The following study aims to examine the infant mortality in Kronoberg county in southern Sweden during four intervals 1820–1840, 1860–1880, 1900–1920 and 1930–1949, and thereby during the three latter stages of the demographic transition. The empirical data has been obtained from the region's central town, Växjö, and 16 different parishes on the countryside. As stated, the main issue is to study the development of infant mortality, but also to investigate whether there was any regional variation and whether the mortality was higher among the illegitimate children. The results show that infant mortality decreased from 173 to 35 per mille and that the urban parts of the study area initially had the highest mortality, but until the last interval it was lo­west in the urban environment. The highest infant mortality rate was observed among those born out of wedlock, which also declined from 262 to 65 per thousand throughout the studied periods.

The aim of the study was to investigate the diet diversity, food access and coping strategies applied by single mothers with young children in the Northern Okavango region of Botswana. A qualitative and quantitative survey was chosen as the research design for this study. The study site was Gumare village in rural Ngamiland and the sample included only single female headed households. The questionnaires used were contextualized to reflect the culture, food patterns and specific foods commonly consumed in Botswana. Three questionnaires were used: 1. A socio- demographic questionnaire to document household size, age, marital status, income and water sources and the indigenous and wild foods that were gathered 2. The international standardized Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) questionnaire to identify the variety of foods from fourteen food groups consumed by households over the previous 24 hours 3. The international standardized Coping Strategies Index (CSI) to determine the coping strategy behaviours of members of the household when faced with food shortages The socio demographic results of the study showed that female headed households had an average 7.4 members. They were seriously affected by poverty, as 58% of the households had registered under the Botswana Social Welfare programme as destitute. Therefore qualifies to be assisted through provision of food baskets and cash vouchers. The overall results obtained from the household dietary diversity questionnaire showed a diet diversity score of 2.0. This is an extremely low diet diversity value, which indicate a high level of vulnerability to food insecurity and inadequate food access. The foods which were mainly consumed by households were from the cereal food group, reflecting the global situation among the poor who rely on starch- based diets. The intake from dairy products (10%), meats (28%) and Vitamin A rich vegetables (16%) was limited. Given the limited food variety resulting in severe restriction to food access, coping strategies to address food shortages were employed. These included; relying on less preferred and less expensive food (100%), gathering wild food, hunting or harvesting immature crops (68%), limiting portion sizes (96%), reducing the number of meals eaten in the day (76%), depending on government food baskets (58%) and reducing overall food intake when the government food basket was not adequate (50%). It can be concluded that, given the restricted food access and a severely limited diversity in consumed food, extended government welfare assistance is crucial. The findings of this study could be used to guide the Botswana government when formulating new approaches and interventions to address food access and ultimately food security in households in this poverty- stricken area. / Agriculture, Animal Health & Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)

Après avoir atteint l'excellence en tant qu'intellectuel de parti stalinien pendant la Guerre froide, Roger Garaudy s'est construit comme intellectuel "véritable" contre la doxa du PCF qu'il était pourtant chargé d'incarner, à la faveur de son autonomisation suite au choc du XX° Congrès du PCUS périmant sa foi en Staline. C'est ainsi que la résurgence progressive de son habitus théologico-philosophique a fait de lui l'homme du dialogue par excellence adapté à la démarginalisation du PCF dans le champ intellectuel des années 1960. Mais si son engagement sur la tagente hérétique a fait de lui l'un des intellectuels communistes poussant le plus loin le projet de rénovation du PC en offrant une véritable stratégie alternative à celle du Parti après 1968, l'exclusion qui s'en est suivie s'est traduite par un retour du refoulé religieux qui, couplé à la posture prophétique d'un intellectuel désormais excentré dans le champ intellectuel français, a largement contribué à la délégitimation de l'ancien philosophe du PC avant même sa radicalisation ultime qui a achevé de le disqualifier suite à sa condamnation pour négationnisme. / After he reached excellence as a stalinist party intellectual during the Cold War, Roger Garaudy built himself as a real intellectual against the doxa that he was yet supposed to embody, following his emporwement after the shock of the 20th Congress of the CPSU which made his faith in Stalin obsolete. That is how the progressive resurgence of his theologico-philosophical habitus allowed him to become by excellence the "man of dialogue" within the French Communist Party, the most adjusted intellectual to the demarginalization of the FCP in the french intellectual field of the 1960s. But if his undertaking to the heretic tangent made him the communist theoretician who went the furthest on the way towards destalinization by offering a real alternative strategy to the Party's after 1968, his ensuing exclusion manifested thereafter as a backlash of the religiously repressed which, together with the prophetic posture of an intellectual henceforth unwarranted in the french intellectual field, largely explains the delegitimation of the former leading communist philosopher, even before his ultimate radicalization which completed his disqualification after he was condemned by french justice for negationism.

