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This study examines some of the challenges that Maltese broadcasting is facing with respect to the news programming produced by the public service broadcaster and by the other two political stations. The thesis also investigates the concepts of balance and objectivity in news reporting and analyzes the extent to which Maltese TV news programmes succeed in providing balanced, impartial and accurate accounts. Special attention is paid to the role of the public service broadcaster, but consideration is also given to the part played by the two Maltese political stations competing with the public service broadcaster. A particular aim of this study is to measure how the requirement to preserve impartiality and balance impinges on the content of TV news bulletins and current affairs programmes produced by PSB and the other two political stations. The study will also consider the impact of current broadcasting regulations and will examine the degree to which such legislation is relevant in the attempt to achieve impartiality and balance in Maltese news broadcasting. As a basis for the study the thesis focuses on a sample of news programming material broadcast on the three television stations in Malta during a Local Council electoral campaign. The aim is to assess how various news messages are communicated to audiences and to consider whether such messages are perceived as impartial and balanced by the viewers. The study explores how news workers and news producers strive to achieve impartiality and balance in their day-to-day practices. Finally the thesis makes one or two tentative suggestions as to how current broadcasting legislation might be amended in order for the Broadcasting Authority can become a more effective watchdog and is able to intervene in cases where news programming is not deemed to be balanced and impartial.

A presente dissertação versa a teoria geral da determinação da lei aplicável no Direito Internacional Privado, sob a ótica de parâmetros cosmopolitas colhidos em outras ciências humanas, em perspectiva interdisciplinar. Analisam-se vários estudos recentes sobre o cosmopolitismo, bem como suas origens remotas, de modo a propor possíveis relações do tema com o método conflitual do Direito Internacional Privado. No capítulo I, empreende-se estudo histórico, retornando às origens do cosmopolitismo (filosofias grega e romana), passando pelo cosmopolitismo de Kant, no séc. XVIII, para então, finalmente, examinar os cosmopolitismos contemporâneos. Quanto a estes, procede-se à uma taxionomia e se exploram algumas proposições teóricas de especial utilidade para a determinação da lei aplicável. No capítulo II, busca-se transpor o cosmopolitismo do plano das demais ciências humanas para o plano da teoria jurídica em particular. Analisa-se, primeiro, o que implica a ideia de cosmopolitização do direito e, após, a relação entre o cosmopolitismo e o Direito Internacional Privado em específico. Dá-se especial atenção à aplicação da ideia de justiça cosmopolita no contexto da determinação da lei aplicável. No capítulo III, trata-se dos três grandes métodos de determinação da lei aplicável (multilateralismo, unilateralismo e materialismo), em perspectivas histórica e crítica. Conclui-se que a adoção do multilateralismo enquanto estrutura principal de determinação da lei aplicável, flexibilizado pelo princípio da proximidade, atende mais à imparcialidade cosmopolita que os outros dois métodos. No capítulo IV, propõe-se uma visão cosmopolita do princípio da ordem pública, concentrando-se em duas importantes evoluções teóricas mais recentes: as noções de ordem pública de proximidade e de ordem pública verdadeiramente internacional. Procede-se, ademais, a exame crítico da aplicação da exceção da ordem pública, no que se refere à lei aplicável, na jurisprudência brasileira recente. Ao fim do estudo, as principais conclusões são enumeradas. / This dissertation addresses international choice of law, through the lens of cosmopolitan standards collected from other humanities, undertaking an interdisciplinary approach. Many recent studies on cosmopolitanism are examined, as well as its remote origins, so as to propose links between choice of law and cosmopolitanism. In chapter I, a historical study is undertaken, going back to the origins of cosmopolitanism (Greek and Roman philosophers), dealing moreover with Kants cosmopolitanism (18th century) and contemporary cosmopolitanisms. Accordingly, a division into categories is proposed and some theoretical notions of special importance to choice of law are tackled. In chapter II, cosmopolitan concepts are applied to legal theory. First, consequences are drawn from the idea of cosmopolitanizing law. Afterwards, the relation between Conflict of Laws and cosmopolitanism is addressed. The focus is on the application of the idea of cosmopolitan justice to choice of law. In chapter III, the three existing choice of law methods are addressed (multilateralism, unilateralism and substantialism), historically and critically. It is concluded that the adoption of multilateralism as a general framework, flexibilized by the principe de proximité, is a better option in terms of cosmopolitan impartiality than the other two methods. In chapter IV, a cosmopolitan vision of public policy is proposed, focusing upon two important theories recently conceived: the notions of ordre public de proximité and of truly international public policy. Also, a critical address of the recent application of the public policy exception by Brazilian courts (within the choice of law context) is made. At the end, the main conclusions are enumerated.

Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This thesis problematizes the phenomenon of privatization of security within the context of the neoliberal transformation of the capitalist state in Turkey. On the basis of the critique of neo-Weberian and Foucauldian literatures, it attempts to construct its peculiar theoretical-historical pathway on the relationship between state-coercion-class. It problematizes the historical constitution of this relationship within the context of the historical specificity of the capitalist state power. In this regard, the formation of the public police in the 19th century is discussed as an important, albeit contradictory, aspect of the materialization of this specificity. Furthermore, it is asserted that it was a reformative movement within which class practices of private provision of security were not totally eliminated, but incorporated into the impartially presented institutional materiality of the modern bourgeois state in and through class struggles. On this basis, the thesis discusses the privatization of security in Turkey as a contradictory transformation determined by the tension between the alleged impartiality and class nature of the state. It critically analyzes the historical period from the 1960s to the 2000s to identify different dynamics of transformation in terms of the privatization of security and institutional restructuring of the state. Within this framework, it argues that the institutionalization of private security in Turkey has signalled a trend towards the fusion of state power and class power in a new form with novel contradictions.

Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti ar žiniasklaidoje galima viešinti ikiteisminio tyrimo duomenis jei tai gali įtakoti nešališką, nepriklausomą baudžiamąjį procesą. Atsakant į iškeltus darbo tikslus nagrinėjama tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio praktika (JAV, Anglija ir kt.). Daug diskusijų dėl šių principų konfrontacijos kyla JAV. Šios valstybės teismai jau seniai pripažino galimą viešumo pavojų, kai prisiekusieji, įtakoti visuomenėje, per žiniasklaidą, formuojamos nuomonės, priima subjektyvius, šališkus, neteisingus sprendimus. / Aim of this work was to find out whether the media can serve to promote the pre-test data if media, public opinion can affect the fair, impartial and independent court. In order to verify the these assumptions, it is important to clarify the application of the principle of publicity characteristics and limits of the criminal process, the analysis of both the pre-trial stage and trial, to examine public awareness and the importance of boundaries. It is also necessary to assess whether public opinion on a fair and impartial court, is it possible to maintain a balance between these two principles. In response to the issue raised by the work targets both Lithuanian and foreign law (the U.S., UK, etc.) are analysed. Much of the debate on the principles of the U.S. confrontation arises. Courts of this country had recognized the potential public risk, when the jury, influenced by society through the media, which formed the opinion, makes subjective, biased, incorrect decisions.

Die reg tot 'n vrye en regverdige verhoor is een van die mees gevestigde internasionale fundamentele regte.1 Die reg om verhoor te word deur 'n onafhanklike en onpartydige hof of tribunaal vorm deel van die reg tot 'n vrye en regverdige verhoor. Beide Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje erken hierdie reg as 'n fundamentele reg. Alhoewel dit duidelik is dat hierdie reg afdwingbaar is in die gewone howe van state wat die relevante konvensies geratifiseer het, bly die vraag steeds tot watter mate die reg tot 'n onafhanklike en onpartydige tribunaal toepassing vind in internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie verrigtinge. Verder is die vraag hoe die toepassing daarvan vergelyk met die toepassing van die reg in die gewone howe. Is dit dus moontlik om te se dat dieselfde toets wat in die gewone howe gebruik word om die onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van 'n voorsittende beampte te bepaal, ook gebruik word om die onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van 'n arbiter te bepaal? In die nasionale sfeer verwys onafhanklikheid na twee onderskeibare konsepte. Eerstens verwys dit na die onafhanklikheid van die regsprekendegesag met betrekking tot die wetgewende- en uitvoeren-degesag soos vervat in die leerstuk van die skeiding van magte. Tweedens verwys dit na die persoonlike onafhanklikheid van 'n voorsittende beampte. In internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie is slegs die tweede konsep van toepassing. Internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie funksioneer normaalweg onafhanklik van enige regerings-instelling. Slegs die persoonlike onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid van die arbiter is dus van belang. Wanneer die toetse, om die persoonlike onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van regters en arbiters te bepaal, met mekaar vergelyk word, is daar drie verskillende toetse wat van belang is. Sover dit menseregte op 'n intemasionale vlak betref, pas die Europese Hof vir Menseregte die geregverdigde twyfel (legitimate doubt) toets toe. Die arbitrasie instellings wat ingesluit is in hierdie verhandeling2 pas die regverdigbare twyfel Qustifiable doubt) toets toe. Op nasionale vlak pas beide Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje die redelike vrees van vooroordeel (reasonable apprehension of bias) toets toe. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die toetse vir onpartydigheid en onanhanklikheid wat toegepas word in die nasionale howe van Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje, die toetse wat op intemasionale vlak toegepas word in die Europese Hof vir Menseregte en die toetse wat toegepas word deur die onafhanklike intemasionale arbitrasie instellings wat in die verhandeling bestudeer is, tot dieselfde resultaat lei. Gevolglik sal arbitrasie verrigtinge wat in Suid-Afrika die toets van onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid slaag in alle waarskynlikheid ook die toets in Engeland slaag. Net so sal arbitrasie verrigtinge wat plaasvind in terme van die belangrikse arbitrasie tribunale en arbitrasie reels, synde UNCITRAL, die ICC, die LCIA, die AAA en die ICSID, ook na alle waarskynlikheid die toets van onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid van arbiters in beide Suid-Afrika en Engeland slaag indien die toets wat toegepas word deur hierdie reels en instansies dieselfde is as die toets wat in Suid-Afrika en Engeland toegepas word. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Die reg tot 'n vrye en regverdige verhoor is een van die mees gevestigde internasionale fundamentele regte.1 Die reg om verhoor te word deur 'n onafhanklike en onpartydige hof of tribunaal vorm deel van die reg tot 'n vrye en regverdige verhoor. Beide Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje erken hierdie reg as 'n fundamentele reg. Alhoewel dit duidelik is dat hierdie reg afdwingbaar is in die gewone howe van state wat die relevante konvensies geratifiseer het, bly die vraag steeds tot watter mate die reg tot 'n onafhanklike en onpartydige tribunaal toepassing vind in internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie verrigtinge. Verder is die vraag hoe die toepassing daarvan vergelyk met die toepassing van die reg in die gewone howe. Is dit dus moontlik om te se dat dieselfde toets wat in die gewone howe gebruik word om die onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van 'n voorsittende beampte te bepaal, ook gebruik word om die onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van 'n arbiter te bepaal? In die nasionale sfeer verwys onafhanklikheid na twee onderskeibare konsepte. Eerstens verwys dit na die onafhanklikheid van die regsprekendegesag met betrekking tot die wetgewende- en uitvoeren-degesag soos vervat in die leerstuk van die skeiding van magte. Tweedens verwys dit na die persoonlike onafhanklikheid van 'n voorsittende beampte. In internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie is slegs die tweede konsep van toepassing. Internasionale kommersiele arbitrasie funksioneer normaalweg onafhanklik van enige regerings-instelling. Slegs die persoonlike onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid van die arbiter is dus van belang. Wanneer die toetse, om die persoonlike onpartydigheid en onafhanklikheid van regters en arbiters te bepaal, met mekaar vergelyk word, is daar drie verskillende toetse wat van belang is. Sover dit menseregte op 'n intemasionale vlak betref, pas die Europese Hof vir Menseregte die geregverdigde twyfel (legitimate doubt) toets toe. Die arbitrasie instellings wat ingesluit is in hierdie verhandeling2 pas die regverdigbare twyfel Qustifiable doubt) toets toe. Op nasionale vlak pas beide Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje die redelike vrees van vooroordeel (reasonable apprehension of bias) toets toe. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die toetse vir onpartydigheid en onanhanklikheid wat toegepas word in die nasionale howe van Suid-Afrika en Groot Brittanje, die toetse wat op intemasionale vlak toegepas word in die Europese Hof vir Menseregte en die toetse wat toegepas word deur die onafhanklike intemasionale arbitrasie instellings wat in die verhandeling bestudeer is, tot dieselfde resultaat lei. Gevolglik sal arbitrasie verrigtinge wat in Suid-Afrika die toets van onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid slaag in alle waarskynlikheid ook die toets in Engeland slaag. Net so sal arbitrasie verrigtinge wat plaasvind in terme van die belangrikse arbitrasie tribunale en arbitrasie reels, synde UNCITRAL, die ICC, die LCIA, die AAA en die ICSID, ook na alle waarskynlikheid die toets van onafhanklikheid en onpartydigheid van arbiters in beide Suid-Afrika en Engeland slaag indien die toets wat toegepas word deur hierdie reels en instansies dieselfde is as die toets wat in Suid-Afrika en Engeland toegepas word. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Le conflit d'intérêts désigne une opposition entre deux ou plusieurs intérêts distincts, relevant de personnes ou groupes de personnes eux-mêmes distincts. Il se peut que le conflit oppose l’intérêt d’une personne – ou l’intérêt d’une autre personne à laquelle elle est liée – à l’intérêt d’un tiers dont elle a par ailleurs la charge. Il est alors un risque que le conflit en cause ne soit réglé de manière illégitime, au préjudice de l’intérêt pris en charge. C’est à l’étude de ce type de conflit d’intérêts que la thèse se consacre. Elle propose de le rattacher à la théorie juridique du pouvoir. Le pouvoir y est défini comme la prérogative par laquelle son titulaire est habilité à participer à la création d’actes juridiques pour le compte d’autrui, par l’expression d’un ou plusieurs intérêts distincts du sien.Les pouvoirs peuvent faire l’objet d’une double différenciation. La première consiste à différencier les pouvoirs en fonction du rôle joué par leurs titulaires dans la détermination du contenu de l’acte juridique à créer. Elle aboutit à distinguer les pouvoirs intellectuels et les pouvoirs décisionnels. La seconde consiste à différencier les pouvoirs en fonction des devoirs pesant sur leurs titulaires. Elle aboutit à distinguer les pouvoirs-loyauté et les pouvoirs-impartialité. Ce rattachement du conflit d'intérêts à la théorie juridique du pouvoir a deux conséquences. Il permet tout d’abord d’en délimiter le domaine. Il permet ensuite de le définir. Le conflit d'intérêts correspond en effet à une situation de détournement potentiel de pouvoir. Il manifeste le risque que le titulaire du pouvoir n’agisse contrairement à son devoir. Il en découle une typologie des conflits d’intérêts. Celle-ci repose sur une distinction principale entre les conflits de loyauté et les conflits d’impartialité et sur deux distinctions secondaires : d’une part, la distinction des conflits directs et des conflits indirects ; d’autre part, la distinction des conflits d’intérêt et de devoir et des conflits entre devoirs. Cette différenciation des conflits justifie une différenciation de leurs traitements. En effet, les différents types de conflits ne présentent pas le même risque d’aboutir à un détournement effectif de pouvoir, ce dont leurs traitements devraient tenir compte. La typologie dressée se veut ainsi une typologie hiérarchisée pouvant servir à déterminer le traitement adapté à chaque type de conflit. / A conflict of interests refers to the opposition of two or several separate interests, concerning separate persons or groups of persons. It may occur that a conflict opposes the interest of one person – or the interest of a person to whom the first person is acquainted – to the interest of a third party of which the first person is responsible. Such situation could result in the conflict being illegitimately solved to the detriment of the third party’s interest. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to study this type of conflict of interests by linking it to the legal theory of power. Here, the power is defined as the prerogative enabling the entitled person to be involved in the creation of legal acts on behalf of another party, by defending one or several interests separate from their own interests.These powers can be subject to a double distinction. The first distinction aims at differentiating powers depending on the role played by those who are entitled to such powers in the determination of the content of the legal act to be created. This distinction results in the separation between intellectual powers and decision making powers. The second distinction aims at differentiating powers depending on the duties of the entitled persons. It results in the separation between loyalty-powers and impartiality-powers.Linking the conflict of interests to the legal theory of power has two consequences. First, it helps delimiting the field of such conflicts. And it also helps defining them. Indeed, a conflict of interests corresponds to a situation where a misuse of power may occur. In such types of conflicts, the risk that the person in power might act contrary to their duty arises. It then results in a typology of conflicts of interests. This typology is based on the main distinction between loyalty conflicts and impartiality conflicts and on two secondary distinctions: the distinction between direct and indirect conflicts on the one hand, and the distinction betweenthe conflicts of interests and duty and the conflicts between duties on the other. This distinction between conflicts justifies a distinction in the way they are treated. Indeed, these various types of conflicts do not have the same risk of resulting in an actual misuse of power, which should be taken into account when treating such conflicts. The resulting typology is therefore a tiered typology that could be used to identify the corresponding treatment for each type of conflict.

The thesis "Analysis of political news in Czech newspapers during the parliamentary elections of 2017" examines the media coverage of the election in the daily newspapers Lidové noviny, Hospodářské noviny, Mladá fronta DNES, Právo and Blesk. This will be done using content analysis. The theoretical part outlines the role of the media in the political life of society and social responsibility which results from it and becomes even more important before an election. On the basis of the theoretical knowledge of the available literature, normative media requirements are described and I focus on normative requirement of objectivity and its criterion of impartiality, which is based on balance and neutrality. Furthermore, I will analyse the compliance with legislative normative requirements, in particular the regulation Zákon č. 247/1995 Sb. o volbách do Parlamentu České republiky which relates to media reporting pre- election. Another part of the thesis is devoted to the framing of media content, which can lead to a departure from informing society about the relevant political issues crucial for political decisiveness. An integral part of the theory is foreign research of a similar vein, which was the basis for the operationalisation and the making of my own research.