Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar o uso de piadas em sala de aula de Língua Inglesa em um Centro de Línguas, procurando verificar se houve um aprendizado maior e se a motivação aumentou com a introdução dessa nova estratégia. Nossa pesquisa foi norteada por três teóricos do humor do século vinte, que explicam a função social do humor, o prazer causado pela liberação de energia, essencial em nossa pesquisa, que lida com o riso ou mesmo, o sorriso na sala de aula. Esses teóricos também trataram do fator que causa o humor - a incongruência. Estudamos a piada sob três aspectos: sua interpretação, sua estrutura e a aprendizagem por meio delas. Tais prismas oferecem uma forma mais completa para a análise das piadas, uma vez que elas não podem ser vistas por um único olhar. Questões culturais estiveram também presentes, pois os chistes podem ser considerados como manifestação cultural de um povo e, em se tratando de duas culturas, é natural que apareçam as barreiras culturais: o aluno não consegue entender o implícito no texto. A compreensão de piadas também exige que se preste atenção às diferenças individuais, pois serão elas que informarão ao professor das possíveis mudanças de estratégias que são necessárias para obter o resultado esperado - aprender a língua estrangeira de maneira divertida. A metodologia que foi aplicada é a análise de interação, e os instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizados foram: observação, testes, entrevistas e questionários. Observamos sete grupos, durante três semestres. Primeiramente, aplicamos um questionário para todos os alunos do Centro de Línguas e suas respectivas professoras. Tabulamos todos os questionários. As observações foram feitas em turmas de controle, sem o uso da piada, e nas turmas experimentais, com as piadas. Em ambas as turmas, a professora foi a mesma. Também observamos outra professora para exemplificar com maior precisão os métodos empregados nas aulas do Centro de Línguas. / The objective of this thesis is to show the use of jokes in classes of English as a foreign language in a Language Center and verify whether students learn more and are more motivated when this new strategy is introduced in their classes. Our research was guided by three twenty-century theoreticians that wrote about humor, explaining its social role - the pleasure caused by the released of energy, essential to our research which deals with laughter (or even smiles) in class. These philosophers also deal with the factor that causes humor - incongruence. We study jokes from three different aspects: their interpretation, their structure and as learning tool, which offer a methodology rather complete to analyze jokes, since these humor texts cannot be observed from only one point of view. Cultural issues were also present, because jokes can be considered a cultural manifestation of a people and, as we deal with two cultures, it is more than natural that to understand humoristic texts, cultural barriers will have to be faced. In order to tell/understand jokes it is also necessary to individual differences, because they will inform the teacher of the need of possible changes in strategies so that his/her goal will be reached, i.e., to make students learn a foreign language having fun. The methodology applied is interaction analysis, and we used, as research instruments, observation, tests, interviews, and questionnaires. We observed seven groups, during three semesters. First we applied a questionnaire to all the students and their respective teachers. We computed the results. The observations were carried out in control classes, where no jokes were used, and in experimental classes, with jokes. The teacher was the same in both classes. We also observed a different teacher to exemplify more precisely the methodologies employed in the classes at the Language Center.

