It is generally accepted that populations which experience severe bottlenecks have a reduction in fitness. One of the most frequently reported fitness costs is increased hatching failure in bottlenecked populations of birds. The mechanism responsible for increased hatching failure is unknown. Research on other animals suggest that reduced population numbers cause unavoidable inbreeding that in turn leads to abnormalities in the gametes. In this thesis I examine some of the possible causes for increased hatching failure in severely bottlenecked populations of introduced birds in New Zealand. I look at three traits identified as a cause for infertility or hatching failure previously and determine whether there is a link with the size of a population s bottleneck. It is possible that reduced numbers of sperm reaching the site of fertilisation is a primary cause of hatching failure. I examined the perivitelline membrane of various species of introduced birds and counted the total number of sperm present to compare to how many would be expected in non-bottlenecked species. Although there was no relationship between the size of the bottleneck and the number of sperm present, all species had lower than expected sperm counts. In many species of mammals, a reduction in the quality of sperm is attributed to inbreeding depression bought about by genetic bottlenecks. I next compared the level of sperm abnormalities, variation in midpiece size sperm, and sperm motility with the size of the bottleneck each species passed through when introduced to New Zealand. There was no significant correlation between either the variation in midpiece size or sperm motility with bottleneck size. However, there was a trend for species that passed through more severe bottlenecks to have a slightly higher level of midpiece size and lower motility. Finally, I examined whether there was a link between abnormalities in the eggshell and the size of the respective bottleneck. There was no significant change in eggshell thickness or any change in the number of pores associated bottleneck size. However, there was a decreased number of round pores in severely bottlenecked species, although the consequences of this are unknown. My findings do not directly link a single cause for increased hatching failure in bottlenecked species of birds, but they do highlight the need for monitoring of reproductive traits in endangered species that have experienced a population bottleneck.

In this thesis the effects of individual and multiple environmental stressors (physical and chemical) are examined in inbred and outbred zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton), a model species used in ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment (ERA). The central question addressed is, are inbred laboratory animals representative and protective of wild populations? That is, are inbred fish equally or more sensitive to chemicals and other stressors compared with more outbred (wild) fish? A combination of tools and approaches incorporating traditional (eco)toxicology and population genetics have been employed, together with more contemporary molecular genetics and population modelling, to compare and contrast a range of responses in inbred and outbred zebrafish exposed to the endocrine disrupting chemical clotrimazole and/or temperature elevation in the laboratory. The choice of test species was based on our broad understanding of its basic biology, extending from the molecular level to the population level, and its wide use as a model organism in (eco)toxicology. Selection of the test chemical clotrimazole and temperature was based on a shared mode of action, aromatase inhibition, and therefore their ability to block oestrogen production, impair reproduction, promote male development and skew population sex ratios in zebrafish. A cascade of responses were compared in inbred and outbred zebrafish, including changes in the levels of expression of genes for gonadal aromatase and other steroidogenic enzymes, circulating sex steroid hormones, gonadal sex differentiation and development (via gonadal histopathology) and reproductive fitness (female fecundity, paternity and viability of embryos). Amongst the most striking results were directional skews in sex ratio towards males in response to clotrimazole (Chapter 5) and elevated temperature exposure (Chapter 7). Inbred fish were generally more responsive compared to outbreds, which showed evidence of physiological and developmental compensation, resulting in lower male-sex skews and superior fitness in terms of male reproductive success (paternity and viability of embryos). The greater effects observed in inbred fish were attributed to inbreeding×environment interactions and the amplification of inbreeding depression. Although no empirical genetic evidence of this mechanism is presented (loss of heterozygosity at quantitative trait loci and concomitant loss of heterosis and/or the expression of recessive, deleterious alleles in homozygotes), supporting evidence was provided by increased phenotypic variance in some apical endpoints in inbred fish, including specific growth rate and fecundity. This increased variance also has the potential to counteract the higher levels of response observed in inbreds, because the power to detect statistically significant changes in responses is reduced. This trade-off was demonstrated for specific growth rate. Crucially, significant male-sex ratio skews (>80%) were induced at substantially lower clotrimazole exposure concentrations (1.7 µg l-1) in combination with elevated temperature (33°C), compared with exposure concentrations (43.7 µg l-1) generating similar sex ratio skews at the standard test temperature of 28°C. These temperatures represent current and predicted 2100 (elevated) mean temperatures in the zebrafish’s native India and Bangladesh. Although the lowest observed effect concentration was an order of magnitude