Das zentrale Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Anwendung illustrativer Methoden auf zwei bisher ungelöste Probleme der Strömungsvisualisierung. Das Ziel der Strömungsvisualisierung ist die Bereitstellung von Software, die Experten beim Auswerten ihrer Strömungsdaten und damit beim Erkenntnisgewinn unterstützt. Bei der illustrativen Visualisierung handelt es sich um einen Zweig der Visualisierung, der sich an der künstlerischen Arbeit von Illustratoren orientiert. Letztere sind darauf spezialisiert komplizierte Zusammenhänge verständlich und ansprechend zu vermitteln. Die angewendeten Techniken werden in der illustrativen Visualisierung auf reale Daten übertragen, um die Effektivität der Darstellung zu erhöhen. Das erste Problem, das im Rahmen dieser Dissertation bearbeitet wurde, ist die eingeschränkte Verständlichkeit von komplexen Stromflächen. Selbstverdeckungen oder Aufrollungen behindern die Form- und Strömungswahrnehmung und machen diese Flächen gerade in interessanten Strömungssituationen wenig nützlich. Auf Basis von handgezeichneten Strömungsdarstellungen haben wir ein Flächenrendering entwickelt, das Silhouetten, nicht-photorealistische Beleuchtung und illustrative Stromlinien verwendet. Interaktive Flächenschnitte erlauben die Exploration der Flächen und der Strömungen, die sie repräsentieren. Angewendet auf verschiedene Stromflächen ließ sich zeigen, dass die Methoden die Verständlichkeit erhöhen, v.a. in Bereichen komplexer Strömung mit Aufwicklungen oder Singularitäten. Das zweite Problem ist die Strömungsanalyse des Blutes aus 4D PC-MRI-Daten. An diese relativ neue Datenmodalität werden hohe Erwartungen für die Erforschung und Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Krankheiten geknüpft, da sie erstmals ein dreidimensionales, zeitlich aufgelöstes Abbild der Hämodynamik liefert. Bisher werden 4D PC-MRI-Daten meist mit Werkzeugen der klassischen Strömungsvisualisierung verarbeitet. Diese werden den besonderen Ansprüchen der medizinischen Anwender jedoch nicht gerecht, die in kurzer Zeit eine übersichtliche Darstellung der relevanten Strömungsaspekte erhalten möchten. Wir haben ein Werkzeug zur visuellen Analyse der Blutströmung entwickelt, welches eine einfache Detektion von markanten Strömungsmustern erlaubt, wie z.B. Jets, Wirbel oder Bereiche mit hoher Blutverweildauer. Die Grundidee ist hierbei aus vorberechneten Integrallinien mit Hilfe speziell definierter Linienprädikate die relevanten, d.h. am gefragten Strömungsmuster, beteiligten Linien ausgewählt werden. Um eine intuitive Darstellung der Resultate zu erreichen, haben wir uns von Blutflußillustrationen inspirieren lassen und präsentieren eine abstrakte Linienbündel- und Wirbeldarstellung. Die Linienprädikatmethode sowie die abstrakte Darstellung der Strömungsmuster wurden an 4D PC-MRI-Daten von gesunden und pathologischen Aorten- und Herzdaten erfolgreich getestet. Auch die Evaluierung durch Experten zeigt die Nützlichkeit der Methode und ihr Potential für den Einsatz in der Forschung und der Klinik. / This thesis’ central theme is the use of illustrative methods to solve flow visualization problems. The goal of flow visualization is to provide users with software tools supporting them analyzing and extracting knowledge from their fluid dynamics data. This fluid dynamics data is produced in large amounts by simulations or measurements to answer diverse questions in application fields like engineering or medicine. This thesis deals with two unsolved problems in flow visualization and tackles them with methods of illustrative visualization. The latter is a subbranch of visualization whose methods are inspired by the art work of professional illustrators. They are specialized in the comprehensible and esthetic representation of complex knowledge. With illustrative visualization, their techniques are applied to real data to enhance their representation. The first problem dealt with in this thesis is the limited shape and flow perception of complex stream surfaces. Self-occlusion and wrap-ups hinder their effective use in the most interesting flow situations. On the basis of hand-drawn flow illustrations, a surface rendering method was designed that uses silhouettes, non-photorealistic shading, and illustrative surface stream lines. Additionally, geometrical and flow-based surface cuts allow the user an interactive exploration of the surface and the flow it represents. By applying this illustrative technique to various stream surfaces and collecting expert feedback, we could show that the comprehensibility of the stream surfaces was enhanced – especially in complex areas with surface wrap-ups and singularities. The second problem tackled in this thesis is the analysis of blood flow from 4D PC-MRI data. From this rather young data modality, medical experts expect many advances in the research of cardiovascular diseases because it delivers a three-dimensional and time-resolved image of the hemodynamics. However, 4D PC-MRI data are mainly processed with standard flow visualizaton tools, which do not fulfill the requirements of medical users. They need a quick and easy-to-understand display of the relevant blood flow aspects. We developed a tool for the visual analysis of blood flow that allows a fast detection of distinctive flow patterns, such as high-velocity jets, vortices, or areas with high residence times. The basic idea is to precalculate integral lines and use specifically designed line predicates to select and display only lines involved in the pattern of interest. Traditional blood flow illustrations inspired us to an abstract and comprehensible depiction of the resulting line bundles and vortices. The line predicate method and the illustrative flow pattern representation were successfully tested with 4D PC-MRI data of healthy and pathological aortae and hearts. Also, the feedback of several medical experts confirmed the usefulness of our methods and their capabilities for a future application in the clinical research and routine.

Das zentrale Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Anwendung illustrativer Methoden auf zwei bisher ungelöste Probleme der Strömungsvisualisierung. Das Ziel der Strömungsvisualisierung ist die Bereitstellung von Software, die Experten beim Auswerten ihrer Strömungsdaten und damit beim Erkenntnisgewinn unterstützt. Bei der illustrativen Visualisierung handelt es sich um einen Zweig der Visualisierung, der sich an der künstlerischen Arbeit von Illustratoren orientiert. Letztere sind darauf spezialisiert komplizierte Zusammenhänge verständlich und ansprechend zu vermitteln. Die angewendeten Techniken werden in der illustrativen Visualisierung auf reale Daten übertragen, um die Effektivität der Darstellung zu erhöhen. Das erste Problem, das im Rahmen dieser Dissertation bearbeitet wurde, ist die eingeschränkte Verständlichkeit von komplexen Stromflächen. Selbstverdeckungen oder Aufrollungen behindern die Form- und Strömungswahrnehmung und machen diese Flächen gerade in interessanten Strömungssituationen wenig nützlich. Auf Basis von handgezeichneten Strömungsdarstellungen haben wir ein Flächenrendering entwickelt, das Silhouetten, nicht-photorealistische Beleuchtung und illustrative Stromlinien verwendet. Interaktive Flächenschnitte erlauben die Exploration der Flächen und der Strömungen, die sie repräsentieren. Angewendet auf verschiedene Stromflächen ließ sich zeigen, dass die Methoden die Verständlichkeit erhöhen, v.a. in Bereichen komplexer Strömung mit Aufwicklungen oder Singularitäten. Das zweite Problem ist die Strömungsanalyse des Blutes aus 4D PC-MRI-Daten. An diese relativ neue Datenmodalität werden hohe Erwartungen für die Erforschung und Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Krankheiten geknüpft, da sie erstmals ein dreidimensionales, zeitlich aufgelöstes Abbild der Hämodynamik liefert. Bisher werden 4D PC-MRI-Daten meist mit Werkzeugen der klassischen Strömungsvisualisierung verarbeitet. Diese werden den besonderen Ansprüchen der medizinischen