La thèse propose l'étude critique du régime d'incapacité juridique dans le Code Civil brésilien de 1916 et 2002, fondé sur les considérations d'égalité, de diversité et de vulnérabilité, dans le contexte du droit privé contemporain de caractère solidaire et de protection à la personne humanine de sorte que, à la fin, cette recherche suggère de modifier la legislation. Dans la primière partie, Il est procedé à um approche classique du régime d’incapacité juridique en éxaminant toutes ses catégories qui différencient les sujets incapables de la pratique des actes de la vie civile, sous la considération que tous sont égaux devant la loi. Fondé sur la protection de la liberté (de faire des contrats) et l'égalité formelle qui a marqué le droit privé des XIXe et XXe siècles, la loi a distingué les sujets qui n'auraient pas la capacité, selon les catégories précédemment délimitées: les mineurs, les personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux, les sourdmuets, les absents, les femmes mariées, les prodigues, le peuple autochtone. Sous la justification de la protection, la loi fulminait d'invalidité les actes pratiqués par les incapables en raison de l'absence de volonté, présupposition essentielle, dans la théorie des contrats. La volonté qui n'est pas libre et qui n'est pas égale est marquée par la nullité ou l'annulation, conformément au Code Civil. Dans la seconde partie, la thése préconise le passage du droit privé d'une caractéristique individualiste, à un droit privé de solidarité qui prenne en compte la protection de la fraternité, dans le contexte du pluralisme, pour la construction d'une égalité matérielle (Suite)La méthode est renouvellée, laissant de côté l'herméneutique déductive classique, construite sur la sécurité du positivisme juridique pour une méthode fonctionnelle qui prend en compte le but des instituts, les valeurs de l'ordre juridique, principalement du point de vue constitutionnel et des droits de l'homme, en particulier en utilisant “le dialogue des sources”. Dans cet aspect, il est proposé de surmonter le paradigme d’incapacité juridique, en respectant la diversité dans la société plurielle, mais sans se soucier de la protection des sujets. On étudie les sujets jugés incapables, en défendant que, par la reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité et de la diversité, on obtient une protection plus adéquate pour ne pas aliéner complètement l'individu de la pratique des actes de la vie civile. En ce sens, la théorie de l'invalidité gagne une perspective plus fonctionnelle et pas seulement comme maque de volonté, mais en tant que protection des valeurs de l'ordre juridique. D'autre part, il est reconnu les effets juridiques de la volonté des vulnérables afin d'atteindre une plus grande visibilité de ces sujets dans l'ordre social. En conclusion, la thése présente une proposition d'amendement législatif visant à promouvoir une révision du régime d’incapacité juridique. / A tese propõe o estudo crítico do regime de incapacidade, delineado no Código Civil de 1916 e 2002, a partir das considerações a respeito da igualdade, diversidade e vulnerabilidade, no contexto do direito privado contemporâneo de viés solidário e de proteção à pessoa com a proposição, ao final, de uma alteração legal no instituto. Analisa, na primeira parte, o regime clássico de incapacidade, cada uma das categorias construídas historicamente que diferenciavam os sujeitos incapazes da prática de atos na vida civil, sob a consideração de que todos, de forma geral e abstrata, são iguais perante a lei. Como proteção à liberdade (de realizar contratos) e a igualdade formal que marcaram o direito privado do século XIX e XX, a lei distinguia os sujeitos que não possuiriam capacidade, segundo categorias previamente delimitadas: menores, loucos, surdos-mudos, ausentes, mulheres casadas, pródigos, silvícolas. Sob a justificativa de proteção, fulminava de invalidade os atos praticados pelos incapazes por ausência de vontade, pressuposto essencial, na teoria do negócio, para a realização de contratos obrigatórios. A vontade que não é livre e não é igual é marcada pela nulidade ou anulabilidade, conforme determinado pelo Código Civil de forma a não preencher validamente os planos do negócio jurídico. Na segunda parte, defende uma transformação do direito privado de cunho individualista para um direito privado solidário que leve em conta a proteção da fraternidade, no contexto do pluralismo, para a construção de uma igualdade material O método se renova, abandoando-se a hermenêutica dedutiva clássica, construída na segurança do positivismo jurídico para um método funcional que leve em conta a finalidade dos institutos, os valores do ordenamento, principalmente sob a ótica constitucional e dos direitos humanos, a partir de um diálogo de fontes, repudiando soluções clássicas na construção da norma no caso concreto. Neste aspecto, propõe-se a superação do paradigma da incapacidade, respeitando a diversidade na sociedade plural, mas sem deixar de se preocupar com a proteção dos sujeitos. Estuda-se, a partir do conceito de vulnerabilidade e diversidade, os sujeitos antes incapazes, defendendo que, por meio do reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade, obtém-se uma proteção mais adequada de modo a não afastar completamente o indivíduo da prática de atos da vida civil. Nesse sentido também, a teoria das invalidades ganha uma perspectiva mais funcional e não apenas como ausência de requisito do negócio jurídico. A partir da construção de uma ordem pública de proteção ao vulnerável é possível que o intérprete afaste dispositivos por meio da nulidade em razão de contrariedade com os valores do ordenamento. De outro lado, reconhece-se efeitos jurídicos da vontade dos vulneráveis de forma a atender maior visibilidade desses sujeitos na ordem social. Em sede de conclusão, apresenta uma proposta de alteração legislativa que pretenda promover uma revisão no regime de incapacidade clássico. / This thesis proposes the critical study of the