above the predicted environmental concentration for clotrimazole, it is conceivable that combined environmental exposures to similarly acting chemicals (e.g. other azole compounds used in crop protection, veterinary and human medicine) could produce similar effects to those we observed. The consequent effects of sex ratios skews and reduced fitness (fecundity and embryo viability) on per capita population growth rate (r) and extinction probability were predicted in inbred versus outbred zebrafish populations using stochastic population viability analysis. The results showed that the observed male-skews >80% threaten small zebrafish populations with fewer than 100 breeding adults (<20 adult females). However, small reductions of 2-3% in embryo-juvenile (age 0+) survivorship (including simulated inbreeding depression) were more influential on r and extinction probability than large sex ratio skews and/or reduced female fecundity. The results presented in this thesis support the contention that chemical effects may be exacerbated by other environmental stressors, but also illustrate the importance of considering biological (genetic), as well as physical and chemical interactions in cumulative ERA. Greater sensitivity of inbred versus outbred organisms to the effects of environmental stressors on sexual differentiation and reproductive fitness offers a margin of safety to ERA and the protection of wildlife populations (excluding those that are severely inbred and critically endangered). This is because, as originally stated, laboratory organisms used in ERA are generally more inbred than their wild counterparts. Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to the origin, breeding history and genetics of laboratory strains. This will help to ensure consistency between studies and testing laboratories and provide more confidence in extrapolating the results to wild populations.

In this thesis, I explore four different ways in which relatedness affects sexual interactions in the red junglefowl Gallus gallus ssp., and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. First, I show that in both species, inbreeding depression is sex-specific and modulated by parental age and gametic age. However, the sex that suffers higher inbreeding depression was trait- and species-dependent. Second, I examined patterns of inbreeding avoidance. I found no evidence of inbreeding avoidance in the fruit fly, but in the red junglefowl both males and females avoided mating with relatives, independently from sex-ratio of the social group. Third, I investigated whether relatedness amongst members of one sex affects mate choice in members of the opposite sex. Male fruit flies preferentially courted females unrelated to females with whom they had previously mated, while female flies displayed a weak preference for males related to their previous mates. In the red junglefowl, females exposed to male trios of two males related to each other and one unrelated male, displayed a marked preference for mating with the male unrelated to the other two males, and might also bias postcopulatory sperm utilization in favour of the unrelated male. Fourth, I explored the implications of male relatedness on the intensity of male-male competition. Male red junglefowl were less aggressive towards related competitors, but invested more sperm in females that had previously mated with a related male rather than with an unrelated male. In fruit flies, male relatedness had a strong impact on female life-history and offspring viability, although I found no evidence that these effects were modulated by changes in male-male competition. Collectively, the findings of these studies demonstrate the complex relationship between relatedness and other important biological phenomena as such senescence and sexual conflict.

The purpose of this research was to estimate (1) the extent to which institutional inbreeding is prevalent among mathematics faculty at colleges and universities throughout the United States; (2) the extent of institutional inbreeding among mathematics faculty at American colleges and universities classified according to institutional genre; (3) the extent of institutional inbreeding among mathematics faculty classified according to gender; and (4) the extent of institutional inbreeding among mathematics faculty in American colleges and universities classified according to regions of the country. Institutional inbreeding was defined as faculty employment at the institution from which one received the highest earned degree. An exhaustive review of the literature on inbreeding was used to develop this research. All public-supported and private-supported American universities that offer a doctorate in mathematics were identified by consulting the 1991 American Mathematical Society Professional Directory. Catalogs for the academic year 1991-1992 were requested from each institution. One-hundred sixty-seven institutions of higher education which offer the Ph.D. degree in mathematics and 5,961 faculty members were identified. The results of the analyses found a mean proportion of inbred mathematics faculty of 3.46 percent, which is one-tenth of the most recent study examining mathematics faculty. A chi-square goodness of fit test using specified frequencies, found a statistically significant difference between rates of institutional inbreeding among mathematics stratified according to gender. A chi-square goodness of fit test using specified frequencies was used to test the association between mathematics faculty when stratified by Carnegie classification and regions of the country. No association was found between rates of institutional inbreeding of mathematics faculty when institutions were stratified according to the Carnegie classification and regions of the country. This research indicates institutional inbreeding is on the decline among mathematics faculty in American Colleges and Universities.

