<p>UVOD: Kolorektalni karcinom je na trećem mestu po učestalosti oboljevanja od svih karcinoma uz porast incidencije CRC u visoko razvijenim zemljama.70% obolelih od CRC je starije od 65 godina uz veću incidenciju proksimalnih karcinoma u odnosu na distalne u svim uzrasnim grupama i kod oba pola. Smatra se da bi 66-75% slučajeva CRC moglo biti izbegnuto zdravim načinom života. 75% CRC nastaje iz adenomatoznih preko polip kancer sekvence i da vi&scaron;e od 90% adenoma neće progredirati u karcinom. U studijama skrining kolonoskopija prijavljeno je 6-12% neviđenih velikih polipa i ko 5% CRC na inicijalnom kolonoskopskom pregledu. Postoperativne periodične kolonoskopije nakon operacije kolorektalonog karicinoma imaju za cilj otkrivanje metahronih carcinoma polipa kao pojavu bolesti na anastomozi ali nije dokazani benefit u preživljavanju bolesnika koji su imali učestalije postoperativne kolonoskopije (na godinu dana) u odnosu na one koji su praćenina 3 ili 5 godina. CILJEVI ISTRAŽIVANJA: Prospektivno ispitivanje pojave intervalnih lezija kolona (malignih i premalignih) u periodu od 2-7 godine od prve negativne kolonoskopije bez obzira na razlog pregleda. Ispitivanje razlike u životnim navikama između ispitanika u zavisnosti od nalaza na ponovljenoj kolonoskopiji. Retrospektivna analiza svih dijagnostičkih i kontrolnih kolonoskopija. MATERIJAL I METODE: Ponavljana je kolonoskopija kod ispitanika koj su na dijagnostičkim kolonoskopijama rađenim na Institutu za onkologiju Vojvodine u periodu 2005-2011. imali uredan kolonoskopski nalaz. Od 160 pozvanih ispitanika na ponovnu kolonoskopiju se odazvalo 64 ispitanika a 151 ispitanik je popunio upitnik o životnim navikama. Urađena je i retospektivna analiza 2750 dijagnostičkih kolonoskopija. Analizirani su rezultati 1064 prvih postoperativnih kolonoskopija kao i nalazi sa 1147 ponovljenih kolonoskopija kod ispitanika operisanih od kolorektalnog carcinoma koji su imali uredan nalaz na prvoj kolonoskopiji. REZULTATI: Od 160 pozvanih ispitanika,njih 64 (42,3%) se odazvalo na ponovni pregled (45 žena i 19 mu&scaron;karaca) prosečne starosti60,13 godina. Kod 15 ispitanika(24.3%) nađeno je ukupno 22 polipa (10 žena i 5 mu&scaron;karaca) bez statistički značajne razlike u pozitivnosti nalaza u odnosu na pol (x2test; x2=0,014; p=0,904) i pozitivnu porodičnu anamnezu (x2test; x2=0,125; p=0,724). 12 slucajeva (14,06%) su bili polipi visokog rizika: 5 (41.6%) lokalizovano u proksimalnom kolonu i 7 (58.3% ) u distalnom kolonu. Nije dijagnostikovan nijedan intervalni karcinom. Nije dokazana statistički značajna razlika u pozitivnosti nalaza na ponovljenoj kolonoskopiji u odnosu na razmak posmatran u grupama do 3 i do 5 godina od predhodne kolonoskpije (x2test; x2=0,020; p=0,887) niti ukoliko se posmatra po grupama do 5 i preko 5 godina od negative kolonoskopije (x2test; x2=3,082; p=0,079). Nema statistički značajne razlike u pozitivnosti nalaza na ponovljenoj kolonoskopiji u odnosu na to da li su pacijenti konzumiraju alkohol ili ne (x2test; x2=0,113; p=0,911) kao i u odnosu na to da li su pacijenti imali redovnu fizičku aktivnost (x2test; x2=0,476; p=0,490). Na dijagnostičkim kolonoskopijama je uočena statistički značajna razlika u uzrastu pacijenata u zavisnosti od razloga kolonoskopije (F=7,111; p=0,000) kod pacijenata kod kojih su dijagnostikovani polipi. Oni sa pozitivnom porodičnom anamnezom i polipima su statistički značajno mlađi u odnosu na ostale osim onih koji su se na pregled javili zbog bola u trbuhu poremećaja ritma stolice. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike po polu, uzrastu, u razlogu kolonoskopije kod osoba sa dijagnostikovanim polipima. Statistički je značajniji broj žena sa lokalizacijom polipa u distalnom delu debelog creva u odnosu na proksimalni (x2test; x2=18,495; p=0,000). Kod mlađih uzrasnih grupa statistički značajnije su zastupljeni polipi u rektumu(x2test; x2=79,963; p=0,000). Ispitanici sa proksimalnom lokalizacijom polipa imaju 1,724 puta veću &scaron;ansu za adenome visokog rizika u odnosu na one sa distalnom lokalizacijom. Nema statistički značajne razlike u distribuciji karcinoma u odnosuna pol (x2test; x2=3,2110; p=0,201). Na 1064 prvih postoperativnih kolonoskopija je bilo ukupno 346 (32,5%) pozitivnih nalaza. Dijagnostikovano je 60 karcinoma od kojih je 43,3 % lokalizovano na anastomozi a kod 286 ispitanika nađeno je ukupno 546 polipa. Mu&scaron;karci statistički značajnije če&scaron;će imaju pozitiva nalaz (x2 test; x2=17,252; p=0,000). Bonferroni post hoc testom je utvrđeno da su polipi proksimalne lokalizacije statistički značajno veći od onih u rektumu (p=0,043). Na kontrolnim kolonoskopijama rađenim u cilju praćenja nakon resekcije kolorektalnog karcinoma multivarijatnom analizom ( pol, uzrast i vreme od operacije) utvrđeno je da mu&scaron;karci imaju 1,4 puta veću &scaron;ansu (OR=1,457) od žena za pojavu promena (polipa i karcinoma).Ispitanici kod kojih je od operacije pro&scaron;lo od 3 do 5 godina imaju 1,6 puta veću &scaron;ansu za pojavu promene u odnosu na one kod kojih je pro&scaron;la 1 godina (OR=1,605). ZAKLJUČAK: Kod 24.3% pregledanih ispitanika dijagnostikovani su polipi(jedan hipeplastičnii 21 adenoma ). 