Animals can show different responses to fear for example by playing dead when there is no possibility to escape. This response is called tonic immobility (TI) and is a well-established test of fear to evaluate fearfulness. Long durations of TI are generally considered as high levels of fearfulness. Physiological changes observed during tonic immobility suggest that there are changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) strongly involved in this process. The main objective for this study was to analyse duration of tonic immobility and heart and ventilation rate during tonic immobility in three different species; domesticated High Andean chickens (Gallus gallus), wild-caught Ornate Tinamous (Nothoprocta ornata) and Chilean Tinamous born in captivity (Nothoprocta perdicaria). In this study needle electrodes were used to measure heart and ventilation rate. The time following induction of tonic immobility (i.e. after holding the bird on its back for 15 s) was characterized by a large increase in heart and ventilation rate. During tonic immobility a progressive decrease in heart and ventilation rate was observed in all species, significant in all cases except for heart rate between start and end of TI in chickens. The duration of TI was significantly longer in Ornate Tinamou compared to Chilean Tinamou and chickens. The same was observed in latency to first head movement. TI is probably controlled by the autonomic nervous system, but a heart rate variability analysis has to be done in order to determine the different relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in these species.

The purpose of this study was to design and test five SNP markers in an inbred chicken cross between Red Junglefowl and domestic White Leghorn of the 8th generation. The markers lie in a region affecting the tonic immobility behaviour which differs significantly between the two species. The markers could be identified by usage of PCR and pyrosequencing. The data obtained were further used in a small scale quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. QTL analysis is a statistical method to link phenotypic traits to genotypic data. Four out of five markers could be genotypes and thereby, made it possible to proceed with the QTL analysis. The results showed that there is no QTL associated with the markers identified. The two flanking markers were closest to a significant difference between genotypes and it is therefore a possibility that a QTL lies close further down or up the searched region. From the line map it is indicated that there is little recombination in the marker region.

In the Spring of 2011, I conducted 12 interviews with public housing tenants in Victoria, British Columbia. This research became the focus of my MA thesis research in anthropology. Both BC Housing's directly managed buildings and non-profit housing were included. My thesis aims to understand the motivations of tenants who desire to leave public housing and to situate these motivations within the framework of "push" and "pull" factors. In other words, to understand whether the desire to leave public housing stemmed from within in the housing system (push) or outside of it (pull). All participants reported push factors, though a few had been pushed from unsatisfactory public housing into satisfactory public housing. However, most participants felt stuck as they did not have the resources to pay for unaffordable market housing. The dissatisfaction they faced in public housing stemmed from problems with management/staff, problems with neighbours, and problems with the physical condition of housing. Many participants expressed fear that they would lose their housing if they expressed their rights as tenants or made complaints about the issues they faced. Complaints that were brought forward were seen as being ignored. In order to understand the frustration and fear participants experienced, I explore the idea of social assistance as "charity", which has its beginnings in the English Poor Laws, and what effect this has on the recipients. Social assistance as charity, including public housing, is given as a sort of "gift". I argue that in this framework, a gift should be accepted willingly and not questioned. This acts to silence complaints and plays off of common notions about who are the deserving poor and undeserving poor. / Graduate / 0326 / medavies@uvic.ca