Enneacanthus chaetodon, the blackbanded sunfish, has become increasingly rare throughout its distribution in the Eastern United States. In Virginia, E. chaetodon maintains an endangered status and individuals persist in six populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite data were assessed to determine the genetic characters and gene diversity of the Virginia populations. The results of these analyses were then compared to five additional populations; four from New Jersey and one from North Carolina that were known to have relatively good fitness and were not impacted severely by habitat alteration. The results of this study are relevant to selection of proper management techniques and strategies for this species. Mitochondrial DNA analyses detected no variation in the Virginia populations but significant (P F > 0.2) of inbreeding. The New Jersey and North Carolina populations demonstrated lower amounts of inbreeding than populations in Virginia. New Jersey displayed a significant (P < 0.05) amount of subdivision among populations compared to Virginia. Hypothesis testing supported the contention that the regions are significantly different from one another and that Virginia populations may have gone through one or more population bottlenecks in the past, explaining the low levels of diversity observed and significantly high inbreeding coefficients. Captive breeding programs could be implemented as a management measure to increase population numbers and restore fish into areas where they have been known to inhabit in the recent past. From a proper management perspective, habitat protection and maintenance are more important than supplementation to population survival. Success of either approach with Virginia populations would provide a useful model for managing small populations of blackbanded sunfish in other regions.This project was supported by a grant from the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF), grant #ED0817BB.

The blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus (Ictaluridae), is ranked among the most invasive, nonnative species of concern in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. This species, intentionally introduced to three major tributaries and a number of impoundments between 1974 and 1989 for sport fishing, has spread into three additional tributaries. Using samples from the introduced tributary populations as a baseline, we evaluated microsatellite genetic variation in light of demographic and ecological data to elucidate the potential sources of the invasive I. furcatus populations. In general, the populations surveyed in the Chesapeake Bay watershed were considerably more inbred (F ranged from 0.03 - 0.27) than four native populations (all F = 0.03) and they exhibited 12% lower allelic diversity than native populations, showing evidence consistent with a founder effect. Lack of evidence for significant bottlenecks combined with high effective migration rates suggested that there may be a great deal more movement of this species within the Bay than was previously thought. Two proposed scenarios for expansion (dispersal from introduced populations and intentional surreptitious introductions) were evaluated. Although not inconceivable, genetic evidence did not support the Bubba mechanism as the primary mode of expansion and dispersal was found to be the most probable mode underlying the recent range expansion. However, a number of characteristics of the population genetic and mixed stock analyses indicate that a separate scenario, escapement from impoundments, is worth investigating as a substantial source of the expansion. The study has important implications for ecosystem-based management because it is the first application of mixed stock analysis to an invasive species.

Orientador: Fernando Sebástian Baldi Rey / Coorientador: André Luís Ferreira Lima / Coorientador: Vinícius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva / Coorientador: Renato Irgang / Banca: Ignácio Aguilar / Banca: Roberto Carvalheiro / Resumo: As corridas de homozigose, do inglês "Runs of homozygosity" (ROH), são segmentos homozigóticos contínuos que estão presentes em indivíduos e populações. A habilidade desses segmentos em elucidar sobre eventos genéticos populacionais torna-os uma ferramenta capaz de prover informações valiosas a respeito da evolução demográfica de uma população ao longo do tempo. Além disso, informações amplas do genoma fornecem subsídios relevantes para compreender a constituição genética de um animal por meio da caracterização dos ROH, constituindo uma metodologia acurada para manter a diversidade genética em diversas populações animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi (i) acessar a autozigosidade do genoma de bovinos da raça Gir Leiteiro a fim de caracterizar os padrões de ROH; (ii) prospectar genes em ROH compartilhados por mais de 50% da população, e por fim (iii) comparar as estimativas de endogamia calculadas a partir da proporção genômica em homozigose (FROH), da matriz genômica de parentesco G (FGRM) e do pedigree tradicional (FPED). Animais