14,06% svih polipa je imalo karakteristike polipa visokog rizika bez statistički značajne razlike u pojavi polipa kod ispitanika kod kojih je pregled rađen 3,5 ili nakon 5 godina od prve negativne kolonoskopije. Nije dijagnostikovan niti jedan karcinom &scaron;to znači da nema potrebe za ponavljanjem kolonoskopija u kraćem vremenskom intervalu od unapred planirane kolonoskopije kod ispitanika koji su imali uredan inicijalni kolonoskopski nalaz &scaron;to se odnosi i na ponavljane kolonoskopije kod ispitanika operisanih od CRC-a. Na dijagnostičkim kolonoskopijama statistički značajniji broj žena sa lokalizacijom polipa u distalnom delu debelog creva u odnosu na proksimalni i nije zapažena razlika u distribuciji karcinoma u odnosu na pol i uzrast ispitanika.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION:Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent illness of all carcinomas with an increase in the incidence of CRC in highly developed countries. 70% of patients with CRC are older than 65 years with higher incidence of proximal cancers compared to distal in all age groups and in both sexes. It is believed that 66-75% of CRC could be avoided through healthy lifestyle. 75% of CRC arise from adenomatous polyp cancer via sequences, and that more than 90% of adenoma will not progress to carcinoma. In studies of screening colonoscopy was reported 6-12% of unobserved large polyps and approximately 5% of the CRC on the initial colonoscopy.Postoperative periodic colonoscopy after colorectal cancer surgery aim to detect metachronous cancer and polyps and disease occurrence anastomoses but not proven survival benefit in subjects who had more frequent postoperative colonoscopy (per year) compared to those who were followed for 3 or 5 years. AIM:Prospective study of interval colon lesions occurrence (malignant and pre-malignant) in the period from 2-7 years after initial negative colonoscopy regardless of the reason for the check. Test of differences in lifestyle between subjects depending on the findings of the repeated colonoscopy.A retrospective analysis of all the diagnostic and control colonoscopy. METHODOLOGY: Repeated colonoscopy in subjects who are at-made diagnostic colonoscopy at the Oncology Institute of Vojvodina in the period 2005-2011 had normal colonoscopy findings. Of the 160 subjects invited to re colonoscopy for review responded 64 subjects and 151 subjects filled out a questionnaire about life habits. Retrospective analysis of 2750 and diagnostic colonoscopy has been done. Results of the 1064 first postoperative colonoscopy and results of the 1147 repeated colonoscopy in patients operated on for colorectal cancer that had normal findings on the first colonoscopy has been analyzed. RESULTS:Of the 160 invited subjects, 64 of them (42.3%) responded to the repeated review (45 women and 19 men), mean age 60.13 years. In 15 subjects (24.3%) found a total of 22 polyps (10 women and 5 men) with no statistically significant differences in positivity findings in relation to sex (x2test; x2 = 0.014; p = 0.904) and a positive family anamnesis (x2test; x2 = 0.125; p = 0.724).12 cases (14.06%) were high risk of polyps: 5 (41.6%) localized in the proximal colon, and 7 (58.3%) in the distal colon. Not a single interval cancer diagnosed. There was no statistically significant difference in positivity findings with repeated colonoscopy in relation to the distance observed in groups of 3 to 5 years from the previous colonoscopy (x2test; x2 = 0.020; p = 0.887) or when observed in groups up to 5 and over 5 years of negative colonoscopy (x2test; x2 = 3.082; p = 0.079). No statistically significant differences in positivity findings with repeated colonoscopy in relation to whether the patients consume alcohol or not (x2test; x2 = 0.113; p = 0.911) as well as in relation to whether patients are regularly exercising (x2test; x 2 = 0.476; p = 0.490). Statistically significant difference is confirmed in the age of patients at the diagnostic colonoscopy, depending on the reason for colonoscopy (F = 7.111; p = 0.000) in patients who were diagnosed polyps. Those with a family anamnesis and polyps were statistically significant younger in comparison to others except those who have come forward for review because of abdominal pain and bowel movement rhythm disturbances.There were no statistically significant differences by sex, age, the reason for colonoscopy in patients diagnosed with polyps.Statistically is more significant number of women with the localization of polyps in the distal part of the colon comparing to the proximal (x2test; x2 = 18,495; p = 0.000).In younger age groups are represented statistically significant polyps in the rectum (x2test; x2 = 79.963, p = 0.000). Subjects with proximal localization of polyps are 1,724 times more likely for high-risk adenomas compared to those with distal localization.No statistically significant differences in the distribution of cancer in relation to sex (x2test; x2 = 3.2110; p = 0.201).On the first postoperative colonoscopy in 1064 subjects there were a total 346 (32.5%) positive findings. 