Scholars have debated whether mediator impartiality or mediator interest plays a more vital role in bringing about a successful outcome. This research develops a comprehensive model that accounts for mediation occurrence and medication outcome in terms of an additive model of both mediator impartiality and mediator interest. The two channels through which mediators influence the changes of mediation and occurrence and outcome are hypothesized to be two dimensions of trust, mediator fairness and mediator capacity. This research argues 1) that mediator impartiality contributes to successful mediation outcomes by improving disputants’ trust in mediators’ fairness and 2) that mediator interest increases the likelihood of successful mediation outcomes by improving disputants’ trust in mediators’ capacity. Therefore, this research hypothesizes that the levels of mediators’ impartiality and mediators’ interest do not have individual effects on mediation occurrence and outcome. It argues, rather, that the additive level of the two variables determines the likelihood of mediation occurrence and successful outcome. The hypotheses of this research are tested using quantitative analysis of 294 interstate mediation cases carried out by states between 1945 and 1999 and qualitative analyses of the Philippines’ mediation of the Borneo dispute between Malaya and Indonesia in 1964 and Syria’s mediation of the border dispute between North Yemen and South Yemen in 1979. Both sets of analyses support the researcher’s claim that it is the additive level of impartiality and interest, rather than the individual level of both variables, that affects the chance of mediation success being achieved.

Este trabalho se propõe a analisar, qualitativamente, as escolhas léxico-gramaticais, em uma perspectiva semântico-discursiva, utilizadas pela imprensa escrita, a fim de identificar como o sujeito social Polícia Militar é apresentado à sociedade. Objetiva-se mostrar que, mesmo em um discurso jornalístico de cunho informativo, algumas marcas (extra)linguísticas determinam uma orientação argumentativa adotada (in)conscientemente pelo seu produtor. Para esse estudo, a linha teórica predominantemente adotada foi a Análise Semiolinguística do Discurso, a qual tem como referência as teorias propostas, sobretudo, por Patrick Charaudeau. Foram selecionadas 15 (quinze) matérias de cunho informativo veiculadas nos jornais Folha de São Paulo e O Globo, nos dias 14 e 20 de junho de 2013, referentes às principais manifestações populares ocorridas nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As conclusões apontam para o papel da imprensa na desconstrução da imagem da polícia, procurando construir, na sociedade civil, um senso comum desfavorável à ação desses militares / This study intends to analyze, qualitatively, the lexical-grammatical choices, in a semantic-discursive perspective, used by the written press, in order to identify how the social subject "Military Police" is introduced to society. It aims to show that even in a journalistic discourse of informative nature, some (extra)linguistic markers determine an argumentative orientation adopted (un)consciously by its producer. For this study, the theoretical line predominantly adopted was the Semiolinguistics of Discourse, which has as reference the theories proposed especially by Patrick Charaudeau's. 15 (fifteen) articles of informative nature were issued in Folha de Sao Paulo and O Globo newspapers, on the 14th and 20th of June, 2013, referring to the major popular demonstrations occurring in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The conclusions point to the role of the press in the deconstruction of the image of the police, seeking to build, in civil society, a common sense unfavorable to the action of the military forces

A dissertação tem por objeto a análise das três principais premissas teóricas do modelo publicista de participação do juiz na fase probatória do processo, entendido este como o modelo que admite que o juiz investigue os fatos trazidos pelas partes através da designação de provas de ofício. Assim, analisam-se a verdade no processo, a igualdade das partes e a imparcialidade judicial. O objetivo do estudo, como se vê, não é apontar o modelo mais eficiente, mas analisar de forma crítica as premissas que conferem suporte teórico ao modelo vigente nos países da Europa continental e da América Latina para, ao final, concluir se o modelo publicista está ou não corretamente justificado no plano teórico. / This work aims at discussing the three main theoretical premises concerning the active role of a judge during the evidentiary phase of a judicial proceeding. This model is understood as the one in which the judge is allowed to investigate facts submitted by the parties by means of ordering ex officio evidence. We, thus, study how the material truth in the proceedings, equality of the parties, as well as the impartiality of the judge are dealt with in such model. The purpose of the work, as can be seen, is not to identify the most efficient regime, but to critically analyze the premises which provide theorical background to the regime currently in force in continental Europe and Latin America, in order to conclude whether such regime is properly supported from a theoretical perspective or not.

A Justiça como Imparcialidade de Brian Barry propõe uma teoria de justiça imparcial como única solução legítima para uma sociedade encontrar princípios com os quais todos possam consentir. Essa concepção de justiça não pode impor aos indivíduos um comportamento de primeira-ordem. Ao contrário, deve se referir unicamente às instituições e estas devem acomodar as diversas concepções de Bem da sociedade. Se a sociedade for capaz de encontrar tais princípios, então será possível a vida em sociedade com tolerância mútua. Esta dissertação explora as razões de Barry para escolha dessa abordagem e aponta possíveis desafios não resolvidos por sua teoria. / Brian Barrys Justice as Impartiality conceives a theory of impartial justice as the only legitimated solution to a society who wants to find principles according to those everybody might consent. This theory should not impose a first-order behavior to individuals. Moreover, such concept of justice must be impartial in regard to individuals conceptions of good. This dissertation explores the reasons that led Barry to choose this approach, and suggests possible challenges unsolved by his theory.

Este trabalho se propõe a analisar, qualitativamente, as escolhas léxico-gramaticais, em uma perspectiva semântico-discursiva, utilizadas pela imprensa escrita, a fim de identificar como o sujeito social Polícia Militar é apresentado à sociedade. Objetiva-se mostrar que, mesmo em um discurso jornalístico de cunho informativo, algumas marcas (extra)linguísticas determinam uma orientação argumentativa adotada (in)conscientemente pelo seu produtor. Para esse estudo, a linha teórica predominantemente adotada foi a Análise Semiolinguística do Discurso, a qual tem como referência as teorias propostas, sobretudo, por Patrick Charaudeau. Foram selecionadas 15 (quinze) matérias de cunho informativo veiculadas nos jornais Folha de São Paulo e O Globo, nos dias 14 e 20 de junho de 2013, referentes às principais manifestações populares ocorridas nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As conclusões apontam para o papel da imprensa na desconstrução da imagem da polícia, procurando construir, na sociedade civil, um senso comum desfavorável à ação desses militares / This study intends to analyze, qualitatively, the lexical-grammatical choices, in a semantic-discursive perspective, used by the written press, in order to identify how the social subject "Military Police" is introduced to society. It aims to show that even in a journalistic discourse of informative nature, some (extra)linguistic markers determine an argumentative orientation adopted (un)consciously by its producer. For this study, the theoretical line predominantly adopted was the Semiolinguistics of Discourse, which has as reference the theories proposed especially by Patrick Charaudeau's. 15 (fifteen) articles of informative nature were issued in Folha de Sao Paulo and O Globo newspapers, on the 14th and 20th of June, 2013, referring to the major popular demonstrations occurring in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The conclusions point to the role of the press in the deconstruction of the image of the police, seeking to build, in civil society, a common sense unfavorable to the action of the military forces

A dissertação tem por objeto a análise das três principais premissas teóricas do modelo publicista de participação do juiz na fase probatória do processo, entendido este como o modelo que admite que o juiz investigue os fatos trazidos pelas partes através da designação de provas de ofício. Assim, analisam-se a verdade no processo, a igualdade das partes e a imparcialidade judicial. O objetivo do estudo, como se vê, não é apontar o modelo mais eficiente, mas analisar de forma crítica as premissas que conferem suporte teórico ao modelo vigente nos países da Europa continental e da América Latina para, ao final, concluir se o modelo publicista está ou não corretamente justificado no plano teórico. / This work aims at discussing the three main theoretical premises concerning the active role of a judge during the evidentiary phase of a judicial proceeding. This model is understood as the one in which the judge is allowed to investigate facts submitted by the parties by means of ordering ex officio evidence. We, thus, study how the material truth in the proceedings, equality of the parties, as well as the impartiality of the judge are dealt with in such model. The purpose of the work, as can be seen, is not to identify the most efficient regime, but to critically analyze the premises which provide theorical background to the regime currently in force in continental Europe and Latin America, in order to conclude whether such regime is properly supported from a theoretical perspective or not.