da raça Gir Leiteiro foram genotipados com o BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) que contêm 777.962 SNPs (n=582), BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) contendo 54.609 SNPs (n=1664) e GGP-LD Indicus (Geneseek® Genomic Profiler Indicus 30K) que contêm 27.533 SNPs (n=662). Todos os genótipos foram imputados para o painel BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). SNPs sem posição definida ou mapeados nos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are continuous homozygous segments that are common in individuals and populations. The ability of these segments to give insight into a population's genetic events makes them a useful tool to provide information about the demographic evolution of a population over time. Additionally, genome-wide information provides valuable information to comprehend the animal's genome based on ROH, being and accurate tool to maintain diversity and fitness in livestock populations. The aim of this study was (i) to access genome-wide autozygosity to identify and characterize ROH patterns in Gyr dairy cattle genome; (ii) identify ROH islands for gene content and enrichment in segments shared by more than 50% of the samples, and (iii) compare estimates of molecular inbreeding calculated from ROH (FROH), GRM approach (FGRM), and from pedigree-based coefficient (FPED). Gyr dairy animals were genotyped with the BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), that contains 777,962 bialleleic SNPs markers (n=582); the BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), containing 54,609 SNPs (n=1664); and with the GGP-LD Indicus (Geneseek® Genomic Profiler Indicus 30K), that contains 27,533 bialleleic SNPs markers (n=662). All genotypes were imputed to the BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). SNPs unsigned to any chromosome and mapped to sexual chromosomes were removed from the dataset. After editing, 2908 animals and 735,236 SNPs were retain... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O composto GN-04 foi utilizado no presente trabalho, tendo por objetivo: a) avaliar o efeito do processo dispersivo em subpopulações de milho com diferentes tamanhos efetivos, e submetidas previamente à seleção divergente para alta e baixa produção; b) avaliar a capacidade de combinação e o potencial heterótico dessas subpopulações e c) estimar componentes da variância genética no composto GN-04, usando o esquema de cruzamento em cadeia. Um lote do referido composto foi plantado visando à obtenção de três diferentes progênies: S1, por autofecundação; irmãos germanos, cruzamento planta a planta e cruzamentos em cadeia, seguindo o esquema 1 x 2, 2 x 3 e 3 x 1. Foram obtidas 77 progênies S1, 75 de irmãos germanos e 72 cadeias, contituidas de três cruzamentos. As progênies de cada tipo foram avaliadas em ensaios distintos, em dois locais, de acordo com o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: altura da planta (AP), altura da espiga (AE), comprimento da espiga (CE), diâmetro da espiga (DE), peso de espigas (PE) e prolificidade (PR). Com base nos valores médios do caráter PE, foram selecionadas 10 progênies de irmãos germanos,10 de S1 e 10 cadeias, sendo cada grupo de materiais constituído das cinco progênies ou cadeias mais produtivas, e das cinco menos produtivas. A recombinação das progênies selecionadas ou cadeias ensejou a obtenção de subpopulações com diferentes tamanhos efetivos: N1, N2 e N3, que correspondem a taxas de endogamia de 50%, 25% e 17%, para S1’s, irmãos germanos e cadeias, respectivamente. Essas subpopulações foram avaliadas posteriormente com base no seu desempenho per se e em cruzamentos ‘topcrosses’ e dialélicos. Os resultados desta avaliação mostraram que o tamanho reduzido das subpopulações provocou o surgimento de valores médios inferiores ou superiores à média estimada da população original, em conseqüência da deriva genética. Os valores médios de todos os caracteres foram afetados pela redução no tamanho efetivo das subpopulações, em conseqüência da depressão por endogamia, a qual se expressou com mais intensidade no caráter PE: em subpopulações com N3 e N1, no nível de seleção positiva, o efeito da depressão foi de 5,20% e 20,07%, respectivamente, e no nível de seleção negativa, 15,98% e 55,76%, respectivamente. A seleção divergente entre subpopulações resultou em diferenciação genética suficiente para expressar heterose em cruzamentos entre subpopulações com o mesmo tamanho efetivo. As estimativas da variância aditiva do composto GN-04, com base na análise da variância conjunta dos experimentos com progênies de cruzamentos em cadeia, para os caracteres PE, CE, DE, PR, AP e AE foram, respectivamente: 128,00 (g/pl)², 1,490 (cm/esp.)², 0,1704 (cm/esp.)