60 carcinoma diagnosed of which 43.3% is localized on the anastomosis and in 286 of the subjects had a total of 546 of the polyps.Men statistically significantly more likely to have positive findings (x2 test; x2 = 17,252; p = 0.000). Bonferroni post hoc test showed that polyps proximal localization significantly bigger than those in the rectum (p = 0.043). On the control colonoscopy-made for the purpose of monitoring after resection of colorectal cancer by multivariate analysis (sex, age and time of surgery) it has been found that men are 1.4 times more likely (OR = 1.457) than women for the occurrence of changes (polyps and cancers).Subjects having passed since the operation of 3 to 5 years are 1.6 times more likely to develop a change with respect to those in which the more than one year elapsed (OR = 1.605). CONCLUSION:In 24.3% subjects were diagnosed polyps (one hyperplastic and 21 adenomas).14.06% of all polyps had the characteristics of high-risk polyps with no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of polyps in subjects where the examination was done after 3,5 or 5 years since the first negative colonoscopy. No cancers diagnosed, meaning there is no need to repeat colonoscopy in a shorter period of time than pre-planned colonoscopy in subjects who had normal initial colonoscopy findings which refers to the repeated colonoscopies in subjects operated on for CRC.For diagnostic colonoscopy statistically significant number of women with the localization of polyps in the distal part of the colon compared to proximal and was not observed differences in the distribution of carcinoma in relation to sex and age of the subject.</p>

The objectives of this study were twofold. One objective was to analyze the effects of growth in the social security tax, when combined with recent changes in U.S. income tax law, on the distribution of the combined income and social security tax burden during the 1980s. The second objective was to estimate the effects of certain proposals for social security tax reform upon that distribution. The above analyses were performed using simulation techniques applied to the 1984 IRS Individual Tax Model File. The data from this file were used to estimate the income and social security tax liabilities for sample taxpayers under tax law in effect in 1980, 1984 and 1988 and under fourteen proposals for social security reform (under 1988 law). The results indicated that the income tax distribution was almost 25 percent more progressive under 1988 tax law than under 1980 tax law. In contrast, the combined distribution of income and social security taxes was almost 25 percent less progressive under 1988 income and social security tax law relative to 1980. Two types of social security tax reform were analyzed. One type consisted of reforms to the basic social security tax structure, such as removal of the earnings ceiling, provision of exemptions and replacement of the current single tax rate with a two-tiered graduated rate structure. The second type of reform consisted of proposals to expand the theoretical tax base subject to the social security levy. The results suggested that these reforms could generate substantial increases in progressivity in the combined tax distribution. In general, it would appear that changes in the social security tax structure could generate greater improvements in progressivity than expansion of the theoretical tax base, although the greatest improvement was associated with a combination of these two reforms. With regard to horizontal equity, expansion of the theoretical tax base generated the most improvement.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The presence of challenging and violent behaviors that pose risks to the overall safety and the educational learning experience in the public education setting have been on the rise in recent years. Traditional reactive, coercive, and punitive measures to address these behaviors have been futile. Congress responded to the national increase in violent behaviors by implementing several acts, including zero tolerance policies, in an effort to diminish the rise in violent behaviors. Of significance to this study was the inclusion of Functional Behavior Assessment in the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1997. Unfortunately, FBA has the least legal grounding of all the disciplinary provisions of IDEA and has been questioned by experts in the field if sufficient empirical support exists for the generalization of the technology to all students and whether or not school personnel have the skills required to conduct FBA with integrity (Drasgow, Yell, Bradley, & Shriner 1999; Quinn, 2000; Scott et al., 2005; Skiba, 2002). The purpose of this research study was to obtain and analyze information regarding the perceptions of special education teachers in the Commonwealth of Virginia on the use of Functional Behavior Assessment with students with high incidence disabilities in public schools. A nonexperimental survey design using an online self-report survey was conducted with special education teachers in the eight superintendent regions in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The study examined the behaviors that most frequently prompt a FBA, if a relationship exists between the type and frequency of training and the perceived effectiveness of FBA, the relationship between teacher attributes of beliefs and self-efficacy and the overall perceived effectiveness of FBA, and how teachers perceive the overall FBA/BIP process in public schools. The survey was distributed electronically to special education teachers through the office of the special education director in each of the 132 school divisions in Virginia. A total of 373 special education teachers responded to the survey. Respondents perceive the extent to which FBA contributes to the effectiveness of interventions that reduce challenging behaviors of students and the effectiveness of current FBA methods in increasing positive replacement behaviors and improving learning/academic achievement in public schools moderately effective. Congruent with the literature, special education teachers reported that chronic problem behaviors and physically aggressive behaviors were most likely to prompt an FBA. Respondents indicated their