A travers le système de l’intime conviction les Constituants consacrent un système de liberté de la preuve àl’opposé du système de preuve légale en vigueur sous l’Ancien Régime. L’intime conviction repose sur lacertitude morale des jurés et fait appel à leur conscience citoyenne et religieuse. A la sanction légale lesConstituants ont substitué une sanction morale. Face à l’émergence des preuves scientifiques au XIXème siècle, lesystème de l’intime conviction, remis en cause, continue néanmoins d’incarner le système de preuve le plus à apteà découvrir la vérité et à protéger la liberté individuelle. Au cours de la période contemporaine, la perted’indépendance des jurés vis-à-vis des magistrats professionnels d’une part et l’introduction d’une motivation desarrêts de la cour d’assises d’autre part questionnent à nouveau le système de l’intime conviction. La pérennité dusystème de l’intime conviction suppose un renforcement du poids décisionnel des jurés dans le jugement de lacour d’assises et une revalorisation de leur rôle au cours du procès pénal. L’exigence de motivation de laculpabilité des arrêts de la cour d’assises instaurée par la loi du 10 août 2011 sur la participation des citoyens aufonctionnement de la justice et le jugement des mineurs se révèle minimale. Au regard des exigences du droit auprocès équitable, il convient d’une part de renforcer la motivation de la culpabilité et d’étendre d’autre part lamotivation des arrêts de la cour d’assises à la peine prononcée. L’intégration des exigences du droit au procèséquitable en matière de motivation dans notre procédure pénale, constitue une chance pour le système de l’intimeconviction, ainsi appelé à se renouveler. / Through the system of the firm conviction, the constituents consecrate a system of freedom of the proof opposite to the system of legal proof applicable under the former regime. The firm conviction is based on the moral certitude of the jurors and involves their civic and religious consciousness. The constituents have substituted the legal sanction by a moral sanction. With the emergence of scientific proofs during the XIXth century, the system of firm conviction, although challenged, however continues to embody the proof system that is the most suitable to discover the truth and protect individual freedom. Over the contemporary period, the loss of independence of jurors towards professional judges on one end and the introduction of the requirement of reasoning for the judgement of assize courts on the other end again question the system of the firm conviction. The sustainability of the system of the firm conviction implies a strenthening to the decisional power of the jurors in the judgement of the assize court and a revalorisation of the role of the jurors during criminal trials. The requirement of the reasoning leading to guilt in the judgement of the assize court established by the law of the 10th August 2011 on the partcipation of the citizens to the functioning of Justice and judgement of minors proves to be insufficient. Regarding the legal requirements for a fair trial, it is necessary to reinforce on one end the reasoning leading to guilt and to extend on the other end the requirement of reasoning to the sentence pronounced by the assize court. The integration of the legal requirements for a fair trial regarding the reasoning in our criminal proceedings represents a chance for the system of the firm conviction which is thus called to renew itself.

The right to a lawful judge Abstract This thesis deals with the basic subjective right to a lawful judge. Its basis consists of analysis of the constitutional and statutory provisions (formal aspect) and their interpretation in the context of merits of the right to a lawful judge (material aspect). The research question of this thesis is as follows: "Are the statutory provisions (or tables of duties) and practices of courts in the Czech Republic aligned with principles and purpose of the basic right to a lawful judge?" General, basic and theoretical issues of the right to a lawful judge such as its nature as a basic subjective right, the scope of its addressees or relation to the right to a due process in line with Article 36 paragraph 1 of the Charter of fundamental rights are analyzed in the second chapter. Findings of this analysis are used to demonstrate the purpose for which the right to a lawful judge was included in the Charter of fundamental rights as well as the implications for independence of the judiciary and procedural rights of parties to the proceedings. Origin of the right to a lawful judge is subsequently explained by a short recourse in chapter three which deals with several historical periods which are most often linked to the necessity of the right to a lawful judge. A deeper analysis of...

States have different ties to warring parties in armed conflict. Bias, as in being closer to one conflict side, is a known factor that shapes mediation processes. However, its particular role has been insufficiently studied. This study assesses bias as a significant influence on mediation in Ukraine. Armed conflict in Ukraine has been mediated by different actors, among which the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) launched a Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to support mediation through impartial fact-reporting. This thesis examines the OSCE’s declared impartiality. This is done through a content analysis of interpretative statements by OSCE states about the SMM’s mandate and extensions. These 45 statements cover the conflict years 2014 to 2021 and form the material for the analysis. The study’s findings show that states’ interpretative statements hold bias in favour and disfavour of warring parties. Particularly favour for Ukraine and disfavour of Russia is apparent. Therefore, the OSCE does not speak with one ‘impartial’ voice but rather harbours different perspectives that potentially influence the organisation’s mediation efforts. The findings have implications for scholars and practitioners of international mediation alike.

What do we owe to our loved ones? What is the status of these requirements? How do we reconcile them with other requirements? Are we allowed to buy our child an expensive car when that money could save countless strangers overseas? What exactly does morality demand of us? / My thesis defends an account of partiality justified in terms of relationships. I develop the view that relationships are inextricably linked to wellbeing, and I defend the idea that morality must be concerned with our wellbeing. I try to make sense of this account of partiality with the idea that morality carries a requirement of impartiality. If wellbeing is an important part of morally right actions, and if acting in accordance with reasons of partiality (qua relationships) sometimes promotes wellbeing better than impartiality, then some reasons of partiality lead to morally right actions. Minimally, I argue that for why a strictly impartial (or, on the other extreme, a strictly partial) theory does not work. Both reasons (of partiality and impartiality) must be taken into account and carefully calibrated. More ambitiously, I argue for why partiality deserves its own place at the table in normative ethical theorizing. This is not to say that partiality always leads to right action, rather the suggestion is that there are some forms of partiality (found within relationships) which morality requires. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / Some forms of partiality seem clearly wrong, like racial bias or nepotism; in such cases, it is better to consider our reasons to be impartial, which seem to lead to more fairness or equality. Still, there seem to be other forms of partiality which are clearly right, like the love and care a parent has for their child; in these cases, considering our reasons to be impartial seem like (to quote Bernard Williams), “one thought too many.” This thesis tries fit reasons of partiality and reasons of impartiality together, and argues for a view of (moral) partiality grounded in relationships.