The informal economy represents a large segment of the economic activities in emerging economies but still remains a puzzling phenomenon. In particular, research emphasising the organising processes of firms within the informal economy is scant. Weak formal institutions, conflicting institutional centres and large levels of economic inequality contribute to the development of informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Yet, an understanding of the links between institutional incongruence and economic exclusion as facilitating mechanisms of informal entrepreneurship remains limited. Furthermore, it is unknown how hybrid organisations, combining institutional logics, emerge and function within the informal economy. Despite a large number of empirical and theoretical studies, there is a lack of understanding about the interplay between the institutional dynamics and the creation of informal institutions developed by informal entrepreneurs. To enhance the understanding of informal entrepreneurship, this PhD thesis explores how institutional entrepreneurs embedded in the informal economy respond to economic inequality. This grounded theory study, based on interviews and participant observations conducted at La Salada, South America's largest black market, conceptualises how institutional entrepreneurs exploit the illegitimacy of formal labour institutions to generate institutional change. This qualitative study has followed a constructivist grounded theory design based on simultaneous data collection and analysis and making systematic comparisons throughout inquiry. In line with grounded theory guidelines, the researcher identified emerging first-order categories and looked-for relations between them, in order to move to a higher level of theoretical abstraction with the aim of generating new theory. The researcher conducted 75 in-depth interviews and semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and made use of archival documents. The thesis is organised as three empirical studies which can be read independently, but together constitute an in-depth study of institutional entrepreneurship in the informal economy. The thesis's theoretical contributions to the field are as follows. The first study reveals the conditions that generated institutional change in the apparel value chain in response to prevailing conditions that were leading to increasing economic inequality. It presents a model that focuses on three social mechanisms which allow institutional entrepreneurs to build new institutions that were inclusive for large segments of society excluded by the formal sector. The second study explores the emergence of new forms of hybrid organisation in the informal economy. Particularly, it focuses on how informal entrepreneurs organisationally respond to institutional complexity by identifying two types of logic - community and market - and a meta-mechanism that facilitates the interaction between the two logics, named normalisation of deviant organisational practices. The study highlights the two key generative mechanisms of the logics at play and suggests that actors embedded in the informal economy are able to dynamically adapt to two types of logic. It also emphasises how informal entrepreneurs exploit institutional arbitrage, which refers to the circumstances where entrepreneurs are provided with opportunities to exploit differences between two dimensions of the institutional environment, formality and informality. The third study explores how various types of actors and organisations such as social movements or hybrid organisations are able to develop alternative institutional arrangements to overcome the liabilities of emerging economies' institutions in an informal context. The study reveals that informal entrepreneurs entering a polycentric system are able to establish norms and rules of interaction, to exploit brokerage opportunities and multivocality between contradictory networks, and through robust action, generate proto-institutional outcomes. Collectively, these three essays reveal novel knowledge about the organisational mechanisms behind informal economic activities, constituting a theoretical bridge between the fields of institutional theory, inequality and governance and providing fundamental insights for the development of new management theories.

A displasia do cotovelo é considerada uma disfunção ou má formação da articulação umerorradioulnar com causas multifatoriais, é a causa mais comum de claudicação de membros torácicos em cães jovens e acomete principalmente cães de raças grandes e gigantes. As alterações da displasia do cotovelo incluem não união do processo ancôneo, fragmentação do processo coronóide medial, osteocondrose da tróclea umeral, incongruência articular e doença articular degenerativa. Esse estudo teve como objetivo apresentar de forma detalhada dados morfológicos e morfométricos da articulação umerorradioulnar de cães de raça definida avaliados por meio de exames clínicos, radiográficos e tomográficos. A amostra de cães dessa pesquisa constituiu-se de 44 cotovelos de cães com idades variadas. Realizou-se a comparação do desempenho de diferentes projeções radiográficas individualmente e sua análise comparativa com o exame tomográfico, mensuração da incongruência radioulnar ao exame tomográfico e posterior comparação à análise qualitativa ao exame radiográfico, cálculo do ângulo da incisura ulnar e sua comparação entre exames radiográfico e tomográfico e verificação da concordância entre avaliadores para as diferentes mensurações realizadas nos exames radiográfico e tomográfico. Para análise dessas informações, o coeficiente kappa, correlação interclasse e testes Fischer e McNemar foram realizados. Constatou-se que o desempenho individual de cada projeção radiográfica teve pobre concordância com o exame tomográfico sugerindo-se a realização de mais de duas projeções radiográficas; não houve concordância entre os três observadores para as mensurações do ângulo da incisura ulnar ao exame radiográfico e tomográfico. Porém houve boa/moderada concordância para mensuração da incongruência radioulnar no plano sagital entre os observadores. Concluiu-se que nenhuma das cinco incidências radiográficas foi superior à outras para análise radiográfica, uma vez que cada projeção apresentou melhor identificação de um compartimento do cotovelo; medidas ao exame tomográfico para incongruência radioulnar não apresentam reprodutibilidade no corte dorsal, no corte sagital apresentaram boa e moderada concordância entre os observadores e que a mensuração do ângulo da incisura ulnar não apresentou repetibilidade ao exame radiográfico e reprodutibilidade ao exame tomográfico. / Elbow dysplasia is considered a dysfunction or malformation of the elbow joint with multifactorial causes and is the most common cause of thoracic limb lameness in young dogs and mainly affecting large and giant breeds. Elbow dysplasia disease include ununited anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process, osteochondrosis of humeral trochlea, articular incongruity and degenerative joint disease. The aim of this study was to present detailed morphologic and morphometric aspects of the elbow joint in Labrador retriever and Australian shepherd dog in clinical and correlate with radiographic and tomographic (CT) exam. Interobserver variation for articular incongruity measurements by CT, comparative analysis in the radiographic exam, angle in ulnar notch and its comparative analysis between radiographic and tomographic agreement examination in 44 elbow of dogs with different ages were evaluated. The statistics analyses included the kappa coefficient and interclass correlation and Fischers test and McNemars test. It was evidenced that individual performance of each radiographic incidence had poor agreement with the tomographic exam, suggesting that the accomplishment of more than two radiograph views are needed. There was no agreement between the three evaluators in the ulnar notch angle at radiographic and tomographic exams. However, there was good/moderate agreement for articular incongruity measurement in the sagittal plane between evaluators. It was possible to conclude that none of the five radiographic incidences was better than the others for radiographic analysis because each incidence had a better identification of a particular elbow compartment; measurements at the tomographic exam to evaluate radioulnar incongruity had no reproductiveness in the dorsal plane, but in sagittal plan had a good/moderate agreement between observers and the angle in ulnar notch presented no repeatability at radiographic exam and no reproductiveness at tomographic exam.