legal incapacity established in the 1916 Brazilian Civil Code and 2002 Brazilian Civil Code, based on the considerations regarding equality, diversity and vulnerability, in the context of contemporary private law. At first, it analyzes each one of the historically categories of legal incapacity that distinguished the incapable subjects, under the consideration that all individuals are equal before the law. Based on the protection of freedom (to execute contracts) and the formal equality that marked the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the law distinguished the subjects that would not have legal capacity, according to categories previously delimited: minor, mentally handicapped person, deaf-mute, absent, married women, prodigal and Indians. All the acts practiced by the incapable were invalid according to the law under the pretext of protection. In the second part, it is proposed a transformation in private law: from an individualist characteristic to a private law of solidarity, that takes into account the protection of fraternity, in the context of pluralism, for the construction of a material equality. The method changes, leaving aside the classic deductive hermeneutics, built on the security of legal positivism for a functional method that takes into account the purpose of the institutes, the values of the legal order, mainly from the constitutional and human rights perspective Therefore, there is the importance of “dialogue of laws ” method. In this aspect, it is suggested to overcome the paradigm of legal incapacity, respecting diversity in plural society. The paper studies the subjects that once were incapables arguing that, through the recognition of vulnerability and diversity, a more adequate protection is obtained. Thus, the individual does not depart completely from the practice of legal acts. In this sense, the theory of invalidity gains a more functional perspective and not only as absence of elements of the contract. A public policy for the protection of the vulnerable must be considered in order to avoid contracts that are contrary to legal values such as human rights. On the other hand, it is proposed to recognize juridical effects of the will of the vulnerable person in order to reach greater visibility of these subjects in society. In conclusion, the paper proposes a legislative amendment that intends to promote a revision in classic legal incapacity.

The diploma thesis called The comparison of medical assessment service (MAS) aim and activities within the health insurance system in the Czech and Slovak Republic and it is focused on the pieces of information related to the system of social security aiming its attention to the health insurance during both the time of Czechoslovakia and its current arrangement of the Czech and Slovak Republics in its theoretical part. Related to that there is also elaborated the issue of the medical assessment service. There is a conclusion of the most important services of the MAS and particular competences of bodies involved into the health insurance. There is also a mention of the body adjusting the public health insurance including the related area of the review medicine to get a more comprehensive view. The diploma thesis main aim is to compare the tasks and activities of the MAS in the Czech and Slovak Republics. There are determined partial aims to get a more comprehensive elaboration. One of them is focused on the benefits that are awarded based on a health condition within the health insurance in these two countries and the other one is the comparison of Czech and Slovak health condition of citizens based on the statistics of temporary sick leaves taking into consideration the conditions while awarding them. The document analysing method is used to reach the aims mentioned above. This method follows Mayring´s proposed plan and the sources where the information was taken from were firstly evaluated from a criteria relevance viewpoint. After that the gained data was compared within a comparative method in a synchronous way. The empiric diploma thesis part contains data organized in well-arranged tables with comments and in the following Chapter 5 Discussion there is data compared according to the methodology mentioned above. The basic system comparison of social security and health insurance in the Czech and Slovak Republics belongs among the topics of the final discussion. The possibility of consolidation of health and social insurances in both countries also taking into consideration the opinions of the involved experts is largely covered here. The most significant discussion focus is the comparison of the aim and activity of the MAS in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The results show that the aim and activity of the MAS are very similar in both countries; which is logical regarding the common historical base. Czech and Slovak main MAS activity within the health insurance is the auditing activity; i.e. the audit of evaluation of the health condition by the involved medical doctor as well as the inspection if the treatment mode of people on sick leave is being followed. It is also possible to notice some nuances in the elaboration in both MAS systems; which are separated today. Regarding the legislation it is possible to say that the Slovak medical assessment service work in a more consistent way that is also supported by the statistic data containing more performed audits of the treatment mode following and a more frequent usage of sanction means towards insurers which is the result of the more detailed strategic planning of inspections. The diploma thesis offers a comparison of health insurance systems and tasks and activities of the MAS in the Czech and Slovak Republics. It can be used as a study document for students of social politics and a social security law. It can also be used as an impulse to other explorations in this area and to start thinking of various possibilities how to arrange the social security system of these two countries.

