Bakgrund: Prostatacancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland män. I västvärlden är det den cancerform som har snabbast stigande incidens de senaste tio åren. Det finns flera olika behandlingsalternativ för lokaliserad prostatacancer, två av dem är strålbehandling och operation som kallas radikal prostatektomi. Den vanligast förekommande bieffekten av behandlingarna är erektil dysfunktion. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa mäns upplevelse av hur lokaliserad prostatacancer samt dess behandlingsformer påverkar deras erektila förmåga, och därigenom deras sexualitet.Metod: Litteraturstudie av kvalitativ ansats, som använt sig av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar för att utveckla ett resultat. Databaserna som använts är Cinahl, PubMed och PsycInfo.Resultat: Att motta rätt information angående bieffekterna från behandlingarna av prostatacancer underlättade männens återhämtning. Den erektila dysfunktionen ledde till ett försämrat självförtroende och svårigheter i intima relationer. Det var inte ovanligt att inte längre kunna uppnå spontana erektioner efter genomgången behandling. Att kommunicera med sin partner var en stor del i mannens återhämtning. Den erektila dysfunktionen upplevdes som en värre bieffekt av unga män än av äldre män. Många män upplevde sig mindre manliga än före operationen.Konklusion: Männens sexualitet blir påverkad av den erektila dysfunktionen som uppkommer efter behandlingarna. Vikten av att kommunikation både privat och med vårdpersonal är en central del för männens återhämtning och anpassning till sin nya livssituation. Det är också viktigt att sjuksköterskan utövar personcentrerad vård då sexualitet är något väldigt personligt. / Background: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men. Inthe Western world it is the type of cancer with the most rapid increase in incidence in the last decade. There are several treatments for prostate cancer, two of them are radiation therapy and a surgery called radical prostatectomy. The most common side-effect of the treatments is erectile dysfunction. Aim: The aim of this study is to illuminate men’s experience of how localised prostate cancer and its treatments affect their erectile capability, and thereby their sexuality.Methods: A systematic literature review using a qualitative design, which is based on 12 scientific articles to produce a result. The databases used are Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo.Results: To receive the correct information regarding the side-effects of the treatments for prostate cancer eases the men’s recovery. The erectile dysfunction leads to a compromised self-confidence and difficulties in intimate relations. It’s not unusual to no longer be able to obtain a spontaneous erection after undergoing treatment. To communicate with his partner is a vital part of the man’s recovery. The erectile dysfunction is experienced as a more severe side-effect among young men compared to older men. Many men view themselves as less of a man than they did before the surgery. Conclusion: The men’s sexuality becomes affected by the erectile dysfunction which occurs after the treatments. The importance of communication, both privately and with healthcare professionals is a vital part of the men’s recovery and adaption to their new life. It’s imperative that the nurse practises person centred care since sexuality is something very personal.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa impotensens inverkan på mäns livskvalitet samt att undersöka i vilket behov av stöd och information impotenta män är och vilken roll sjuksköterskan kan ha för patientgruppen. Resultatet base-ras på tio vetenskapliga artiklar, som granskats enligt Polit, et al (2001) kriterier för hur en vetenskaplig artikel. Resultatet visar att impotens har en klar påverkan på livskvaliteten för män. B l a kände männen en förlust av sin manlighet, fick sämre självkänsla och en negativ påverkan på mannens sociala liv var tydlig. Ett behov av en mer öppen diskussion kring sexualitet efterlyses av männen samt bättre information om bakomliggande orsaker och behandlingsalternativ. Sjukskö-terskan ansågs kunna ha en betydande roll för patientgruppen impotenta män. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att man i den kliniska verksamheten måste bli bättre på att integrera sexualiteten i begreppet hälsa. Viktigt är att förstå varje mans upplevelse av impotensen och på så sätt kunna identifiera hans behov av stöd och information. / The aim of this study is to find out to what extent impotence influences a mans quality of life, further purpose is to find out what needs of support and informa-tion this group of patients have, and what role the nurse can play. The result is based on ten scientific articles, that have been scrutinized using the scientific cri-teria’s presented by Polit et al (2001). The study shows that impotence affects a mans quality of life. Impotence often has a negative affect on men’s self-esteem and it can be an obstacle to his social life. Men expressed a need for a more open discussion on sexuality and a wider range of information. A nurse is considered to be able to contribute with knowledge and information for this group of patients. The conclusion is that people within medical services have to improve their way to integrate sexuality in the concept of health. The most important thing is to un-derstand every individual´s experience of impotence, identify his needs and give him support

The thesis is an evaluation of a utilitarian argument for the permissibility of purchasing meat. The argument, which I call the replaceability argument, rests on four premises: 1. Meat purchases cause animals to be brought into existence. 2. The animals brought into existence by meat purchases live lives of positive final value. 3. If the first two premises are true, then meat purchases cause at least as good consequences as any alternative act. 4. If meat purchases cause at least as good consequences as any alternative act, then meat purchases are permissible. The first three premises are examined while the fourth one, representing consequentialism, is assumed to be true. The evaluation results in the conclusion that the argument is unsound because all of the premises evaluated turn out to be either doubtful or false.

Material artefacts to be used during sex is today commonly known as “sex toys”. This thesis has aimed to understand the discursive practices preceding this late-modern conceptualization, and what the previous historical conceptualizations testified to in terms of sexual morality and constructions of sexuality. The focus has been on a Swedish expert-led discursive context, spanning from the late seventies to the mid-nineties. Despite a general idea of Swedish sexual progressiveness, the results show that the discourse around these objects were all but welcoming. The Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU) considered the selling of “sexual technical aids” as a difficult topic. Good sexuality was to share an emotional loving connection. Thus, it should not overemphasize sex and the body, which sex aids did by being used for sexual functioning or corporeal sensations. I have shown how a discussion of sex aid-use by men with certain physical disabilities dealt with this problem, by providing a context of enabling sexual activity within a romantic union between the men and their partners. Thus, erective aids were especially in focus. I argue that this shows a somatification of male sexuality, which has previously been discussed as taking place in Sweden after the introduction of pharmaceutical erective pills in the late 1990s. Parallel to this, I show a development of heralding female use of “sex toys” in the early 1990s media. Whereas male masturbation with sexual objects were still ridden with an idea of social inadequacy, women were increasingly championed to consume to masturbate. I argue that the developments of how to conceptualize sex aids in Sweden indicate a larger discursive change regarding sexuality. Not only were men and women increasingly considered as beings with separate sexualities, and thus given separate sex aid-markets to court this – but acceptable sexual expression overall broadened. Good sexuality in the Swedish 1990s had begun to embrace the bodily sensations felt during sex, as well as accept sex itself as an independent aim, and in consequence sex aids – or “sex toys” – as a more acceptable means to this end.