Le droit français est confronté à des normes d'inspiration musulmane depuis l'arrivée en France de nombreuses personnes ressortissantes des pays musulmans anciennement colonisés par la France. Cette rencontre du droit français avec le droit musulman est réelle car le droit international privé soumet les questions relatives à l'état des personnes à la loi nationale. Malgré la tendance actuelle du droit international privé français qui favorise la compétence de la loi française par rapport au droit étranger, les règles de conflit françaises relatives à la filiation ne sont pas hostiles au droit étranger. Le juge français est donc confronté au modèle musulman de filiation fondée cumulativement sur le mariage et sur le lien du sang. Les conséquences de ce modèle posent certaines difficultés notamment l'exclusion de la filiation naturelle et l'interdiction de l'adoption. Ces prohibitions musulmanes sont comprises comme étant en décalage avec l'évolution du droit français de la filiation qui a abandonné la distinction filiation naturelle et filiation légitime. Cette thèse propose une vision à la fois originale et authentique du droit musulman de la filiation pouvant ouvrir la voie à une réception positive de ce droit souvent présenté comme irrémédiablement opposé au droit français. / The French law is confronted with standards of Muslim inspiration since the arrival in France of numerous people nationals of the Muslim countries formerly colonized by France. This meeting of the French law with the right(straight) Muslim is real because the private international law submits the questions relative to the state of the people in the national law. In spite of the current trend(tendency) of the French deprived international law which favors the skill(competence) of the French law with regard to(compared with) the right(straight) foreigner(foreign countries), the French rules(rulers) of conflict relative to the filiation are not hostile to the right(straight) foreigner(foreign countries).he French judge is thus confronted with the Muslim model of filiation based(established) concurrently on the marriage and on the blood relationship. The consequences of this model put certain difficulties in particular the exclusion from the natural filiation and the ban on the adoption. These Muslim prohibitions are understood(included) as being out of step with the evolution of the French law of the filiation which abandoned(gave up) the distinction natural filiation and justifiable filiation. This thesis(theory) proposes a vision at the same time original and authentic of the right(straight) Muslim of the filiation which can open the way to a positive reception of this right(law) often presented as irreparably opposite(opposed) to the French law.

Occupational stressors have been extensively studied as predictors of safety performance and employee well-being in previous research. However, many newly introduced organizational constructs that have the characteristics of an occupational stressor have rarely been studied as such, especially from a within-person perspective. The current study focused on three occupational stressors in relation to safety performance. Based on previous literature, I proposed that within individuals, compulsory citizenship behavior, illegitimate tasks, and interpersonal conflict at work as occupational stressors would have negative effects on employees well-being and safety performance through negative emotions (anger), job attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) and role stressors (role conflict and role ambiguity). In addition, reception of organizational citizenship behavior (ROCB) and perceived safety climate were hypothesized to moderate the relationships of the three occupational stressors with safety performance and employee well-being. Seventy-one nurses were recruited, and data were collected from their survey responses about their daily experiences on the focal variables for 9 shifts over three consecutive working weeks. Results showed that within individuals, the three occupational stressors were positively associated with employee burnout and physical symptoms, and evidence was found that those associations might be mediated by anger, job satisfaction and role conflict. Further, ROCB was found to moderate some of the associations of occupational stressors with safety performance and employee well-being. However, the current study failed to find support for any of the hypotheses regarding perceived safety performance as a moderator in this sample. Findings, limitations and future directions were discussed.

The aim of the study was to investigate the diet diversity, food access and coping strategies applied by single mothers with young children in the Northern Okavango region of Botswana. A qualitative and quantitative survey was chosen as the research design for this study. The study site was Gumare village in rural Ngamiland and the sample included only single female headed households. The questionnaires used were contextualized to reflect the culture, food patterns and specific foods commonly consumed in Botswana. Three questionnaires were used: 1. A socio- demographic questionnaire to document household size, age, marital status, income and water sources and the indigenous and wild foods that were gathered 2. The international standardized Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) questionnaire to identify the variety of foods from fourteen food groups consumed by households over the previous 24 hours 3. The international standardized Coping Strategies Index (CSI) to determine the coping strategy behaviours of members of the household when faced with food shortages The socio demographic results of the study showed that female headed households had an average 7.4 members. They were seriously affected by poverty, as 58% of the households had registered under the Botswana Social Welfare programme as destitute. Therefore qualifies to be assisted through provision of food baskets and cash vouchers. The overall results obtained from the household dietary diversity questionnaire showed a diet diversity score of 2.0. This is an extremely low diet diversity value, which indicate a high level of vulnerability to food insecurity and inadequate food access. The foods which were mainly consumed by households were from the cereal food group, reflecting the global situation among the poor who rely on starch- based diets. The intake from dairy products (10%), meats (28%) and Vitamin A rich vegetables (16%) was limited. Given the limited food variety resulting in severe restriction to food access, coping strategies to address food shortages were employed. These included; relying on less preferred and less expensive food (100%), gathering wild food, hunting or harvesting immature crops (68%), limiting portion sizes (96%), reducing the number of meals eaten in the day (76%), depending on government food baskets (58%) and reducing overall food intake when the government food basket was not adequate (50%). It can be concluded that, given the restricted food access and a severely limited diversity in consumed food, extended government welfare assistance is crucial. The findings of this study could be used to guide the Botswana government when formulating new approaches and interventions to address food access and ultimately food security in households in this poverty- stricken area. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)