La thèse propose l'étude critique du régime d'incapacité juridique dans le Code Civil brésilien de 1916 et 2002, fondé sur les considérations d'égalité, de diversité et de vulnérabilité, dans le contexte du droit privé contemporain de caractère solidaire et de protection à la personne humanine de sorte que, à la fin, cette recherche suggère de modifier la legislation. Dans la primière partie, Il est procedé à um approche classique du régime d’incapacité juridique en éxaminant toutes ses catégories qui différencient les sujets incapables de la pratique des actes de la vie civile, sous la considération que tous sont égaux devant la loi. Fondé sur la protection de la liberté (de faire des contrats) et l'égalité formelle qui a marqué le droit privé des XIXe et XXe siècles, la loi a distingué les sujets qui n'auraient pas la capacité, selon les catégories précédemment délimitées: les mineurs, les personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux, les sourdmuets, les absents, les femmes mariées, les prodigues, le peuple autochtone. Sous la justification de la protection, la loi fulminait d'invalidité les actes pratiqués par les incapables en raison de l'absence de volonté, présupposition essentielle, dans la théorie des contrats. La volonté qui n'est pas libre et qui n'est pas égale est marquée par la nullité ou l'annulation, conformément au Code Civil. Dans la seconde partie, la thése préconise le passage du droit privé d'une caractéristique individualiste, à un droit privé de solidarité qui prenne en compte la protection de la fraternité, dans le contexte du pluralisme, pour la construction d'une égalité matérielle (Suite)La méthode est renouvellée, laissant de côté l'herméneutique déductive classique, construite sur la sécurité du positivisme juridique pour une méthode fonctionnelle qui prend en compte le but des instituts, les valeurs de l'ordre juridique, principalement du point de vue constitutionnel et des droits de l'homme, en particulier en utilisant “le dialogue des sources”. Dans cet aspect, il est proposé de surmonter le paradigme d’incapacité juridique, en respectant la diversité dans la société plurielle, mais sans se soucier de la protection des sujets. On étudie les sujets jugés incapables, en défendant que, par la reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité et de la diversité, on obtient une protection plus adéquate pour ne pas aliéner complètement l'individu de la pratique des actes de la vie civile. En ce sens, la théorie de l'invalidité gagne une perspective plus fonctionnelle et pas seulement comme maque de volonté, mais en tant que protection des valeurs de l'ordre juridique. D'autre part, il est reconnu les effets juridiques de la volonté des vulnérables afin d'atteindre une plus grande visibilité de ces sujets dans l'ordre social. En conclusion, la thése présente une proposition d'amendement législatif visant à promouvoir une révision du régime d’incapacité juridique. / A tese propõe o estudo crítico do regime de incapacidade, delineado no Código Civil de 1916 e 2002, a partir das considerações a respeito da igualdade, diversidade e vulnerabilidade, no contexto do direito privado contemporâneo de viés solidário e de proteção à pessoa com a proposição, ao final, de uma alteração legal no instituto. Analisa, na primeira parte, o regime clássico de incapacidade, cada uma das categorias construídas historicamente que diferenciavam os sujeitos incapazes da prática de atos na vida civil, sob a consideração de que todos, de forma geral e abstrata, são iguais perante a lei. Como proteção à liberdade (de realizar contratos) e a igualdade formal que marcaram o direito privado do século XIX e XX, a lei distinguia os sujeitos que não possuiriam capacidade, segundo categorias previamente delimitadas: menores, loucos, surdos-mudos, ausentes, mulheres casadas, pródigos, silvícolas. Sob a justificativa de proteção, fulminava de invalidade os atos praticados pelos incapazes por ausência de vontade, pressuposto essencial, na teoria do negócio, para a realização de contratos obrigatórios. A vontade que não é livre e não é igual é marcada pela nulidade ou anulabilidade, conforme determinado pelo Código Civil de forma a não preencher validamente os planos do negócio jurídico. Na segunda parte, defende uma transformação do direito privado de cunho individualista para um direito privado solidário que leve em conta a proteção da fraternidade, no contexto do pluralismo, para a construção de uma igualdade material O método se renova, abandoando-se a hermenêutica dedutiva clássica, construída na segurança do positivismo jurídico para um método funcional que leve em conta a finalidade dos institutos, os valores do ordenamento, principalmente sob a ótica constitucional e dos direitos humanos, a partir de um diálogo de fontes, repudiando soluções clássicas na construção da norma no caso concreto. Neste