², 0,0200 (esp./pl)², 256,55 (cm/pl)² e 136,80 (cm/pl)². Estimativas negativas da variância aditiva foram obtidas para os caracteres CE, DE, AP e AE; para os caracteres PE e PR as estimativas foram 185,00 (g/pl)² e 0,0188 (esp./pl)², respectivamente. O delineamento de cruzamentos em cadeia de tamanho 3, tendo em vista a facilidade de execução, pode ser uma alternativa a delineamentos de execução mais complexa para estimar componentes da variância. / The composite GN-04 was used in the present work with the objetives: a) evaluation of the effect of the dispersive process in subpopulations of maize with different effective sizes, and submitted to divergent selection for higth and low yield; b) evaluation of the combining ability and heterotic potential of the subpopulations; and c) to estimate components of the genetic variance in the composite GN-04, using chain crosses. A pollination block of the base population was planted for the development of three different progenies: S1 progenies obtained by selfing, full-sib progenies obtained by plant-to-plant crosses, and chain crosses following the scheme: 1 x 2, 2 x 3 e 3 x 1. The numbers of progenies were: 77 S1´s, 75 full-sibs and 72 chains represented by three crosses in each chain. The progenies from each type were evaluated in different experiments in two locations following the randomized complete block design with three replications. The following traits were analysed: plant height (AP), ear height (AE), ear length (CE), ear diameter (DE), ear weight (PE) and prolificacy (PR). Observed means of PE were used for selection of 10 full-sib progenies, 10 S1´s progenies and 10 complete chains, each group being represented by five high yielding and five low yielding progenies or chains. The recombination of the selected progenies or chains, individually, led to the development of subpopulations with different effective sizes: N1, N2 and N3, corresponding to inbreeding rates of 50%, 25% and 17% for S1´s, full-sibs and chain crosses, respectively. The subpopulations were later evaluated based on their performance per se, in the topcrosses and in diallel crosses. Results showed that the reduced size of the subpopulations led to changes in the means of the evaluated traits, which were smaller or higher than the original means as a consequence of genetic drift. On the average, all traits showed a decrease in the mean as a consequence of inbreeding depression. The most depressive trait was PE and the depression effects in subpopulations with N3 and N1 were 7.17% and 22.94% in the positive selection and 16.85% and 55.91% in the negative selection. The divergent selection among subpopulations led to a genetic differentiation sufficient for the expression of heterosis in crosses between subpopulations in the same level of effective size. The estimates of the additive genetic variance in the composite GN-04 were obtained from the analysis of chain crosses. The estimates for the traits PE, CE, DE, PR, AP and AE were, respectively: 128.00 (g/pl)², 1.490 (cm/esp.)², 0.1704 (cm/esp.)², 0.0200 (esp./pl)², 256.55 (cm/pl)² and 136.80 (cm/pl)². Negative estimates of the dominance variance were obtained for the traits CE, DE, AP and AE; for the traits PE and PR, the estimates were 185.00 (g/pl)² and 0.0188 (esp./pl)², respectively. The mating design based on chain crosses with size 3 was considered feasible and easy to be used and can be a reliable alternative as compared with other more complex designs.

Je m’intéresse à l’écologie évolutive et en particulier à l’évolution des systèmes de reproduction, à l’adaptation et aux interactions de ces deux processus. En effet, les modèles théoriques ainsi qu’un certain nombre d’observations en populations naturelles soulignent que le système de reproduction devrait avoir un effet majeur sur les processus évolutifs et démographiques en populations naturelles. Lors de ma thèse, j’aborde ces thèmes sous divers angles à partir d’une Brassicacée tolérante et hyper-accumulatrice aux métaux lourds, Noccaea caerulescens, et à partir de modèles théoriques. Dans un premier temps, je m’intéresse à la variation du système de reproduction en populations naturelles. Comment s’organisent les flux de gènes entre populations ou sous-populations, et entre individus d’une même population ? Je me suis particulièrement intéressée à l’influence de la pollution des sols sur le taux d’autofécondation chez N. caerulescens, aux flux de gènes entre populations vivant dans les mines et populations vivant sur des sols non contaminés, et à la structure à l’intérieur des populations. Afin de mieux comprendre les facteurs influençant le système de reproduction, j’ai ensuite testé l’effet de la densité en plantes sur le taux d’autofécondations en populations naturelles. Dans un second temps, je teste les interactions existant entre adaptation à des milieux potentiellement très toxiques et système de reproduction. Plus spécifiquement, je teste si la dépression de consanguinité dépend du niveau de stress que subissent les populations, en interaction avec l’histoire des pressions de sélection qu’on subies les populations par le passé. Enfin, à l’aide de simulations, j’étudie comment la variation interannuelle du système de reproduction peut influencer la probabilité d’adaptation de populations faisant face à un changement environnemental. / During my PhD, I focused on the evolution of mating system, adaptation and the mutual influences of