This qualitative study explored the perceptions of evangelical freshmen students attending the University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Texas at Dallas during the spring semester of 2006 in the context of student alienation. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility that evangelicals attending secular universities were perceiving alienation through their interactions with their universities. It was hypothesized that the modern university, having evolved into its present naturalistic worldview condition, might prove alienating to evangelicals from a worldview standpoint. Assuming the possibility that alienation might prove to be a reality for evangelicals, the subordinate purposes were intended to discover the types and sources of alienation, the possible evangelical coping strategies, and their perceptions of the university's reaction to them as evangelicals. During the spring semester of 2006, I conducted two live interviews with twenty participants. The first interview included a questionnaire which was administered for the purpose of providing insight into each participant's religiosity or evangelical commitment. The first interview (conducted prior to spring break) asked the students to reflect back upon their first semester experience (the fall of 2005). The second interview, conducted towards the end of the spring semester, was oriented towards the second semester experience. I found that all evangelicals but one had successfully assimilated socially and academically into their respective university. Their academic assimilation was primarily manifested by their relatively high academic achievement. Although they did experience worldview related incongruence, it was not severe enough to manifest any related attrition. I found the most severe incongruence to be related to the perceptions of a negative university moral ethos combined with the prevailing naturalistic monism of the university that relegated the Christian worldview to marginalization or irrelevance. I also found that the high level of social integration was primarily related to participant affiliation with various evangelical entities independent of the university. The data revealed that zero participants lost or abandoned their evangelical faith during their freshman year, and the students' perceived that they had actually experienced positive growth in their spiritual lives as a result of the overall college freshman experience.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In this study the social worker-in-work context relationship in a welfare organization is described within an ecological epistemology so as to construct an alternative view on employee mental health. A literature study shows how descriptions of the interconnectedness between a sense of individuation and a sense ofbelonging creates a double view ofboth levels to form a more holistic view of an ecological relationship system. Organizational interrelationships are described within this framework as being congruent or incongruent and thereby promote or detract from social work practitioner mental health. Conclusions and recommendations discuss the usefulness of such a perspective for social work management practice and suggest a framework for managers to view organizational mental health and to evolve ideas for co-creating a greater sense of coherence in disrupted organizations. / Social Work / M.A. (Mental Health)

A displasia do cotovelo é considerada uma disfunção ou má formação da articulação umerorradioulnar com causas multifatoriais, é a causa mais comum de claudicação de membros torácicos em cães jovens e acomete principalmente cães de raças grandes e gigantes. As alterações da displasia do cotovelo incluem não união do processo ancôneo, fragmentação do processo coronóide medial, osteocondrose da tróclea umeral, incongruência articular e doença articular degenerativa. Esse estudo teve como objetivo apresentar de forma detalhada dados morfológicos e morfométricos da articulação umerorradioulnar de cães de raça definida avaliados por meio de exames clínicos, radiográficos e tomográficos. A amostra de cães dessa pesquisa constituiu-se de 44 cotovelos de cães com idades variadas. Realizou-se a comparação do desempenho de diferentes projeções radiográficas individualmente e sua análise comparativa com o exame tomográfico, mensuração da incongruência radioulnar ao exame tomográfico e posterior comparação à análise qualitativa ao exame radiográfico, cálculo do ângulo da incisura ulnar e sua comparação entre exames radiográfico e tomográfico e verificação da concordância entre avaliadores para as diferentes mensurações realizadas nos exames radiográfico e tomográfico. Para análise dessas informações, o coeficiente kappa, correlação interclasse e testes Fischer e McNemar foram realizados. Constatou-se que o desempenho individual de cada projeção radiográfica teve pobre concordância com o exame