aspecto, propõe-se a superação do paradigma da incapacidade, respeitando a diversidade na sociedade plural, mas sem deixar de se preocupar com a proteção dos sujeitos. Estuda-se, a partir do conceito de vulnerabilidade e diversidade, os sujeitos antes incapazes, defendendo que, por meio do reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade, obtém-se uma proteção mais adequada de modo a não afastar completamente o indivíduo da prática de atos da vida civil. Nesse sentido também, a teoria das invalidades ganha uma perspectiva mais funcional e não apenas como ausência de requisito do negócio jurídico. A partir da construção de uma ordem pública de proteção ao vulnerável é possível que o intérprete afaste dispositivos por meio da nulidade em razão de contrariedade com os valores do ordenamento. De outro lado, reconhece-se efeitos jurídicos da vontade dos vulneráveis de forma a atender maior visibilidade desses sujeitos na ordem social. Em sede de conclusão, apresenta uma proposta de alteração legislativa que pretenda promover uma revisão no regime de incapacidade clássico. / This thesis proposes the critical study of the legal incapacity established in the 1916 Brazilian Civil Code and 2002 Brazilian Civil Code, based on the considerations regarding equality, diversity and vulnerability, in the context of contemporary private law. At first, it analyzes each one of the historically categories of legal incapacity that distinguished the incapable subjects, under the consideration that all individuals are equal before the law. Based on the protection of freedom (to execute contracts) and the formal equality that marked the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the law distinguished the subjects that would not have legal capacity, according to categories previously delimited: minor, mentally handicapped person, deaf-mute, absent, married women, prodigal and Indians. All the acts practiced by the incapable were invalid according to the law under the pretext of protection. In the second part, it is proposed a transformation in private law: from an individualist characteristic to a private law of solidarity, that takes into account the protection of fraternity, in the context of pluralism, for the construction of a material equality. The method changes, leaving aside the classic deductive hermeneutics, built on the security of legal positivism for a functional method that takes into account the purpose of the institutes, the values of the legal order, mainly from the constitutional and human rights perspective Therefore, there is the importance of “dialogue of laws ” method. In this aspect, it is suggested to overcome the paradigm of legal incapacity, respecting diversity in plural society. The paper studies the subjects that once were incapables arguing that, through the recognition of vulnerability and diversity, a more adequate protection is obtained. Thus, the individual does not depart completely from the practice of legal acts. In this sense, the theory of invalidity gains a more functional perspective and not only as absence of elements of the contract. A public policy for the protection of the vulnerable must be considered in order to avoid contracts that are contrary to legal values such as human rights. On the other hand, it is proposed to recognize juridical effects of the will of the vulnerable person in order to reach greater visibility of these subjects in society. In conclusion, the paper proposes a legislative amendment that intends to promote a revision in classic legal incapacity.

No description available.

The subject of my theses is a special category of heirs so-called forced heirs. This theme describes their substantive position and guaranteed increased protection determined by law which is especially defined by right to share on inheritance to an extent determined by law. Will of testator is hereby limited by right of forced heir in forced share. Irrespective of most European regulations only offspring of testator are counted to the circle of forced heirs in the Czech Republic whereby the difference is between minors who are entitled to at least three quarters of share and majors who are entitled to minimum of one quarter determined by legal inheritance share. This thesis is systematically divided into seven chapters. After general historical background and general terms of inheritance law explained in the second chapter, next chapter is continued by the definition of several institutes which are mutually interlinked and also closely related to the person of forced heir. Fourth chapter is dedicated to right of forced share in which I am focusing on its calculation, offsetting and final payment. I completely describe, by means of legal jurisdiction, disinheritance and incapacity to inherit in the two following chapters. Last chapter includes two institutes which, under influence of NCC (New civil...

This study evaluates the constitutionality of section 78(1B) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA), which places the burden of proving criminal capacity on the party who raises the issue, against section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (CRSA). In a legal system such as ours, that has a high regard for equality, any form of unequal treatment must be scrutinised, assessed and, if found to be unjust, rooted out. Even more so where the unequal treatment affects a marginalised minority group such as the mentally disabled. This study weighs section 78(1B) against section 9(1) of the CRSA. It also weighs the section against section 9(3) of the CRSA. Attempts are made to justify possible infringements according to section 36 of the CRSA. An appropriate remedy is then ascertained. This study also provides the historical development of section 78(1B) of the CPA – both in the common law and statute. This study furthermore provides original guidelines and principles in assessing expert evidence where criminal capacity is placed in dispute due to a mental illness or defect of the accused. The main findings are that section 78(1B) infringes on both section 9(1) and section 9(3), that it cannot be justified in terms of section 36 of the CRSA and that the appropriate remedy is the striking out of the whole section from the CPA. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted

Throughout the world, including South Africa, various approaches have been identified and implemented in an attempt to ensure that employees in physically-demanding positions are properly managed from a physical work capacity point of view, the primary goal always being to return the employee in need of assistance to full working capacity as soon as possible. The burning question has, however, always remained: “What happens to the employee in the meantime?” This study focused on exactly that question, the aim being to develop a comprehensive tool to assist all parties concerned in managing the affected employee through the application of task-specific job accommodation. The predetermined goal of the study was to develop a task-specific job accommodation tool for a physically-demanding position. This was achieved through a number of steps, which included an extensive literature review, a thorough job analysis, identification of a suitable test battery with related minimum physical requirements and cut scores, interviews, and the eventual development of the tool. Once the task-specific job accommodation tool was completed, the next step was to make use of three case studies to assist in illustrating the way the tool is to be implemented, as well as to show the potential value of its implementation. The information from three actual incapacity cases in the company concerned was used for these case studies. The results from this study are extremely positive and the three case studies have provided a glimpse of the potential value that could be added through the implementation of the job accommodation tool. The final product will greatly assist the company concerned in managing incapacitated employees in a manner that is beneficial to both the company and the individuals involved. Hopefully, this study will contribute to bring about a new era in the way South African companies and their occupational health departments approach the management of their incapacitated employees. Copyright 2008, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bester, GF 2008, A task-specific approach to job accommodation in physically-demanding positions, DPhil thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10292008-180442 / > D498/gm / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

La thèse propose l'étude critique du régime d'incapacité juridique dans le Code Civil brésilien de 1916 et 2002, fondé sur les considérations d'égalité, de diversité et de vulnérabilité, dans le contexte du droit privé contemporain de caractère solidaire et de protection à la personne humanine de sorte que, à la fin, cette recherche suggère de modifier la legislation. Dans la primière partie, Il est procedé à um approche classique du régime d’incapacité juridique en éxaminant toutes ses catégories qui différencient les sujets incapables de la pratique des actes de la vie civile, sous la considération que tous sont égaux devant la loi. Fondé sur la protection de la liberté (de faire des contrats) et l'égalité formelle qui a marqué le droit privé des XIXe et XXe siècles, la loi a distingué les sujets qui n'auraient pas la capacité, selon les catégories précédemment délimitées: les mineurs, les personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux, les sourdmuets, les absents, les femmes mariées, les prodigues, le peuple autochtone. Sous la justification de la protection, la loi fulminait d'invalidité les actes pratiqués par les incapables en raison de l'absence de volonté, présupposition essentielle, dans la théorie des contrats. La volonté qui n'est pas libre et qui n'est pas égale est marquée par la nullité ou l'annulation, conformément au Code Civil. Dans la seconde partie, la thése préconise le passage du droit privé d'une caractéristique individualiste, à un droit privé de solidarité qui prenne en compte la protection de la fraternité, dans le contexte du pluralisme, pour la construction d'une égalité matérielle (Suite)La méthode est renouvellée, laissant de côté l'herméneutique déductive classique, construite sur la sécurité du positivisme juridique pour une méthode fonctionnelle qui prend en compte le but des instituts, les valeurs de l'ordre juridique, principalement du point de vue constitutionnel et des droits de l'homme, en particulier en utilisant “le dialogue des sources”. Dans cet aspect, il est proposé de surmonter le paradigme d’incapacité juridique, en respectant la diversité dans la société plurielle, mais sans se soucier de la protection des sujets. On étudie les sujets jugés incapables, en défendant que, par la reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité et de la diversité, on obtient une protection plus adéquate pour ne pas aliéner complètement l'individu de la pratique des actes de la vie civile. En ce sens, la théorie de l'invalidité gagne une perspective plus fonctionnelle et pas seulement comme maque de volonté, mais en tant que protection des valeurs de l'ordre juridique. D'autre part, il est reconnu les effets juridiques de la volonté des vulnérables afin d'atteindre une plus grande visibilité de ces sujets dans l'ordre social. En conclusion, la thése présente une proposition d'amendement législatif visant à promouvoir une révision du régime d’incapacité juridique. / A tese propõe o estudo crítico do regime de incapacidade, delineado no Código Civil de 1916 e 2002, a partir das considerações a respeito da igualdade, diversidade e vulnerabilidade, no contexto do direito privado contemporâneo de viés solidário e de proteção à pessoa com a proposição, ao final, de uma alteração legal no instituto. Analisa, na primeira parte, o regime clássico de incapacidade, cada uma das categorias construídas historicamente que diferenciavam os sujeitos incapazes da prática de atos na vida civil, sob a consideração de que todos, de forma geral e abstrata, são iguais perante a lei. Como proteção à liberdade (de realizar contratos) e a igualdade formal que marcaram o direito privado do século XIX e XX, a lei distinguia os sujeitos que não possuiriam capacidade, segundo categorias previamente delimitadas: menores, loucos, surdos-mudos, ausentes, mulheres casadas, pródigos, silvícolas. Sob a justificativa de proteção, fulminava de invalidade os atos praticados pelos incapazes por ausência de vontade, pressuposto essencial, na teoria do negócio, para a realização de contratos obrigatórios. A vontade que não é livre e não é igual é marcada pela nulidade ou anulabilidade, conforme determinado pelo Código Civil de forma a não preencher validamente os planos do negócio jurídico. Na segunda parte, defende uma transformação do direito privado de cunho individualista para um direito privado solidário que leve em conta a proteção da fraternidade, no contexto do pluralismo, para a construção de uma igualdade material O método se renova, abandoando-se a hermenêutica dedutiva clássica, construída na segurança do positivismo jurídico para um método funcional que leve em conta a finalidade dos institutos, os valores do ordenamento, principalmente sob a ótica constitucional e dos direitos humanos, a partir de um diálogo de fontes, repudiando soluções clássicas na construção da norma no caso concreto. Neste aspecto, propõe-se a superação do paradigma da incapacidade, respeitando a diversidade na sociedade plural, mas sem deixar de se preocupar com a proteção dos sujeitos. Estuda-se, a partir do conceito de vulnerabilidade e diversidade, os sujeitos antes incapazes, defendendo que, por meio do reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade, obtém-se uma proteção mais adequada de modo a não afastar completamente o indivíduo da prática de atos da vida civil. Nesse sentido também, a teoria das invalidades ganha uma perspectiva mais funcional e não apenas como ausência de requisito do negócio jurídico. A partir da construção de uma ordem pública de proteção ao vulnerável é possível que o intérprete afaste dispositivos por meio da nulidade em razão de contrariedade com os valores do ordenamento. De outro lado, reconhece-se efeitos jurídicos da vontade dos vulneráveis de forma a atender maior visibilidade desses sujeitos na ordem social. Em sede de conclusão, apresenta uma proposta de alteração legislativa que pretenda promover uma revisão no regime de incapacidade clássico. / This thesis proposes the critical study of the legal incapacity established in the 1916 Brazilian Civil Code and 2002 Brazilian Civil Code, based on the considerations regarding equality, diversity and vulnerability, in the context of contemporary private law. At first, it analyzes each one of the historically categories of legal incapacity that distinguished the incapable subjects, under the consideration that all individuals are equal before the law. Based on the protection of freedom (to execute contracts) and the formal equality that marked the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the law distinguished the subjects that would not have legal capacity, according to categories previously delimited: minor, mentally handicapped person, deaf-mute, absent, married women, prodigal and Indians. All the acts practiced by the incapable were invalid according to the law under the pretext of protection. In the second part, it is proposed a transformation in private law: from an individualist characteristic to a private law of solidarity, that takes into account the protection of fraternity, in the context of pluralism, for the construction of a material equality. The method changes, leaving aside the classic deductive hermeneutics, built on the security of legal positivism for a