This thesis has examined unmarried fathers in two parishes of Umeå in northern Sweden during the period 1897-1937. The main focus is on the consequences that ensued the legislation that formalized men’s obligations towards children born out of wedlock, which was passed on June 14th, 1917. The period chosen for this thesis analysis is twenty years before and after 1917. This enables a comparison between the society of the late 19th century and a society smitten by a modernised social reform in the early 20th century. To investigate the subject matter, records of birth and baptismal have been studied with a primary focus on patterns concerning fathers of illegitimate children. Both parishes presented a considerably small number of unmarried fathers compared to married men, throughout the entire period. The town of Umeå had the largest overall share in comparison with the countryside. It was pre-supposed, based on previous research, that the social class to which most unmarried fathers belonged, were in the lower ranks of society. This turned out to be an accurate assumption based on statistics from both parishes presented in this thesis. The statistics did not present any men from the upper class as fathers of children born out of wed-lock. Monetary as well as societal pressure were identified as possible explanations why some men avoided fathering illegitimate children. All in all, the legislation was interpreted as some-what successful in Umeå; achieving an apparent reduction in total shares of unknown fathers, a rising number of pledged paternities and presenting a few examples of men sentenced to fa-therhood in court. The legislation also provided unmarried women with a voice in legal matters concerning their illegitimate children.

This study investigates children born out of wedlock. It is based on birth – and baptism records from two island on the west coast in Sweden, named Styrsö and Öckerö. The essay is divided in three different periods in the intervals between 1860-1945. It’s a comparative study between the islands and the aim is to research how many children are illegitimate and if these children have a known or unknown fader. Its later compered to each other and the national statistic in Sweden.  The result of the study is that the islands have a low number of children born out of wedlock compared to the national statistics. The theory that is applied on the study is social control and social vulnerability. Both islands have little too no contact to the mainland and the strict rule of the orthodox religion has an impact on controlling the people but is later questioned by the free churches that currents on the island in the 1870th century. The social vulnerability starts with the mother for even having a relationship or sexual intercourse out of wedlock and then when the child is born it doesn’t have the same prerequisites as the children born with parents that are married.

In this essay I have studied seventy-five unmarried mother’s lives in northeast Sunnerbo district and southeast Västbo district in Småland 1940-1949. The aim was to study to which extend the unmarried mothers later become married women. The purpose was also to investigate to which extend the unmarried mothers gave birth to more illegitimate children. The eights parishes minutes of the Child Welfare Board has been one of the study’s main material. One of the main questions in this study were to examine if the unmarried women were mentioned in the minutes and if so, to see what were written about them. The eight parishes birth- and baptismbooks and the Swedish deathbook also constituted as the study’s material. The study shows that only seven of the seventy-five mothers didn’t get married. The mother’s expectancy was 77,4 years and five of the mothers gave birth to two illegitimate children between 1940-1949. I have found that twenty-five women are mentioned in the minutes of the Child Welfare Board. In most cases the unmarried mother has applied for maternityhelp and have been given an amount of money for maintenance of the illegitimate child. In some cases, women has received money to pay care fees such as fees for dentalcare or for orphanages.

This dissertation examines the way in which South African colonial texts may be read for the historical signs they inadvertently reveal. The history of land acquisition in South Africa may be read through the representation of burial and illegitimate pregnancy in South African farm novels. Both burial and illegitimate pregnancy are read as signifiers of illegitimacy in the texts, surfacing, by indirection, the question of the illegitimacy of land acquisition in South Africa. The South African farm novel offers a representational form which seeks (or fails) to mediate the question of land ownership and the relationship between colon and indigene. In the four texts under discussion, Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm, Florence Ethel Mills Young's The Bywonner[sic], Pauline Smith's The Beadle and Daphne Rooke's Mittee, the representation of burial and illegitimate pregnancy is problematic and marked by narrative displacements and discursive breakdowns. KEY TERMS burial, colonial discourse, farm novel, illegitimacy, illegitimate pregnancy, land, postcolonial theory, representation / English / M.A. (English)