tomográfico sugerindo-se a realização de mais de duas projeções radiográficas; não houve concordância entre os três observadores para as mensurações do ângulo da incisura ulnar ao exame radiográfico e tomográfico. Porém houve boa/moderada concordância para mensuração da incongruência radioulnar no plano sagital entre os observadores. Concluiu-se que nenhuma das cinco incidências radiográficas foi superior à outras para análise radiográfica, uma vez que cada projeção apresentou melhor identificação de um compartimento do cotovelo; medidas ao exame tomográfico para incongruência radioulnar não apresentam reprodutibilidade no corte dorsal, no corte sagital apresentaram boa e moderada concordância entre os observadores e que a mensuração do ângulo da incisura ulnar não apresentou repetibilidade ao exame radiográfico e reprodutibilidade ao exame tomográfico. / Elbow dysplasia is considered a dysfunction or malformation of the elbow joint with multifactorial causes and is the most common cause of thoracic limb lameness in young dogs and mainly affecting large and giant breeds. Elbow dysplasia disease include ununited anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process, osteochondrosis of humeral trochlea, articular incongruity and degenerative joint disease. The aim of this study was to present detailed morphologic and morphometric aspects of the elbow joint in Labrador retriever and Australian shepherd dog in clinical and correlate with radiographic and tomographic (CT) exam. Interobserver variation for articular incongruity measurements by CT, comparative analysis in the radiographic exam, angle in ulnar notch and its comparative analysis between radiographic and tomographic agreement examination in 44 elbow of dogs with different ages were evaluated. The statistics analyses included the kappa coefficient and interclass correlation and Fischers test and McNemars test. It was evidenced that individual performance of each radiographic incidence had poor agreement with the tomographic exam, suggesting that the accomplishment of more than two radiograph views are needed. There was no agreement between the three evaluators in the ulnar notch angle at radiographic and tomographic exams. However, there was good/moderate agreement for articular incongruity measurement in the sagittal plane between evaluators. It was possible to conclude that none of the five radiographic incidences was better than the others for radiographic analysis because each incidence had a better identification of a particular elbow compartment; measurements at the tomographic exam to evaluate radioulnar incongruity had no reproductiveness in the dorsal plane, but in sagittal plan had a good/moderate agreement between observers and the angle in ulnar notch presented no repeatability at radiographic exam and no reproductiveness at tomographic exam.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar o uso de piadas em sala de aula de Língua Inglesa em um Centro de Línguas, procurando verificar se houve um aprendizado maior e se a motivação aumentou com a introdução dessa nova estratégia. Nossa pesquisa foi norteada por três teóricos do humor do século vinte, que explicam a função social do humor, o prazer causado pela liberação de energia, essencial em nossa pesquisa, que lida com o riso ou mesmo, o sorriso na sala de aula. Esses teóricos também trataram do fator que causa o humor - a incongruência. Estudamos a piada sob três aspectos: sua interpretação, sua estrutura e a aprendizagem por meio delas. Tais prismas oferecem uma forma mais completa para a análise das piadas, uma vez que elas não podem ser vistas por um único olhar. Questões culturais estiveram também presentes, pois os chistes podem ser considerados como manifestação cultural de um povo e, em se tratando de duas culturas, é natural que apareçam as barreiras culturais: o aluno não consegue entender o implícito no texto. A compreensão de piadas também exige que se preste atenção às diferenças individuais, pois serão elas que informarão ao professor das possíveis mudanças de estratégias que são necessárias para obter o resultado esperado - aprender a língua estrangeira de maneira divertida. A metodologia que foi aplicada é a análise de interação, e os instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizados foram: observação, testes, entrevistas e questionários. Observamos sete grupos, durante três semestres. Primeiramente, aplicamos um questionário para todos os alunos do Centro de Línguas e suas respectivas professoras. Tabulamos todos os questionários. As observações foram feitas em turmas de controle, sem o uso da piada, e nas turmas experimentais, com as piadas. Em ambas as turmas, a professora foi a mesma. Também observamos outra professora para exemplificar com maior precisão os métodos empregados nas aulas do Centro de Línguas. / The objective of this thesis is to show the use of jokes in classes of English as a foreign language