functional method that takes into account the purpose of the institutes, the values of the legal order, mainly from the constitutional and human rights perspective Therefore, there is the importance of “dialogue of laws ” method. In this aspect, it is suggested to overcome the paradigm of legal incapacity, respecting diversity in plural society. The paper studies the subjects that once were incapables arguing that, through the recognition of vulnerability and diversity, a more adequate protection is obtained. Thus, the individual does not depart completely from the practice of legal acts. In this sense, the theory of invalidity gains a more functional perspective and not only as absence of elements of the contract. A public policy for the protection of the vulnerable must be considered in order to avoid contracts that are contrary to legal values such as human rights. On the other hand, it is proposed to recognize juridical effects of the will of the vulnerable person in order to reach greater visibility of these subjects in society. In conclusion, the paper proposes a legislative amendment that intends to promote a revision in classic legal incapacity.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / The study was conducted within the interpretive research paradigm. Anchored in organisational justice theory, the study explored the incapacity management practices at an open distance learning (ODL) institution in South Africa. A qualitative research methodology, which applied a case study design, was used in this study. A purposeful sample of 16 (N=16) participants was chosen based on their experiences, knowledge and understanding on the topic of incapacity management. Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary data collection method, and documents were used as a secondary data collection source for triangulation purposes. The data analysis and reporting of the participants’ lived experiences drew on the thematic analysis technique. At theoretical level, the study provided insight into the notions of incapacity management in the workplace; the regulatory obligations in managing incapacity; and lastly, reasonable practices to accommodate incapacity. The literature review confirmed that an effective incapacity management framework should have four main dimensions, namely a supportive institutional culture; a policy and procedure providing for incapacity management practices; provisions for reasonable accommodation; and a multidisciplinary approach. From the empirical phase it emerged that although the literature presupposes a healthy institutional culture to ensure well-managed incapacity in the workplace, the current institutional culture at the institution under study was negative. This study also found several challenges relating to incapacity management in the ODL institution, namely a lack of knowledge and understanding of incapacity management due to the absence of a policy and procedure; a lack of understanding of the incapacity condition; and a lack of reciprocal communication among the key role players. The findings also demonstrated that reasonable accommodation practices could be improved and that the management of incapacity in the workplace requires a multidisciplinary approach. The study proposes an incapacity management framework for the ODL institution that encompasses the identified prerequisites and challenges. The study also added insights to the human resource management body of knowledge, especially knowledge of the management of incapacity due to ill health in the workplace, with specific reference to the ODL institution. / Hierdie studie is binne die interpretiewe navorsingsparadigma uitgevoer. Geanker in organisatoriese geregtigheidsteorie, ondersoek hierdie studie die onbekwaamheidsbestuurpraktyke by 'n opeafstandsonderriginstelling in Suid-Afrika. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie wat 'n gevallestudie-ontwerp toegepas het, is in hierdie studie gebruik. 'n Doelgerigte steekproef van 16 (N=16) is gekies op grond van hulle ervarings, kennis en begrip van die onderwerp van onbekwaamheid bestuur. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gebruik as die primêre data-insamelingsmetode, en dokumente is gebruik as ’n sekondêre data-insamelingsbron vir trianguleringsdoeleindes. Tematiese ontledingstegniek is aangewend in die data-ontleding en -verslagdoening van die deelnemers se geleefde ervarings. Op teoretiese vlak, het die studie insig gebied in die opvattings van onbekwaamheidsbestuur in die werkplek; die regulatiewe verpligtings in onbekwaamheidsbestuur; en laastens, redelike praktyke om die onbekwaamheid te akkommodeer. Die literatuuroorsig het bevestig dat 'n effektiewe onbekwaamheidsbestuurraamwerk vier hoofdimensies moet hê, naamlik 'n ondersteunende kultuur in die instelling; ’n beleid en prosedure wat voorsiening maak vir onbekwaamheidsbestuurspraktyke; redelike akkommodasie; en 'n multi-dissiplinêre benadering. Uit die empiriese fase het dit geblyk dat alhoewel die literatuur 'n gesonde institusionele kultuur vooronderstel wat onbekwaamheid in die werkplek effektief bestuur, die bestaande institusionele kultuur by die instelling wat bestudeer is, negatief was. Hierdie studie het bevind dat daar verskeie uitdagings is wat verband hou met onbekwaamheidsbestuur in die opeafstandsonderriginstelling, naamlik 'n gebrek aan kennis en begrip van onbekwaamheidsbestuur as gevolg van die gebrek aan 'n beleid en prosedure; 'n gebrek aan begrip van die onbekwaamheidstoestand; en 