Submitted by Vitor Rosa de Almeida null (allmeidavitor@hotmail.com ) on 2017-12-15T19:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE NICOLE VITOR UNESP FCAV.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-18T09:27:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_nr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T09:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_nr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho analisou se duração do período de eclosão entre bicagem externa até a saída do pinto de dentro da casca do ovo, temperatura de criação e idade influenciam o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos de corte. Para análise do desempenho, foi utilizado um delineamento 2x2, sendo período curto (6 a 10h) e longo (20 a 26h) de eclosão e temperatura de criação preferida (determinada em estudo anterior) e recomendada para a linhagem. As frequências dos diferentes comportamentos e a duração do comportamento de ingestão de ração e água foram analisados segundo um delineamento 2x2x3, sendo os dois períodos de eclosão (curto e longo), duas temperaturas de criação (preferida e recomendada) e 3 idades (6, 20 e 41 dias de idade ou 7, 21 e 42 dias). Para isso, ovos férteis de matrizes de frangos de corte (Cobb®-500) com 56 semanas de idade foram incubados à 37,5ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com giro à cada 2 horas. Após a eclosão, 352 pintos machos foram distribuídos pelo peso corporal (~46g) em 3 três câmaras climáticas: uma mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com curto período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), outra mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com longo período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), e a terceira mantida na temperatura recomendada para a linhagem (8 boxes com 11 aves cada/ período de eclosão). Pintos com longo período de eclosão criados na temperatura preferida apresentaram menor consumo de ração, ganho de peso e peso corporal no período de crescimento, que resultou em seu menor desempenho à idade de abate. Pintos com longo período de eclosão consumiram ração com maior frequência do que os pintos com curto período. Criação na temperatura preferida diminuiu a frequência de consumo de ração e de água e a frequência do comportamento exploratório e aumentou a frequência de repouso dos frangos na primeira semana. Repouso foi o comportamento apresentado com maior frequência pelos frangos em todos os tratamentos e idades analisadas. O consumo de ração e o comportamento exploratório foram apresentados com menor frequência da fase de crescimento do que na primeira semana de vida, enquanto que o comportamento de repouso e o de conforto foram mais frequentes. Houve uma correlação altamente positiva do peso com o tempo de imobilidade tônica dos frangos. Os resultados mostram que pintos com longo período de eclosão são mais ativos na primeira semana de vida, que criação na temperatura preferida não influenciou o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos com curto período de eclosão, mas diminuiu o desempenho dos frangos com longo período de eclosão na última semana de vida. Também é mostrado que frangos diminuem acentuadamente sua atividade com o ganho de peso. / This study investigated whether the duration of hatching period between the external piping and the actual hatching (short: 6 to 10h or long: 20 to 26h) associated with the rearing temperature (preferred and recommended) influence the performance and behavior of broiler chickens. For broiler performance was utilized a factorial experimental design 2x2, consisting of short (6-10h) or long (20-26h) hatching period and preferred (determined in previous study) or recommended rearing temperature. The frequencies of the distinct behaviors and the diet and water intake duration were analyzed according to a factorial experimental design 2x2x3, being the two hatching period (short or long), two rearing temperature (preferred or recommended), and three ages (6, 20 and 41 days or 7, 21 and 42 days). For this purpose, fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb®-500) were incubated at 37.5ºC and 60% RH, with egg rotation every 1 hours. After hatching, 352 male chicks (short and long) were distributed by body weight (~ 46g) in three climatic chambers: one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with short hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with long hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), and the third maintained at rearing temperature recommended for the strain (8 replicates with 11 broilers each per hatching period). Broilers with long hatching period and reared under preferred temperature presented lower feed intake, weight gain and body weight in the growth phase, resulting in lower performance at 42 days of age. Broilers with a long hatching period consumed diet more frequently than the broilers with a short hatching period. Preferred rearing temperature reduced the frequency of diet and water consumption and of exploratory behavior, and increased the frequency of resting behavior of the broilers in the first week of age. Resting was the most frequent behavior by broilers in all treatments and ages analyzed. Feed intake and exploratory behavior were presented less frequently in the growth phase than in the first week of life, while resting behavior and comfort behavior were more frequent. There was a highly positive correlation between body weight and tonic immobility time of broilers. The results showed that hatching broilers with a longer hatching period were more active than broilers with a short hatching period in the first week of life, that preferred rearing temperature did not influence performance and behavior of broilers with a short hatching period, but decreased the performance of chickens with a long hatching period in the last week of life. It is also shown that broilers had their activity markedly reduced as they gained weight. / CNPq: 140994/2014-9