knowledge base, training experiences, and background in FBA. Overall, the majority of special education teachers reported that the training that they have received in FBA was moderately to very effective. Respondents indicated that further training in all areas of FBA was needed using a dynamic team based process with post training support. The most frequently reported area of FBA that requires more training was developing function-based interventions while the least reported area of need was developing hypotheses about the functions of the behavior. Teacher beliefs and self-efficacy were examined to determine if these attributes predict a special educator’s perceived effectiveness of FBA. High levels of teacher self-efficacy were associated with increased views of perceived effectiveness of FBA in public schools. Two belief items were found to correlate with the perceived effectiveness of FBA. The results of this study have important implications for personnel development and training for future and current special educators as well as information that can be applied to the exploration of a standardized process for conducting FBA in public schools in Virginia.

Certaines pratiques agricoles telles que l’épandage de produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) ou l’irrigation des sols peuvent être à l’origine de l’introduction de bactéries pathogènes de l’Homme dans les sols. Le sol joue alors un rôle central dans la dissémination de ces bactéries pathogènes dans les différents compartiments de l’environnement et peut contaminer les matières premières végétales, les animaux d’élevage mais également les ressources en eau. Le risque sanitaire associé à la dissémination de ces bactéries pathogènes doit être évalué afin de limiter le développement de maladies infectieuses. Dans ce contexte, l’incidence et le potentiel de survie de bactéries pathogènes a été étudié dans un large ensemble de sols provenant du territoire français (Réseau de Mesure de la Qualité des Sols : RMQS). Ce travail a pour objectif général d’identifier les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques des sols qui déterminent l’incidence et la survie de d’un pathogène strict, Listeria monocytogenes, et d’un pathogène opportuniste, Enterococcus faecalis, dans ces matrices environnementales Pour ceci, 2 approches ont été adoptées : la première approche a visé à mettre au point des systèmes de détection de PCR quantitative spécifiques pour ces deux espèces bactériennes afin de détecter et quantifier ces 2 bactéries dans un ensemble de 1200 ADN de sols présentant des paramètres pédoclimatiques contrastés. L. monocytogenes n’est pas détectée dans les ADN de sols avec la méthode moléculaire développée, dont le seuil de détection est d’environ 104 bactéries par gramme de sol. La détection moléculaire d’E. faecalis a été biaisée par un problème de contamination des ADN extraits. Après extraction de nouveaux ADN sur 150 échantillons de sol, E. faecalis a été détecté en faible quantité dans 5 des 150 sols testés (4% des sols) à des concentrations d’environ 102 bactéries par gramme de sol. Dans une deuxième approche, la survie de L. monocytogenes et d’E. faecalis a été suivie dans un ensemble de 100 sols caractérisés par des paramètres pédoclimatiques variables. Des microcosmes de sols ont été inoculés et la survie bactérienne a été évaluée par des méthodes culturales classiques. L. monocytogenes survit à long terme dans un plus grand nombre de sols qu’E. faecalis. Les sols favorables à la survie à long terme sont majoritairement (44%) les mêmes pour les 2 bactéries. Les sols sableux présentant un pH acide sont défavorables à la survie des 2 bactéries. Cependant des différences sont observées quant aux paramètres physico-chimiques des sols qui déterminent la survie de ces 2 bactéries. Ainsi, la survie de L. monocytogenes est corrélée positivement au taux de saturation en cations basiques, à la capacité d’échange cationique et à la concentration en calcium pour le court terme et à la teneur en argile pour le long terme. En revanche, pour E. faecalis, une corrélation négative avec la teneur en calcium total est trouvée pour la survie à court terme alors que la survie à long terme est négativement corrélée à la concentration en phosphore assimilable. Un effet inhibiteur de la microflore des sols a été mis en évidence sur la survie de L. monocytogenes et E. faecalis : il est statistiquement significatif pour les sols présentant un pH supérieur à 7 pour les 2 pathogènes. Les résultats obtenus vont permettre de modéliser la survie de ces pathogènes dans les sols en fonction de paramètres pédo-climatiques et donc à terme de mieux gérer les épandages de PRO en fonction des types de sols pour limiter la persistance de pathogènes dans les sols. / Soil contamination by bacterial pathogens can occur through manure, sewage sludge spreading or irrigation using waste water treatment plants effluents. Agricultural soils may act as reservoirs for these pathogens, play a significant role in their dissemination, leading to the potential contamination of food and water resources. Health risk associated with the occurrence of pathogens in environmental matrices has to be thoroughly evaluated. In this context, the objectives of this work were: i) to determine the prevalence of two pathogenic bacterial species (Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis) in a large collection of French soils originated from a systematic soil survey of the territory, called RMQS (16x16 km grid), ii) to determine major biotic and abiotic parameters driving the survival of bacterial pathogens in soils. Two approaches were used to reach these objectives: i) the prevalence of the two pathogens was monitored in 1200 soils using specific molecular detection tools (real time PCR using TaqMan probe detection system) and ii) the survival of the 2 pathogens, inoculated in soil microcosms, was determined over a 84 days incubation period under laboratory conditions, on a subset of 100 soils from the RMQS survey, using classical microbiological methods. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the set of 1200 soils (with a detection limit estimated to be 104 bacteria per gram of soil) using the molecular detection method, while E. faecalis was detected in approximately 4% of the soils tested (on a smaller set of 150 RMQS soils). The two bacterial pathogens were able to survive in the majority of soil, although L. monocytogenes survived in a greater number of soils. Soils where both pathogens survived represented 44% of soils. The survival of both pathogens is strongly impaired in sandy acidic soils. However, textural and chemical parameters driving survival of the two pathogens differed: L. monocytogenes survival is increased in soils with higher BCSR (basic cation saturation ration) and CEC (cation exchange capacity). L. monocytogenes long-term survival is favored by higher soil clay content. E. faecalis survival is impaired in soils with high total Ca content (calcareous soils). Soil microflora inhibits survival of both pathogens especially in soil with alcaline pH’s. The results of our study will allow implementing survival models for these two pathogens. Such data is invaluable for a better and safer managment of soil manuring using various organic residues.

先前文獻在探討有關三聚氰胺事件時多為分析食安事件之影響因素、政府對於食品安全法規定訂之不足以及探討食安事件對於股價變動之影響。而本研究欲藉由公司財務指的變化來探討食安事件對乳製品產業之影響，因此利用差異中之差異(Difference in Difference, DID)方法，探討在食安事件發生後被爆出有參入三聚氰胺之毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題之奶類公司及豆類公司，其營業收入，營業成本及利潤等三項財務指標為相對上升或相對下降之趨勢。因此將樣本分類為三組，一組以毒奶粉公司作為實驗組，其他兩組以為未出問題奶類公司以及豆類公司作為控制組。 本文以2001年至2011年中國規模以上上市以及非上市公司之追蹤資料(Panel Data)進行分析。實證結果指出，毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題公司在食安事件之後，其營業收入為相對增加，營業成本亦相對增加，而利潤則為相對減少。雖然營業收入之估計結果與預期不相符，但是本研究認為可能與毒奶粉公司在樣本資料當中原先就佔有較高之市場佔有率有關。營業成本之增加，本研究認為與事件發生後法規及監管成本之增加有正向關聯。利潤減少之實證結果與預期相符，說明毒奶粉公司在三聚氰胺事件下，就實證結果而言公司會有虧損之情況發生，代表食安事件對乳製品產業有負面之影響。 / Most of the previous researches of the Melamine Incident focused on analyzing the impact on food safety event, the shortage of the governmental food legislation, and the discussion about the food scandal effect on the enterprises’ stock prices. In this paper, we used the variation of the company’s financial indicator in income statement to observe the impact of the food scandal on the dairy industry. In order to do so, we used the method called “Difference-in-Difference” to estimate the impact on the operating revenues, operating costs and profits of the scandal companies after the food safety scandal broke in 2008. In this study, we set our sample into three groups, the group of the scandal dairy companies as the experimental group, while the group of non-scandal dairy companies and the group of beans companies as the control group. The panel data we used in this paper included listed and unlisted companies in China from 2001 to 2011. The empirical results indicated that after the scandal, in contrast to the non-scandal companies, the operating revenues and the operating costs of the scandal companies were both higher, and the profits were lower. The empirical results of the operating revenues didn't meet the expectation of this paper, we supposed the reason was that the scandal companies had much higher market share comparing to the non-scandal companies. In our opinion, the increase of the operating costs was due to the newly released regulations and supervision costs. At the same time, the decrease of the profits was consistent with our expectation. It meant that after the Melamine incident, the scandal companies would suffered financial losses which proved that the food scandal event would have negative impact on the dairy industry.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer colorretal é um dos cânceres mais incidentes no mundo. As maiores incidências são descritas em homens e aumentam com a idade. Porém, estudos recentes reportaram aumento da incidência entre os mais jovens. Apesar das maiores incidências serem descritas em países desenvolvidos, estes apresentam tendência de estabilidade ou declínio. Em países com tendência de aumento, a mudança no padrão alimentar é a principal hipótese para este aumento. A mortalidade apresenta tendência de queda, principalmente em países que investiram em diagnóstico precoce e tratamento oportunos. OBJETIVO: Estudar as desigualdades na incidência e mortalidade do câncer colorretal no Município de São Paulo e Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta tese está dividida em três manuscritos. MANUSCRITO 1: Simulação e comparação de técnicas de correção de dados incompletos de idade para o cálculo de taxas de incidência. A partir de seis bases com diferentes proporções de dados incompletos para idade (5 até 50%), foram comparados dois métodos de correção. Verificou-se que bases com 5% ou mais de dados incompletos para idade apresentaram taxas de incidência subestimadas. O fator de correção retificou as subestimativas das taxas padronizadas, entretanto, esta técnica não permitiu corrigir taxas específicas por idade. A imputação múltipla foi útil na correção das taxas padronizadas e específicas em bancos com até 30% de dados incompletos. Bases com 5% ou mais de dados incompletos necessitam de aplicação de correção. A imputação múltipla mostrou-se superior ao fator de correção, pois permitiu corrigir as taxas de incidência específicas. MANUSCRITO 2: Descrição e análise das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de colorretal no Brasil, segundo sexo e Unidades da Federação e indicadores socioeconômicos. As tendências das taxas de mortalidade foram estimadas por modelo de regressão linear. No Brasil,ocorreu aumento da tendência da taxa de mortalidade em todos os estados para o sexo masculino e em 21 estados para o sexo feminino. Ao ajustar por taxa de mortalidade por causas mal definidas, Produto Interno Bruto e Coeficiente de Gini, a tendência de aumento manteve-se significativa (p<0,05) no Brasil e em sete estados em homens e em nove estados em mulheres. O aumento da taxa de mortalidade por câncer colorretal em algumas Unidades Federativas e no Brasil pode estar relacionada ao aumento da incidência, ao atraso no diagnóstico e no tratamento. MANUSCRITO 3: descrição e análise das taxas de incidência e mortalidade por câncer colorretal no município de São Paulo, segundo sexo e faixa etária. Foram calculadas as razões das taxas padronizadas de incidência e mortalidade, estimada a mudança percentual anual média (AAPC) e o efeito idade-período-coorte. As razões das taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram superiores a 1 em homens a partir dos 50 anos e para o total da população. Ao comparar com indivíduos de 30 a 39 anos, em ambos os sexos, as razões das taxas foram maiores que 1 após 40 anos. Verificou-se tendência de aumento da incidência em mulheres (AAPC 0,9%) e da mortalidade em homens (AAPC 1,0%) e em mulheres (AAPC 0,2%). O modelo idade-período-coorte apresentou melhor ajuste para a incidência, em ambos os sexos (p<0,001). A mortalidade em homens foi explicada pelo modelo idade-drift (p<0,001). No Munícipio de São Paulo, a tendência crescente da incidência pode estar relacionada à alimentação inadequada e ao aumento do diagnóstico e a da mortalidade por diagnóstico e tratamento inoportunos. / INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The highest incidence rates are described in men and with increasing age. However, recent studies have reported an increase in incidence among younger people. Although the highest incidence are described in developed countries, they show a tendency of stability or decline. In countries with increasing trends, the change in dietary pattern is the main hypothesis for this increase. Mortality is declining, especially in countries that have invested in diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To study the inequalities in the incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer in the city of São Paulo and Brazil. METHODS: This thesis is divided into three manuscripts. MANUSCRIPT 1: Simulation and comparison of incomplete data correction techniques for the calculation of incidence rates. From six databases with different proportions of incomplete data for age (5 to 50%), two correction methods were compared. Databases with 5% or more of incomplete data for age were found to have underestimated rates. The correction factor mitigated the underestimation of the standardized rates; however, this technique did not allow the correction of age-specific rates. Multiple imputation was useful in correcting standardized and age-specific rates in datasets with up to 30% incomplete data. Databases with 5% or more of incomplete data need to be corrected. Multiple imputation technique was a superior method in comparison to the correction factor. MANUSCRIPT 2: description and analysis of mortality rates from colorectal cancer in Brazil, according to sex and States, according to socioeconomic indicators. For the trend analysis, the linear regression models were chosen through linear regression In Brazil, there was an increase in the mortality rate in all states for males and in 21 states for females. When the mortality rate was controlled for ill-defined causes, Gross Domestic Product and Gini Index, the increasing trend of mortality remained significant (p-value <0.05) in Brazil and in seven states in men and in nine states in women. The increase in the colorectal cancer mortality rate in some States and in Brazil may be related to the possible increase in incidence delayed diagnosis and treatment. MANUSCRIPT 3: description and analysis of incidence and mortality rates for colorectal cancer in the city of São Paulo, according to sex and age group. The incidence and mortality rate ratios were estimated. Joinpoint regression was performed to obtain average annual percent change (AAPC) and age-period-cohort analysis was used to examine the incidence trends. The incidence and mortality rates ratio were higher than 1 in men aged 50 and over. When comparing individuals aged 30 to 39 in both sexes, the rates ratios were higher than 1 after 40 years. There was an upward trend in incidence in women only (AAPC 0.9%) and mortality in men (AAPC 1.0%) and women (AAPC 0.2%). The age-period-cohort model provided the best fit to incidence in both sexes (p <0.001). Mortality in men was explained by the age-drift model (p <0.001). In the city of São Paulo, the increasing trend in incidence may be related to inadequate diet and increased diagnosis and mortality due to untimely diagnosis and treatment.

Objetivo Caracterizar a ocorrência de dengue na cidade de Rio Brando, estado do Acre, no período de 2000 a 2007, no tempo, no espaço e segundo infestação pelo Aedes aegypti e vari- áveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, ambientais e climáticas. Métodos Foi realizada uma descrição da incidência de dengue (CI) e da infestação predial pelo Aedes aegypti (IIP) no período de 2000 a 2007 a partir de dados secundários. Descreveu-se a incidência da dengue em relação ao sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade. O Coeficiente de Incidência e o Índice de In- festação Predial foram testados para aferição de correlações com variáveis climáticas, demo- gráficas, ambientais e socioeconômicas. Foi aplicada a técnica de geoprocessamento com o uso da estatística espacial de Moran Global e Local (LISA) para avaliar a autocorrelação es- pacial dos coeficientes de incidência de dengue entre as localidades urbanas da cidade. Resul- tados - A epidemiologia da dengue na cidade é caracterizada por elevada incidência e intensa infestação predial pelo Aedes aegypti. Não existe diferença na incidência de dengue entre ho- mens e mulheres e a faixa etária mais acometida compreende jovens e adultos de 15 a 49 anos e escolares que não concluíram o ensino médio. A distribuição da doença mostra um padrão sazonal com elevação da incidência nos períodos chuvosos e regressão nos períodos secos. O aumento de casos de dengue e da infestação predial mostrou associação significante (p<0,05) com bairros populosos, onde existe muitos imóveis e alta infestação predial. O aumento das ocorrências se mostrou significante com áreas com baixo índice de abastecimento de água pela rede pública. O Índice de Qualidade de Vida (IQV) não apresentou correlação significa- tiva com a ocorrência de dengue, entretanto, a infestação predial foi mais elevada nos bairros com melhor IQV. A estatística de Moran Global e Local (LISA) mostrou fraca dependência espacial (p<0,05) da incidência de dengue entre bairros da cidade. Conclusão - A análise epi- demiológica da dengue na cidade permitiu visualizar fatores que estão relacionados à trans- missão de dengue e na proliferação do Aedes aegypti que podem ser avaliados na formulação de estratégias mais eficazes para alcançar o melhor controle da doença. O uso da análise espa- cial evidenciou que a distribuição da incidência de dengue entre os bairros da cidade ocorre de maneira aleatória / Objective - Characterize the ocurring of dengue in the city of Rio Branco, Acre, during the period 2000 to 2007, in time and space, and according to the infestation of Aedes Aegypti and the demographic, social-economical, environmental and climatical variables. Methods - a description of dengue incidence (CI) and the house infestation by Aedes aegypti (HI) was made in the period of 2000 to 2007 from secondary data. The distribution of cases was described according to gender, age and education. The Incidence Coefficient of incidence and the House Index Infestation were tested to measure their correlations with demographic, environmental and socioeconomic climatic variables. The geoprocessing technique was applied with the use of Global and Local Moran (LISA) spatial statistics to evaluate spatial autocorrelation of incidence of dengue among the urban localities in the city. Results - The epidemiology of dengue in the city is characterized by high incidence and severe infestation of Aedes aegypti. Theres no difference between the incidence of dengue on men and women and the most affected age group comprises young adults from the age of 15 to 49 years old and students who have not completed high school. The distribution of the disease shows a seasonal pattern with increased incidence in rainy periods and regression in dry periods. The increase of dengue cases and the building infestation showed significant association (p <0.05) with the populated districts, where there are many buildings and high building infestation. The increase in occurrence was found significant in areas with low public water supply. The Quality of Life Index (QLI) showed no significant correlation with the occurrence of dengue, however, the infestation rate was higher in districts with better QLI. Global and Local Moran (LISA) statistics showed weak spatial dependence (p <0.05) of the incidence of dengue among neighborhoods. Conclusion - The epidemiological analysis of dengue in the city allowed the visualization of the factors that are related to the transmission of dengue and the proliferation of Aedes aegypti that can be assessed in the formulation of more effective strategies to achieve better control of the disease. The use of the spatial analysis revealed the randomness of dengue incidence distribution among the neighborhoods of the city