Anwender jedoch nicht gerecht, die in kurzer Zeit eine übersichtliche Darstellung der relevanten Strömungsaspekte erhalten möchten. Wir haben ein Werkzeug zur visuellen Analyse der Blutströmung entwickelt, welches eine einfache Detektion von markanten Strömungsmustern erlaubt, wie z.B. Jets, Wirbel oder Bereiche mit hoher Blutverweildauer. Die Grundidee ist hierbei aus vorberechneten Integrallinien mit Hilfe speziell definierter Linienprädikate die relevanten, d.h. am gefragten Strömungsmuster, beteiligten Linien ausgewählt werden. Um eine intuitive Darstellung der Resultate zu erreichen, haben wir uns von Blutflußillustrationen inspirieren lassen und präsentieren eine abstrakte Linienbündel- und Wirbeldarstellung. Die Linienprädikatmethode sowie die abstrakte Darstellung der Strömungsmuster wurden an 4D PC-MRI-Daten von gesunden und pathologischen Aorten- und Herzdaten erfolgreich getestet. Auch die Evaluierung durch Experten zeigt die Nützlichkeit der Methode und ihr Potential für den Einsatz in der Forschung und der Klinik. / This thesis’ central theme is the use of illustrative methods to solve flow visualization problems. The goal of flow visualization is to provide users with software tools supporting them analyzing and extracting knowledge from their fluid dynamics data. This fluid dynamics data is produced in large amounts by simulations or measurements to answer diverse questions in application fields like engineering or medicine. This thesis deals with two unsolved problems in flow visualization and tackles them with methods of illustrative visualization. The latter is a subbranch of visualization whose methods are inspired by the art work of professional illustrators. They are specialized in the comprehensible and esthetic representation of complex knowledge. With illustrative visualization, their techniques are applied to real data to enhance their representation. The first problem dealt with in this thesis is the limited shape and flow perception of complex stream surfaces. Self-occlusion and wrap-ups hinder their effective use in the most interesting flow situations. On the basis of hand-drawn flow illustrations, a surface rendering method was designed that uses silhouettes, non-photorealistic shading, and illustrative surface stream lines. Additionally, geometrical and flow-based surface cuts allow the user an interactive exploration of the surface and the flow it represents. By applying this illustrative technique to various stream surfaces and collecting expert feedback, we could show that the comprehensibility of the stream surfaces was enhanced – especially in complex areas with surface wrap-ups and singularities. The second problem tackled in this thesis is the analysis of blood flow from 4D PC-MRI data. From this rather young data modality, medical experts expect many advances in the research of cardiovascular diseases because it delivers a three-dimensional and time-resolved image of the hemodynamics. However, 4D PC-MRI data are mainly processed with standard flow visualizaton tools, which do not fulfill the requirements of medical users. They need a quick and easy-to-understand display of the relevant blood flow aspects. We developed a tool for the visual analysis of blood flow that allows a fast detection of distinctive flow patterns, such as high-velocity jets, vortices, or areas with high residence times. The basic idea is to precalculate integral lines and use specifically designed line predicates to select and display only lines involved in the pattern of interest. Traditional blood flow illustrations inspired us to an abstract and comprehensible depiction of the resulting line bundles and vortices. The line predicate method and the illustrative flow pattern representation were successfully tested with 4D PC-MRI data of healthy and pathological aortae and hearts. Also, the feedback of several medical experts confirmed the usefulness of our methods and their capabilities for a future application in the clinical research and routine.

Para criar representações do mundo real, ilustradores utilizam técnicas baseadas em princípios perceptuais para criar efeitos e comunicar informação de maneira eficiente e elegante. Nos últimos anos, essas técnicas têm sido adotadas na computação gráfica para melhorar a visualização de dados científicos. Os ilustradores tradicionais conseguem compor imagens utilizando apenas linhas, gerando representações limpas e simples e com grande poder de comunicar forma. Apesar de alguns trabalhos tentarem reproduzir os efeitos das ilustrações tradicionais com linhas, os princípios perceptuais utilizados pelos artistas ainda não foram bem explorados. Esses princípios são importantes para gerar uma imagem fácil de interpretar, sem ambigüidades e criar efeitos como focos de atenção, sombreamento, noção de profundidade, etc. Este trabalho explora as técnicas utilizadas pelos ilustradores profissionais na criação de visualizações digitais, propondo a adaptação de um método chamado perspective contouring, utilizado para criar focos de atenção em ilustrações baseadas em linhas de contorno. O sistema de ilustração desenvolvido utiliza uma interface baseada em esboço para a definição das regiões de interesse, onde se quer dar ênfase, para determinação de curvas de eixo do modelo e para o desenho de curvas de controle dos atributos das linhas de desenho, como espessura e espaçamento. A título de resultado, são apresentadas comparações de imagens criadas por um ilustrador profissional e imagens criadas pelo sistema desenvolvido. / To create representations of the real world, illustrators use techniques based on perceptual principles to create effects and communicate information in an efficient and elegant manner. In the last years, these techniques have been adopted in computer graphics to improve the visualization of scientific data. Traditional illustrators can compose images using only lines, creating representations that are clean, simple and are suitable to communicate form. Although some works try to reproduce the effects of traditional line illustration, the perceptual principles used by artists are not fully explored. These principles are important to create an image that is easy to interpret and has no ambiguity, and also to create effects like focus of attention, shading, depth perception, etc. In this work, we aim at exploring the techniques used by professional illustrators in the creation of digital visualizations, by proposing the adaptation of a method called perspective contouring, used to create focus of attention in contour lines illustrations. We implemented an illustration system that uses a sketch-based interface to define the regions of interest, where the emphasis is desirable, to create axis curves for the model, and to draw curves that control line attributes like width and spacing. As results, we present a comparison of images by a professional illustrator and images created with the developed system.

Para criar representações do mundo real, ilustradores utilizam técnicas baseadas em princípios perceptuais para criar efeitos e comunicar informação de maneira eficiente e elegante. Nos últimos anos, essas técnicas têm sido adotadas na computação gráfica para melhorar a visualização de dados científicos. Os ilustradores tradicionais conseguem compor imagens utilizando apenas linhas, gerando representações limpas e simples e com grande poder de comunicar forma. Apesar de alguns trabalhos tentarem reproduzir os efeitos das ilustrações tradicionais com linhas, os princípios perceptuais utilizados pelos artistas ainda não foram bem explorados. Esses princípios são importantes para gerar uma imagem fácil de interpretar, sem ambigüidades e criar efeitos como focos de atenção, sombreamento, noção de profundidade, etc. Este trabalho explora as técnicas utilizadas pelos ilustradores profissionais na criação de visualizações digitais, propondo a adaptação de um método chamado perspective contouring, utilizado para criar focos de atenção em ilustrações baseadas em linhas de contorno. O sistema de ilustração desenvolvido utiliza uma interface baseada em esboço para a definição das regiões de interesse, onde se quer dar ênfase, para determinação de curvas de eixo do modelo e para o desenho de curvas de controle dos atributos das linhas de desenho, como espessura e espaçamento. A título de resultado, são apresentadas comparações de imagens criadas por um ilustrador profissional e imagens criadas pelo sistema desenvolvido. / To create representations of the real world, illustrators use techniques based on perceptual principles to create effects and communicate information in an efficient and elegant manner. In the last years, these techniques have been adopted in computer graphics to improve the visualization of scientific data. Traditional illustrators can compose images using only lines, creating representations that are clean, simple and are suitable to communicate form. Although some works try to reproduce the effects of traditional line illustration, the perceptual principles used by artists are not fully explored. These principles are important to create an image that is easy to interpret and has no ambiguity, and also to create effects like focus of attention, shading, depth perception, etc. In this work, we aim at exploring the techniques used by professional illustrators in the creation of digital visualizations, by proposing the adaptation of a method called perspective contouring, used to create focus of attention in contour lines illustrations. We implemented an illustration system that uses a sketch-based interface to define the regions of interest, where the emphasis is desirable, to create axis curves for the model, and to draw curves that control line attributes like width and spacing. As results, we present a comparison of images by a professional illustrator and images created with the developed system.

Para criar representações do mundo real, ilustradores utilizam técnicas baseadas em princípios perceptuais para criar efeitos e comunicar informação de maneira eficiente e elegante. Nos últimos anos, essas técnicas têm sido adotadas na computação gráfica para melhorar a visualização de dados científicos. Os ilustradores tradicionais conseguem compor imagens utilizando apenas linhas, gerando representações limpas e simples e com grande poder de comunicar forma. Apesar de alguns trabalhos tentarem reproduzir os efeitos das ilustrações tradicionais com linhas, os princípios perceptuais utilizados pelos artistas ainda não foram bem explorados. Esses princípios são importantes para gerar uma imagem fácil de interpretar, sem ambigüidades e criar efeitos como focos de atenção, sombreamento, noção de profundidade, etc. Este trabalho explora as técnicas utilizadas pelos ilustradores profissionais na criação de visualizações digitais, propondo a adaptação de um método chamado perspective contouring, utilizado para criar focos de atenção em ilustrações baseadas em linhas de contorno. O sistema de ilustração desenvolvido utiliza uma interface baseada em esboço para a definição das regiões de interesse, onde se quer dar ênfase, para determinação de curvas de eixo do modelo e para o desenho de curvas de controle dos atributos das linhas de desenho, como espessura e espaçamento. A título de resultado, são apresentadas comparações de imagens criadas por um ilustrador profissional e imagens criadas pelo sistema desenvolvido. / To create representations of the real world, illustrators use techniques based on perceptual principles to create effects and communicate information in an efficient and elegant manner. In the last years, these techniques have been adopted in computer graphics to improve the visualization of scientific data. Traditional illustrators can compose images using only lines, creating representations that are clean, simple and are suitable to communicate form. Although some works try to reproduce the effects of traditional line illustration, the perceptual principles used by artists are not fully explored. These principles are important to create an image that is easy to interpret and has no ambiguity, and also to create effects like focus of attention, shading, depth perception, etc. In this work, we aim at exploring the techniques used by professional illustrators in the creation of digital visualizations, by proposing the adaptation of a method called perspective contouring, used to create focus of attention in contour lines illustrations. We implemented an illustration system that uses a sketch-based interface to define the regions of interest, where the emphasis is desirable, to create axis curves for the model, and to draw curves that control line attributes like width and spacing. As results, we present a comparison of images by a professional illustrator and images created with the developed system.

Illustrative visualization is a term for visualization techniques inspired by traditional technical and medical illustration. These techniques are based on knowledge of the human perception and provide effective visual abstraction to make the visualizations more understandable. Within volume rendering these expressive visualizations can be achieved using non-photorealistic rendering that combines different levels of abstraction to convey the most important information to the viewer. In this thesis I will look at illustrative techniques and show how these can be used to visualize anatomical structures in a medical volume data. The result of the thesis is a prototype of an anatomy education application, that makes use of illustrative techniques to have a focus+context visualization with feature enhancement, tone shading and labels describing the anatomical structures. This results in an expressive visualization and interactive exploration of the human anatomy.

Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / This study aimed to develop a communication strategy for water re-use in Basic Education, which included illustrative learning materials which were suitable for online learning. To attain the intended aim, the study focussed on the subsequent objectives: to review and analyse learners’ and educators’ perceptions and understanding (knowledge) of water re-use; to examine strategies that could be employed to gain learners’ and educators’ understanding and acceptance of water re-use; to develop information or learning materials that would educate and enhance their understanding and informed decision making related to water re-use; and to discuss approaches to communicate water re-use in Basic Education. A qualitative orientation utilising participatory action research was employed as a research design for this study. A sample size of 80 participants, from four primary and four secondary schools in Mankweng Township was selected. 40 learners and 40 educators were selected. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants for this study. Data was collected by means of interviews, focus group discussions, workshops, teaching and participant observation. Thereafter, thematic analysis and NVivo software were employed to analyse data. This study employed Geertz’s notion of culture, Vygotsky’s social constructivism and the behaviour ecological model as theoretical frameworks to guide the research. Geertz’s interpretation of cultures was employed to understand culture and its effects on human behaviour, Vygotsky’s social constructivism was employed to understand the process of effective learning in educational contexts and the behaviour ecological model was employed to understand individuals’ behaviours and the background of the given behaviour. Understanding an individual’s behaviour and experiences towards water re-use assisted in developing water re-use illustrative learning materials. It also assisted with a communication strategy, which integrated Steyn and Puth’s steps, in the formulation of a communication strategy, joint approach model and a step by step content of a communication strategy and action plan model. The study revealed that the majority of individuals have negative perceptions and attitudes towards water re-use, due to a lack of awareness, knowledge and education. The “yuck” factor and health apprehensions were revealed to be major causes of such perceptions and attitudes. Education, campaigns and programmes, traditional and v new media, community meetings, rules, policies and regulation were reported as strategies which might be employed to promote water re-use. The study revealed that individuals’ home language must be made use of in all the water re-use promotional strategies. Communication approaches which promoted a platform for community participation, were revealed as appropriate for development programmes. As a result, participatory and development approaches to communication were considered suitable for communicating water re-use in Basic Education. The study further indicated that posters and storyboards were effective illustrative learning materials which could be employed to educate learners and raise their cognition regarding water re-use as a water conservation method. This would increase acceptability, awareness and practice and reduce negative perceptions, attitudes and concerns. The study indicated that water re-use communication should consider an individuals’ environmental, religious and cultural backgrounds, which would affect water re-use projects. The study also indicated that there was a relationship between an individuals’ perceptions, attitudes, education and culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 toni_ bandeira.pdf: 7332691 bytes, checksum: 750c16a0ca17ed3f8de238eaaf0a2cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ABSTRACT: In this research we analyze the representation of the native tribe Kaingang presented in a series of 39 illustrations produced by Joaquin José de Miranda about the tenth expedition destined to brave the so called sertões of the area of Tibagi in the Paraná State. This expedition was commanded by Alfonso Botelho in the year of 1771. The native tribe of the Kaingang is the third in number os population in Brazil, with 37,470 individuals. (IBGE, 2010). The integrants of this group live in the three States of the South and also in the west part of the Sate of São Paulo. They speak the Kaingang language which is connected to the linguistic Jê family, from the principal root of Macro-jê. In 1771, Botelho established contact with the Kaingang from the fields of Guarapuava and two weeks later the natives ge to organize an ambush in which they killed seven from Botelhos‟s soldiers. So he had no choice but leaving the area. In this sense, we reflect about the ways of the natives‟ resistance in front of the invasion of their territory and in the same way we reflect also about the idea of the demographic emptiness by which the idea of the existence of groups of natives in the territory of the nowadays State of Paraná is just denied and there is just the reproduction of de discourse that this land was uninhabited until the Portuguese-Brazilian or immigrants from others countries could come and cultivate them. Concerning this thematic, the theoretical studies done by Mota (1994) and Ribeiro (2002) are fundamental. Once we face Miranda‟s illustrations a dialogue with the works by Belluzzo and Piccoli (2003), Amoroso (2003) and Sevcenko (2003) is established, as well as Alfonso Botelho‟s very own report about the happenings of the expedition (SAMPAIO E SOUZA, 1956) which is crucial to the understanding of Miranda‟s drawings. Among the fundamental studies about the Kaingang‟s culture, history and language we highlight those done by Ambrosetti (1895), Baldus, (1937), Borba (1908), D‟Angelis (2002), Lima (1842), Mota (2009) and Veiga (2006). By the analisis os the illustrations we can say that Miranda‟s imagetic narrativeis a material of great value to the history of the Kaingang people once through it it is possible to reflect about the chocks between the colonizers and the Kaingang people in the fields of Gaurapuava. These illustrations also show up the inconsistence of the thesis of a geographical emptiness as well as they reveal the resistance movement of the Kaingang against the invasion of their territory. / RESUMO: Nesta pesquisa, analisamos a representação imagética do povo Kaingang no conjunto de trinta e sete estampas produzidas por Joaquim José de Miranda sobre a décima das expedições destinadas a desbravar os chamados sertões do Tibagi, no Estado do Paraná, expedição esta comandada por Afonso Botelho, no ano de 1771. O povo indígena Kaingang é o terceiro em número de população no Brasil, com 37.470 indivíduos. (IBGE, 2010). Seus integrantes vivem nos três estados da região Sul do país e também no oeste de São Paulo, são falantes da língua Kaingang, a qual se filia à família linguística Jê, do tronco Macro-Jê. Em 1771, Botelho entrou em contato com os Kaingang dos Campos de Guarapuava, duas semanas depois os indígenas prepararam uma emboscada e lograram matar sete soldados de Botelho, o qual não teve outra opção a não ser retirar-se da região. Nesse sentido, refletimos sobre as formas de resistência indígena ante a invasão de seu território, bem como sobre a ideia do vazio demográfico , na qual a existência de grupos indígenas no atual estado do Paraná simplesmente é negada, reproduzindo-se o discurso de que essas terras eram desabitadas, até que os luso-brasileiros ou imigrantes de outros países viessem cultivá-las. Em relação a essa temática, são fundamentais como base teórica os estudos de Mota (1994) e Ribeiro (2002). Ao abordarmos as estampas de Miranda, dialogamos com os trabalhos de Belluzzo e Piccoli (2003), Amoroso (2003) e Sevcenko (2003), além do relatório do próprio Afonso Botelho sobre os acontecimentos da expedição (SAMPAIO E SOUZA, 1956), o qual é crucial para a compreensão dos desenhos de Miranda. Dos estudos fundamentais para a cultura, história e língua Kaingang destacamos os de Ambrosetti (1895), Baldus, (1937), Borba (1908), D‟Angelis (2002), Lima (1842), Mota (2009) e Veiga (2006). Por meio da análise das estampas, podemos dizer que a narrativa imagética de Miranda é um material de grande valor para a história do povo Kaingang, por meio do qual é possível refletir sobre o embate entre os colonizadores e os indígenas nos Campos de Guarapuava, notando-se a inconsistência da tese do vazio demográfico , bem como a resistência Kaingang à invasão de seu território.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 toni_ bandeira.pdf: 7332691 bytes, checksum: 750c16a0ca17ed3f8de238eaaf0a2cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ABSTRACT: In this research we analyze the representation of the native tribe Kaingang presented in a series of 39 illustrations produced by Joaquin José de Miranda about the tenth expedition destined to brave the so called sertões of the area of Tibagi in the Paraná State. This expedition was commanded by Alfonso Botelho in the year of 1771. The native tribe of the Kaingang is the third in number os population in Brazil, with 37,470 individuals. (IBGE, 2010). The integrants of this group live in the three States of the South and also in the west part of the Sate of São Paulo. They speak the Kaingang language which is connected to the linguistic Jê family, from the principal root of Macro-jê. In 1771, Botelho established contact with the Kaingang from the fields of Guarapuava and two weeks later the natives ge to organize an ambush in which they killed seven from Botelhos‟s soldiers. So he had no choice but leaving the area. In this