'n gebrek aan wedersydse kommunikasie tussen die sleutelrolspelers. Die bevindings het ook getoon dat redelike akkommodasie praktyke verbeter kan word en dat die bestuur van onbekwaamheid in die werkplek 'n multi-dissiplinêre benadering vereis. Die studie stel 'n onbekwaamheidsbestuurraamwerk vir die opeafstandsonderriginstelling voor wat die geïdentifiseerde voorvereistes en uitdagings insluit. Die studie het ook insig gebied in die menslikehulpbronbestuur-kennisgeheel, veral kennis oor die bestuur van onbekwaamheid in die werkplek te wyte aan swak gesondheid, met spesifieke verwysings na die opeafstandsonderriginstelling. / Ucwaningo lwaqhutshwa ngokocwaningo womgomo wokuhumusha. Yakhelwe phezulu kwethiyoriyezobulungiswa, ucwaningo lwagxila ekunqundweni kwezindlela zokuphatha ezaziwa ngokuthi ukufunda okuvulelekile ngezobuchwepheshe okuthiwa yi-ODel esikhungweni saseNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo oluyindlela yokuklama oluphathelene nesimo, okuyinto esetshenziselwa ukufunda ngocwaningo lwesiqephu esithile, luye lwasetshenziswa. Kuye kwenziwa isampule olubalulekile lapho kuye kwakhethwa abantu ababebambe iqhaza abayishumi nesithupha (N=16) olwabe lwakhelwe phezulu kwesipiliyoni, ulwazi kanye nokuqonda ngodaba lokunqundwa kokuphatha. Izinhlolokhono ezihleliwe ezingaphelele ziye zasetshenziswa ngendlela yukuqoqa izibalo zangempela, kwabuye kwasetshenziswa imiqulu yemithombo yokuqoqwa kwedatha yesibili ukuqinisekisa okuhlosiwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane kanye nokubika ebantwini abambe iqhaza ngezinto abahlangabezana nazo ezimpilweni zabo ix kwadala ukulethwa kokuhlaziya kwamasu okuhlaziya ezingqikithi ezithile. Ezingeni lesayensi, ucwaningo lusinikeza ukuqonda imibono yokunqundwa kokuphatha emsebenzini; izibopho zokulawula ukunqunda kokuphathwa; okokugcina,izindlela ezamukelekile zokubhekana nokunqundwa kokuphathwa. Ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo kuqinisekise ukuthi uhlaka olusebenzayo lokunqundwa kokuphatha kumele kube nezinhlangothi ezine, okunguyisiko lokusekela izikhungoinqubomgomo nenqubo yokuhlinzeka izindlela zokunqunda ukuphatha; ukuhlinzeka izindlela ezamukelekile; kanye nenqubo ezihlukene yezifundo. Kusukela esigabeni somqondo wesasayensi kuye kwavela ukuthi nakuba imibhalo igcizelela isiko elihle neliphilasayo lemfundo ukuqinisekisa ukunqundwa kokuphatha kahle emsebenzini, isiko olukhona manje ezikhungweni alulungile. Ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi ziningi izingqinamba ezihambisa nokunqundwa kokuphatha ukufunda okuvulelekile ngezobuchwepheshe kuyizikhungo okuthiwa yi-ODL, okungabi khona kolwazi kanye nokuqonda mayelana nokunqundwa ukuphatha okudalwa ukungabikhona kwengqubomgomo nezingqubo ezithile; ukungaqondi izimiso zokunqunda; kanye nokuntuleka kokuxhumana ngokuvumelana phakathi kwabantu abadlala indima ebalulekile. Okuye kwatholakala kuye kwakhombisa ukuthi izindlela ezamukelekile zingathuthukiswa nokuthi ukunqundwa kokuphatha emsebenzini kudinga inqubo ehlukene yezifundo. Ucwaningo luhlongaza ingqubomgomo yokunqundwa kokuphatha kwezikhungo zemfundo evulelekile okuthiwa yi-ODL ezohlanganisa izinto ezidingekayo nezinselelo ezikhona. Ucwaningo lubuye lwafaka ukuqonda kokuba khona kwabantu abazoba umgogodla wolwazi abazoqashwa, kakhulukazi kulwazi lokunqunda ukuphatha okuzodalwa ukungabi esimweni esihle ngempilo emsebenzini, kakhulukazi uma kubhekiswa ekufundeni okuvulelekile ezikhungweni ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-ODL. / Human Resource Management / D. Com. (Business management)

Il s'agit d'une recherche du droit privé romain, en l'occurrence le rôle de la volonté dans le droit des contrats romain. La question de la voluntas est bien connue en matière successorale. Mais il semble qu'elle ne soit pas méconnue du droit des contrats, en effet, l'influence de la volonté ne saurait concerner que les seuls contrats consensuels. Il est manifeste qu'elle intervient aussi en matière de contrats formels ou réels. Cette prise en compte de la volonté semble être l'oeuvre de la jurisprudence romaine. Il s'agit d'analyser les casus des jurisconsultes afin de déterminer le rôle et la portée qu'ils donnent à la volonté des parties. Les principales sources à exploiter sont les Institutes de Gaius, l'édit du prêteur, le Digeste, le Code et les Institutes de Justinien. La recherche concerne le droit classique romain (IIe siècle av. J.C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.C.), et selon les résultats obtenus, elle pourrait s'étendre au droit postclassique (IVe - début VIe), et au droit de Justinien (VIe). / This is a study of Roman private law, more precisely of the role of will in Roman contract law. The question of voluntas is well-known among inheritance matters. But it seems not to be unknown in contract law as well. Indeed, will does not only concern consensual contracts. It clearly also occurs in real or formal contracts. This taking into account of will seems to be the result of Roman jurisprudence. Cases of jurisconsults have to be analyzed in order to determine the role and the relevance they give to the will of the different parties. The main sources which have to be exploited are the Institutes of Gaius, the Praetor’s Edict, the Digest, the Code and the Institutes of Justinian. The study focuses on classical Roman law (2nd century BC - 3rd century AD), and depending on the results, it could reach postclassical law (4th - beginning of 6th), and Justinian law (6th century).