in a Language Center and verify whether students learn more and are more motivated when this new strategy is introduced in their classes. Our research was guided by three twenty-century theoreticians that wrote about humor, explaining its social role - the pleasure caused by the released of energy, essential to our research which deals with laughter (or even smiles) in class. These philosophers also deal with the factor that causes humor - incongruence. We study jokes from three different aspects: their interpretation, their structure and as learning tool, which offer a methodology rather complete to analyze jokes, since these humor texts cannot be observed from only one point of view. Cultural issues were also present, because jokes can be considered a cultural manifestation of a people and, as we deal with two cultures, it is more than natural that to understand humoristic texts, cultural barriers will have to be faced. In order to tell/understand jokes it is also necessary to individual differences, because they will inform the teacher of the need of possible changes in strategies so that his/her goal will be reached, i.e., to make students learn a foreign language having fun. The methodology applied is interaction analysis, and we used, as research instruments, observation, tests, interviews, and questionnaires. We observed seven groups, during three semesters. First we applied a questionnaire to all the students and their respective teachers. We computed the results. The observations were carried out in control classes, where no jokes were used, and in experimental classes, with jokes. The teacher was the same in both classes. We also observed a different teacher to exemplify more precisely the methodologies employed in the classes at the Language Center.

Digitaliseringen har gjort det möjligt för en integrerad multikanalslösning där fenomenet Omnichannel har fått stort genomslag. Omnichannel tillåter konsumenten att distribuera mellan olika kanaler under en och samma köpupplevelse och den sömlösa shoppingupplevelsen öppnar upp för ett inkongruent köpbeteende. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning som hävdar att konsumenter föredrar att handla kongruent, går Omnichannel i en annan riktning. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka vilken påverkan kongruens och inkongruens har gällande attityder efter ett köp av kläder. Attityder efter ett köp utgår från tre nyckelvariabler: kundnöjdhet, bekräftelse av helhetsupplevelsen och benägenhet att sprida positiv Word of Mouth. Studien har en kvantitativ ansats där webbenkäter har använts och besvarats av 407 personer som har fått utvärdera sitt senaste köp av kläder. Studiens slutsats resulterar i att varken kongruens eller inkongruens inom köpbeteendet har en effekt på konsumentens attityder, medan kongruens inom kanaldistribution ledde till bättre attityder än för de konsumenter med ett inkongruent val av kanaler. Något som kan sägas gå emot Omnichannels grundstruktur. Sammanfattningsvis är det möjligt att säga att konsumenter som handlar utifrån ett hedoniskt köpbeteende både upplever en bättre helhetsupplevelse och är mer benägna att sprida positiv Word of Mouth. Konsumentens upplevelse av huruvida helhetsupplevelsen bekräftas, har en påverkan på deras vilja att prata positivt om sitt köp. / The digitalization has made it possible for an integrated multichannel solution where the phenomenon of Omnichannel has a big impact. It allows the consumer to move between different channels during the same shopping experience. The seamless shopping experience opens up for an incongruent shopping behavior. Previous research shows that consumers prefer to shop congruently where Omnichannel seems to go in a different direction. The report's purpose is to investigate how the consumer's behavior is affecting their attitudes. It has its foundation to find how congruent and incongruent is affecting the consumers' attitudes. The attitude is evaluated based on three key variables: customer satisfaction, confirmation of the overall experience and propensity to spread positive Word of Mouth. The study has a quantitative approach where web surveys have been used by 407 people who have evaluated their most recent purchase of clothes. The study concludes that neither congruence nor incongruence consumer behavior has an effect on the post-purchase behavior, while congruence in channel distribution led to better post-purchase behavior than for those consumers with an incongruent choice of channels. The importance is the consumer behavior that is shown at the buying decision. To conclude it is possible to say that consumers who shop based on hedonic consumer behavior both experienced a better overall experience and were more likely to spread positive Word of Mouth. The consumer's perception of how well their overall experience is confirmed has an impact on their willingness to talk positively about their purchase.