sense, we reflect about the ways of the natives‟ resistance in front of the invasion of their territory and in the same way we reflect also about the idea of the demographic emptiness by which the idea of the existence of groups of natives in the territory of the nowadays State of Paraná is just denied and there is just the reproduction of de discourse that this land was uninhabited until the Portuguese-Brazilian or immigrants from others countries could come and cultivate them. Concerning this thematic, the theoretical studies done by Mota (1994) and Ribeiro (2002) are fundamental. Once we face Miranda‟s illustrations a dialogue with the works by Belluzzo and Piccoli (2003), Amoroso (2003) and Sevcenko (2003) is established, as well as Alfonso Botelho‟s very own report about the happenings of the expedition (SAMPAIO E SOUZA, 1956) which is crucial to the understanding of Miranda‟s drawings. Among the fundamental studies about the Kaingang‟s culture, history and language we highlight those done by Ambrosetti (1895), Baldus, (1937), Borba (1908), D‟Angelis (2002), Lima (1842), Mota (2009) and Veiga (2006). By the analisis os the illustrations we can say that Miranda‟s imagetic narrativeis a material of great value to the history of the Kaingang people once through it it is possible to reflect about the chocks between the colonizers and the Kaingang people in the fields of Gaurapuava. These illustrations also show up the inconsistence of the thesis of a geographical emptiness as well as they reveal the resistance movement of the Kaingang against the invasion of their territory. / RESUMO: Nesta pesquisa, analisamos a representação imagética do povo Kaingang no conjunto de trinta e sete estampas produzidas por Joaquim José de Miranda sobre a décima das expedições destinadas a desbravar os chamados sertões do Tibagi, no Estado do Paraná, expedição esta comandada por Afonso Botelho, no ano de 1771. O povo indígena Kaingang é o terceiro em número de população no Brasil, com 37.470 indivíduos. (IBGE, 2010). Seus integrantes vivem nos três estados da região Sul do país e também no oeste de São Paulo, são falantes da língua Kaingang, a qual se filia à família linguística Jê, do tronco Macro-Jê. Em 1771, Botelho entrou em contato com os Kaingang dos Campos de Guarapuava, duas semanas depois os indígenas prepararam uma emboscada e lograram matar sete soldados de Botelho, o qual não teve outra opção a não ser retirar-se da região. Nesse sentido, refletimos sobre as formas de resistência indígena ante a invasão de seu território, bem como sobre a ideia do vazio demográfico , na qual a existência de grupos indígenas no atual estado do Paraná simplesmente é negada, reproduzindo-se o discurso de que essas terras eram desabitadas, até que os luso-brasileiros ou imigrantes de outros países viessem cultivá-las. Em relação a essa temática, são fundamentais como base teórica os estudos de Mota (1994) e Ribeiro (2002). Ao abordarmos as estampas de Miranda, dialogamos com os trabalhos de Belluzzo e Piccoli (2003), Amoroso (2003) e Sevcenko (2003), além do relatório do próprio Afonso Botelho sobre os acontecimentos da expedição (SAMPAIO E SOUZA, 1956), o qual é crucial para a compreensão dos desenhos de Miranda. Dos estudos fundamentais para a cultura, história e língua Kaingang destacamos os de Ambrosetti (1895), Baldus, (1937), Borba (1908), D‟Angelis (2002), Lima (1842), Mota (2009) e Veiga (2006). Por meio da análise das estampas, podemos dizer que a narrativa imagética de Miranda é um material de grande valor para a história do povo Kaingang, por meio do qual é possível refletir sobre o embate entre os colonizadores e os indígenas nos Campos de Guarapuava, notando-se a inconsistência da tese do vazio demográfico , bem como a resistência Kaingang à invasão de seu território

This thesis is dealing with the way of verification of the fulfilment of expected outputs of primary education in the thematic unit of organic chemistry. Based on the gradual evaluation of the reform of the Czech educational system, requirements to formulate the outputs more specifically have emerged and led to the initiation of the primary education standards. In the theoretical section the need of the preparation of the standards for the natural science studies is justified, further the methodology of the illustrative tasks output for the thematic unit of organic chemistry is decribed. In the practical section the way of verification of suggested illustrative tasks is explained, as well as the evaluation of the results of the verification and resume of the comments of primary school teachers participating in the research. The conclusion presumably suggests the necessity of revision of the framing educational program (RVP) of primary education for the science subjects and also shows further work options in this sphere, namely creating other illustrative tasks.1