both processes. I have been studying different aspects of this interaction using a hypertolerant, hyperaccumulator plant species, Noccaea caerulescens. This species grows on former mines and non-contaminated soils in Europe and in particularly in the Cévennes, and it is an excellent model to study the interaction of local adaptation in a heterogeneous environment and mating system. Firstly, I finely characterized N. caerulescens mating system in natural population, and see how metal pollution affects the variation of mating system in the Cévennes region. I showed that contrary to a couple of classical results (Antonovics 1968), in this system, metallicolous populations have lower self-fertilization rates than nonmetallicolous populations (article submitted). I then tested our best potential factor potentially explaining the variation of mating system in natural populations: plant density. In two different measures, with two different methods, density seems to have no or only a weak effect on self-fertilization rates in Noccaea caerulescens (article in prep). In a second project, I test the interaction between inbreeding depression, stress and the history of adaptation to a given environment using Noccaea caerulescens. Inbreeding depression is known to vary with environment and, sometimes, stress. Both experimental data (Long et al 2013) and theoretical models (Ronce et al 2009) stress the importance of the effect of the history of selection and adaptation in populations on the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Since we have populations of Noccaea caerulescens that are adapted to different levels of pollution, since different levels of pollution impose differential stress on the two ecotypes (strong polution is not good for nonmetallicolous plants) and since the species is self-compatible, this seems like an excellent system to test predictions on the interaction of inbreeding depression and mating system.

Orientador: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas / Resumo: Este estudo teve como finalidade conhecer a diversidade genética de duas populações de Hevea brasiliensis, conservadas ex situ em Selvíria-MS e Marabá-PA, bem como estimar os parâmetros genéticos e medidas de dissimilaridade de suas progênies. Foram utilizados15 locos microssatélites para investigar a diversidade e estrutura genética e o parentesco de 18 matrizes da POP SEL e 46 da POP MAB. No ano de 2016, foi instalado em Selvíria-MS um teste de progênies a partir de sementes das referidas matrizes. As progênies foram avaliadas por meio de cinco variáveis silviculturais e oito morfológicas. A população de Selvíria apresentou número total de alelos (100) menor do que a população Marabá (179), com a média por locos de 6,7 e 11,9, respectivamente. A heterozigosidade esperada (He ), heterozigosidade observada ( Ho) e o índice de fixação (F) foram semelhantes entre populações, mas a riqueza alélica (R ) foi maior em Selvíria. A diferenciação genética entre as populações ( = 0,28) revelou que 72% da diversidade genética está distribuída dentro das populações. O coeficiente médio de coancestria dentro de ambas as populações foi positivo, mas os valores foram próximos de zero (< 0,08) e considerando indivíduos de ambas as populações, a coancestria media foi zero (-0,001). A estimativa de parâmetros genéticos utilizando o modelo linear misto univariado aditivo REML/BLUP, demonstrou que a herdabilidade individual não foi significativa para a maioria das variáveis observadas nas progên... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to know the diversity, genetic structure and kinship of genotypes of two populations of Hevea brasiliensis, conserved ex situ in Selvíria-MS and Marabá-PA, as well as to evaluate the genetic parameters and measures of dissimilarity of their progenies. 15 microsatellite loci were used to investigate the diversity and genetic structure and kinship of 18 matrices from Selvíria-MS and 46 from Marabá-PA. In the year 2016, a progeny test was installed in Selvíria-MS from seeds of said matrices. The progenies were evaluated by means of five silvicultural variables and eight morphological variables. The population of Selvíria presented a total number of alleles (100) smaller than the Marabá population (179) with the average per locos of 6,7 and 11,9 respectively. The expected heterozygosity (eH), observed heterozygosity (oH) and fixation index (F) were similar among populations, but allelic richness (R) was higher in Selvíria. Genetic differentiation among populations (Gst = 0.28) revealed that 72% of genetic diversity is distributed within populations. The mean coefficient of coancestria within both populations was positive, but values were close to zero (<0.08) and considering individuals from both populations, mean covensis was zero (-0.001). The univariate mixed linear additive model methodology REML / BLUP showed that the individual heritability parameter was not significant for most of the variables observed in the progenies. However, they presented mean herita... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor