we have sent to five Swedish companies. Through studying the theories and analyzing the data, then we got a new model about how to enhance innovation management.    Through the survey and literatures studies, we found that innovation was the most important for an enterprise; it is a power of enterprise survival and development. To enhance the innovation capability, enterprises must strengthen their innovation management.    How to enhance the innovation management effectively? With this purpose question, we have analyzed it through management idea innovation, technology innovation and culture innovation. Through the survey analysis and the theories study, there are 9 factors should be considered when the innovation management has launched .the company should know how to balance the dilemma of innovation, moreover, leader own the open views and offer a loose and free environment to the employees, then choosing a right partner and gain more support in form of fund and technology and so on. At last, we created a new model about enhancing innovation management. In conclusion, innovation management should be taken be an active state in organization operation with the management idea innovation, technology innovation and culture innovation.

Idea generation and design-by-analogy are core parts of design. Designers need tools to assist them in developing creative and innovative ideas. Analogy is one such tool that helps designers solve design problems. It is a stimulus that helps generate innovative solutions to a design problem. It is used to generate novel ideas by transferring information (i.e. mapping elements) from a known domain (base) to an unknown domain (target). Multiple solutions can be developed based on a single analog and designers derive principles of design from the analogs (products) they experience. There is little research that discusses creating multiple solutions from a single analog or how multiple analogs can assist designers in mapping high level principles of design. Multiple paths are available to improve the design-by-analogy process and help designers understand the process better. This thesis explores two phases of design-by-analogy in which designers have difficulty generating multiple inferences from a single source analog and identifying high level principles given multiple example analogs in the presence of noise. Two hypotheses are proposed to explore the importance of analogies in design. 1. A lone designer is able to generate multiple inferences from a single source analog when instructed to do so. 2. The mapping of high level principles increases with the increase in the number of example analogs and decreases with the amount of noise. Two experiments, "Multiple Solutions" and "Multiple Analogies" are conducted to answer the proposed research questions and to understand how designers can become better analogical reasoners. The results from the "Multiple Solutions" experiment show that engineers, when directed to, can create multiple solutions from a single analog. Results from the "Multiple Analogies" experiment also satisfy the hypothesis that the mapping of high level principles increases with an increase in the number of analogs and decreases with distracters. A significant interaction is also observed between these two factors. The results indicate more future work with a greater sample size.