Neste trabalho, um novo método grafo-algébrico para o projeto de ilhamento intencional é proposto. O ilhamento intencional é um dos últimos recursos utilizados pelos operadores para evitar um colapso total do sistema elétrico. Ele objetiva dividir um sistema elétrico em dois ou mais subsistemas estáveis quando não é possível garantir a estabilidade do sistema interligado. O método desenvolvido é uma extensão de um método grafo-algébrico, baseado na fatoração da matriz incidência ramo-nó e que foi desenvolvido para a identificação de ilhamento não intencional, para o problema de projeto de ilhamento intencional. A aplicação da fatoração da matriz incidência ramo-nó no problema de projeto de ilhamento é contribuição inédita deste trabalho. O método proposto identifica os conjuntos de corte, compostos por linhas de transmissão/transformadores (ramos), aptos a dividir um sistema elétrico de potência conexo em dois ou mais subsistemas (ilhas), sob a condição de um número mínimo, previamente estabelecido, de ramos interrompidos ou uma interrupção mínima de fluxo de potência ativa. A identificação dos conjuntos de cortes é realizada por meio de uma fatoração ordenada da matriz incidência nó-ramo e por um processo de regularização de cortes. O método foi testado com resultados promissores em alguns sistemas elétricos de pequeno e médio porte. Apresentou boas características que sugerem que o mesmo seja adequado para aplicações em tempo real. O método fornece a informação das barras que formam cada ilha, adapta-se facilmente a mudanças na topologia e pode ser facilmente implementado com rotinas já existentes nos programas de computador comumente utilizados para análise de sistemas elétricos de potência. Trabalhos futuros são necessários para testar a metodologia em sistemas de maior porte, para avaliar a eficiência computacional do método e comparar com a eficiência de outros métodos relatados na literatura. / In this work , a new graph-algebraic method for the design of intentional islanding is proposed. Intentional islanding is one of the last resources used by the Power Electrical System Operators to avoid a total collapse of the electrical system. It aims to divide a power system into two or more stable subsystems when it is not possible to guarantee the stability of the interconnected system. The developed method is an extension of a graph-algebraic method, which is based on a factorization of the branch-node incidence matrix and which was developed to identify unintended islanding, to the problem of intended. The unprecedented contribution of this work is the application of the factorization of the incidence branch-node matrix in the design of islanding control. The proposed method identifies the cutsets, composed of transmission lines / transformers (branches) , able to divide a connected Electrical Power System in two or more subsystems (islands), under the constraint of a minimum number of interrupted branches or minimal interruption of power flow. The identification of cutsets are made through an ordered factorization of the incidence branch node matrix and a regularization process of cutsets. The method has been tested with promising results in some electrical systems of small and medium size. It has shown good characteristics which suggests that it is suitable for real-time applications. The method automatically provides the set of buses that form each island, it easily adapts to changes in topology and can be easily implemented with routines that are already developed in existing computer programs commonly used for analysis of electric power systems. Further work is needed to test the methodology in larger systems to evaluate the computational efficiency of the method and compare with the efficiency of other methods reported in the literature.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a regra-matriz constitucional do ICMS mercantil e dos princípios que regem esse imposto, a fim de verificar se os Estados e o Distrito Federal detêm competência para a instituição do ICMS na extração do petróleo, a exemplo do que fez o Estado do Rio de Janeiro por meio da Lei nº 4.117/03, conhecida como Lei Noel. Para tal desiderato, será investigado, inicialmente, o tratamento constitucional atribuído ao petróleo, e serão abordadas questões atinentes às atividades econômicas do monopólio da União sobre esse bem público, prescritas no artigo 177 da Carta Maior, e a sua flexibilização com o advento da Emenda Constitucional nº 9/95. Com supedâneo nas conclusões obtidas a partir da regra-matriz de incidência do ICMS mercantil e dos enunciados constitucionais relativos ao petróleo, serão analisados os os critérios componentes da regra-matriz de incidência construída a partir dos enunciados veiculados pela Lei nº 4.117/03 para que seja possível, dessa forma, verificar se o legislador ordinário estadual observou os limites para o exercício da competência ao instituir o ICMS na extração do petróleo. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the ICMS constitutional matriz-rule of tax incidence and principles that govern such tax, in order to verify the capability of States to create this tax on oil extraction, as it did Rio de Janeiro through Law No. 4.117/03, known as Lei Noel. This study will initially analyze constitutional rules regarding oil as well as aspects related to the economic activities of monopoly, prescribed in Article 177 of Federal Constitution and its flexibility with the advent of Constitutional Amendment No. 9, occurred in 1995. Based on the conclusions obtained from the analysis of ICMS matriz-rule of tax incidence and constitutional rules concerning oil, we will investigate Law No. 4.117/03 in order to check if the Rio de Janeiro State respected the limits imposed by Federal Constitution to create ICMS on oil extraction.