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Boleli / Resumo: Este trabalho analisou se duração do período de eclosão entre bicagem externa até a saída do pinto de dentro da casca do ovo, temperatura de criação e idade influenciam o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos de corte. Para análise do desempenho, foi utilizado um delineamento 2x2, sendo período curto (6 a 10h) e longo (20 a 26h) de eclosão e temperatura de criação preferida (determinada em estudo anterior) e recomendada para a linhagem. As frequências dos diferentes comportamentos e a duração do comportamento de ingestão de ração e água foram analisados segundo um delineamento 2x2x3, sendo os dois períodos de eclosão (curto e longo), duas temperaturas de criação (preferida e recomendada) e 3 idades (6, 20 e 41 dias de idade ou 7, 21 e 42 dias). Para isso, ovos férteis de matrizes de frangos de corte (Cobb®-500) com 56 semanas de idade foram incubados à 37,5ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com giro à cada 2 horas. Após a eclosão, 352 pintos machos foram distribuídos pelo peso corporal (~46g) em 3 três câmaras climáticas: uma mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com curto período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), outra mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com longo período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), e a terceira mantida na temperatura recomendada para a linhagem (8 boxes com 11 aves cada/ período de eclosão). Pintos com longo período de eclosão criados na temperatura preferida apresentaram menor consumo de ração, ganho de peso e peso corporal ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study investigated whether the duration of hatching period between the external piping and the actual hatching (short: 6 to 10h or long: 20 to 26h) associated with the rearing temperature (preferred and recommended) influence the performance and behavior of broiler chickens. For broiler performance was utilized a factorial experimental design 2x2, consisting of short (6-10h) or long (20-26h) hatching period and preferred (determined in previous study) or recommended rearing temperature. The frequencies of the distinct behaviors and the diet and water intake duration were analyzed according to a factorial experimental design 2x2x3, being the two hatching period (short or long), two rearing temperature (preferred or recommended), and three ages (6, 20 and 41 days or 7, 21 and 42 days). For this purpose, fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb®-500) were incubated at 37.5ºC and 60% RH, with egg rotation every 1 hours. After hatching, 352 male chicks (short and long) were distributed by body weight (~ 46g) in three climatic chambers: one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with short hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with long hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), and the third maintained at rearing temperature recommended for the strain (8 replicates with 11 broilers each per hatching period). Broilers with long hatching period and reared ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruneli_fat_dr_jabo.pdf: 373268 bytes, checksum: 1d57a2a24feefaf22e6117902f05bc40 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity.

Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Ramon Diniz Malheiros / Banca: Nilva Aparecida Nicolao Fonseca / Banca: Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro / Resumo: Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / Abstract: In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity. / Doutor

Os romances Maps, Gifts e Secrets, pertencentes à trilogia Blood in the sun do escritor somali Nuruddin Farah, apresentam duas camadas narrativas em suas composições: uma dada pelos eventos ficcionais que ocorrem quando os personagens estão despertos e a outra pelos inúmeros sonhos inseridos neles. No espaço da vida de vigília, os protagonistas dessas obras experimentam uma grande imobilidade, estando impossibilitados de alterar a realidade política de seu país, a Somália, e de efetivamente transformar suas próprias vidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a experiência onírica proporciona, então, uma compensação para a inatividade a que estão condenados. Os sonhos são considerados como lugares especiais de experiência, como cronotopos diferenciados que contestam e invertem o que os personagens vivenciam no mundo dito real. As narrativas oníricas presentes nesses romances operam em dissonância em relação ao restante do que é narrado, oferecendo soluções ficcionais que ainda não parecem possíveis nas outras partes da narração. Dessa forma, o foco da análise se volta para o estudo da estrutura dessas narrativas oníricas, concomitantemente com o procedimento de conferir aos seus signos significados que condigam com o contexto cultural, social e político em que vivem os seus personagens. / The novels Maps, Gifts and Secrets, which belong to the trilogy Blood in the sun by Somali writer Nuruddin Farah, present two narrative levels: one given by the fictional events that take place when the characters are fully awake and the other by the numerous dreams inserted in them. In the space of vigil, the protagonists in these works experience great immobility, being unable to change the political reality of their country, Somalia, and effectively transform their own lives. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the dream experience provides, then, a form of compensation for the inactivity to which they are doomed. Dreams are considered special places of experience, as different chronotopoi that contest and invert what the characters undergo in the so called real world. The dream narratives that are present in these novels operate in dissonance with the rest of what is being narrated, offering fictional solutions that still do not seem to be possible in other parts of the narrative. Thus, the focus of the analysis turns to the study of the structure of these dream narratives, together with the procedure of giving meanings to their signs that match with the cultural, social and political context in which their characters live.

The aim of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of involuntary immobility as it applies to American parents that aspire to migrate to Global North countries. It explores their reasons for desiring to emigrate, the obstacles rendering them involuntarily immobile, and examines how current research methods, models, and theories can be applied to these families. This qualitative study is based on six semi-structured interviews with American parents that have expressed aspirations to migrate but have not yet found a viable path to migration. It uses aspiration-ability/capability models to explore each family’s (im)mobility and the obstacles that render them immobile. The results of the research demonstrate the challenge of assessing (im)mobility at a single moment in time, and determine that the immobility of adult dependents can render an individual immobile.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22432号 / 工博第4693号 / 新制||工||1733(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 牧 紀男, 教授 神吉 紀世子, 教授 小林 広英 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM