Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-34).

Muitos indivíduos planejam sua carreira de acordo com os objetivos de vida. Para o atleta de alto rendimento, a carreira esportiva apresenta características particulares por ser mais dinâmica e ter ciclo mais curto que outras mais tradicionais. Teorias de carreira esportiva ainda são pouco estudadas na academia e, por esse motivo, justificam-se estudos que investiguem a carreira do atleta, uma vez que, em geral, há pouca ou nenhuma preparação para que esse profissional continue trabalhando após sua aposentadoria. O foco deste trabalho está nessa transição, já que os desafios enfrentados pelos atletas são complexos quando deixam suas práticas de alto desempenho para ter uma nova atuação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar os fatores que influenciam o processo de transição no encerramento da carreira esportiva do atleta de alto rendimento. Buscou-se compreender as características desses fatores e seus consequentes resultados, com a intenção de relacionar os resultados de carreira classificados como positivos com as características da transição para a aposentadoria. Para atender a esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com base em modelos teóricos de transição de carreira na aposentadoria: modelo adaptado de Feldman e Beehr (2011) e de Hesketh, Griffin e Loh (2011), modelo de transição de Nicholson (1990), e modelo de desenvolvimento de Higgins e Kram (2001). A amostra da pesquisa abrange 13 ex-atletas de modalidades individuais - dez disputaram os Jogos Olímpicos, dos quais seis são medalhistas - que encerraram sua carreira atlética nos últimos dez anos. Foram conduzidas entrevistas em profundidade, com um roteiro de 21 questões abertas e coletados dados secundários disponíveis na internet. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da análise de conteúdo. Em relação aos resultados, as transições de carreira foram bem realizadas, dando sua continuidade no contexto esportivo, ou não. É importante entender que a carreira de um profissional contemple não apenas a carreira Olímpica (que está contida na carreira atlética), mas também algo mais amplo (chamado de carreira esportiva), quando o atleta passa a ter uma nova atividade de trabalho na sua modalidade. Outra descoberta é em relação às carreiras objetiva e subjetiva bem sucedidas, pois não era esperado que os ex-atletas estivessem com renda financeira maior do que antes, nem que estivessem tão satisfeitos com ambos os momentos das carreiras. Também foi relevante verificar a importância da manutenção de uma rede de desenvolvimento forte, diversa ou não, para que a transição para a aposentadoria seja positiva, e que o processo de transição começa a ocorrer na própria carreira atlética. As contribuições deste trabalho foram direcionadas aos atletas, aos indivíduos que estão nas suas redes, às organizações esportivas, às universidades, aos pesquisadores da área de Administração e aos gestores de políticas públicas. / Many individuals plan their careers according to life goals. The sport career of a higher performance athlete encompasses special features because it is more dynamic and the cycle is shorter when compared to more traditional carrers. Sport career theories are still underresearched in literature. Therefore, studies investigating the career of the athlete are justifiable. It is common for those professionals to have no or little preparation on keep working after the end of the athletic period. This study focused on this transition, as many challenges faced by those athletes when leaving their higher performance activities are complex. In this context, the general goal of this study was to identify and analyze factors that influence the transition process by the end of the higher performance athlete\'s sport carrer. It aimed at understanding the characteristics of such factors and their resulting outputs and at relating the resulting career rated as \'positive\' with the characteristics of transition to retirement. In order to meet this goal, a qualitative research was conducted based on theoretical models of career transition to retirement: adapted models of Feldman and Beehr (2011) and of Hesketh, Griffin and Loh (2011), transition model of Nicholson (1990), and development model of Higgis and Kram (2001). The sample encompassed 13 former individual sport athletes--10 played the Olympic Games and 6 of which received medals--who have ended the athletic careers whitin the last ten years. In-depth interviews with 21 open questions were conducted in addition to secondary data colleted from the Internet. Data analysis was performed through content analysis. Regarding results, career transitions were well performed, as former athletes proceeded to activities both inside and outside the sport context. It is important to highlight that the career of a professional did not embrace only the Olympic career--which is encompassed within the athletic career--but also something more comprehensive--known as sport career--, when the athlete took on a new work activity. Another finding regards the objective and the subjective successful careers, as it was not expected that former athletes had higher earnings after the end of their athletic career. Moreover, it was not expected that they were satisfied both before and after the end of their athletic career. A strong development network--diverse or not--showed to be important for the transition process to be positive and such transition begun during the athletic career itself. Contributions of this study are directed to athletes, individuals belonging to their network, sport organizations, universities, Business researchers, and public policies managers.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa ökar bland unga. Underlag finns som säger att träning ger psykologiska hälsovinster. Evidensläget är dock bristfälligt avseende unga. Få studier har hittats som jämför hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos flickor som utövar lag- respektive individuell sport samt som undersöker sambandet mellan mängden träning och det psykiska måendet i gruppen. Syfte: Syftet var att jämföra generell hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och det psykiska måendet mellan flickor på gymnasiet som utövade lag- respektive individuell sport, samt att undersöka sambandet mellan mängden träning och det psykiska måendet av hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Metod: En kvantitativ, icke-experimentell, jämförande och korrelerande tvärsnittsstudie gjordes baserad på insamlad data från idrottsföreningar i Uppsala Län.  Resultat: Ingen skillnad förelåg i generell hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. De som tränade i lag hade något bättre psykiskt mående. Sambandet mellan mängden träning och psykiskt mående var mycket svagt, om något alls, i hela undersökningsgruppen.  Slutsats: Båda grupperna hade hög livskvalitet och ingen skillnad fanns mellan grupperna. Resultatet visar en antydan till att flickor som tränar i lag mår bättre vilket överensstämmer med tidigare forskning. Detta kan indikera att Fysioterapeuter i större utsträckning borde rekommendera lagsport för flickor med psykisk ohälsa. / Background: Mental illness is growing among young people. Exercise improves psychological health. The evidence is inadequate for young people. Few studies have been found comparing health related quality of life (HRQOL) and who investigates the correlation between exercise and mental health in girls who practice in team sports and individual sports.  Aim: The aim was to compare HRQOL and mental health between girls in high school who were physical active in team sports and individual sports, and to investigate the correlation between the amount of exercise and mental health of HRQOL. Method: A quantitative, non-experimental, comparative and correlating cross-sectional study was made based on data from sports clubs in Uppsala County.  Results: There was no difference in HRQOL. Those who practiced in team sports had better mental health. The correlation was very small, or zero, between the amount of exercise and the psychological subscale in the whole group.  Conclusion: Both groups had high HRQOL and there was no difference between them. The results shows a trend that girls who are physical active in team sports feel better which is consistent with previous research. This indicates that physiotherapist possibly should recommend team sports for girls with mental illness.

Muitos indivíduos planejam sua carreira de acordo com os objetivos de vida. Para o atleta de alto rendimento, a carreira esportiva apresenta características particulares por ser mais dinâmica e ter ciclo mais curto que outras mais tradicionais. Teorias de carreira esportiva ainda são pouco estudadas na academia e, por esse motivo, justificam-se estudos que investiguem a carreira do atleta, uma vez que, em geral, há pouca ou nenhuma preparação para que esse profissional continue trabalhando após sua aposentadoria. O foco deste trabalho está nessa transição, já que os desafios enfrentados pelos atletas são complexos quando deixam suas práticas de alto desempenho para ter uma nova atuação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar os fatores que influenciam o processo de transição no encerramento da carreira esportiva do atleta de alto rendimento. Buscou-se compreender as características desses fatores e seus consequentes resultados, com a intenção de relacionar os resultados de carreira classificados como positivos com as características da transição para a aposentadoria. Para atender a esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com base em modelos teóricos de transição de carreira na aposentadoria: modelo adaptado de Feldman e Beehr (2011) e de Hesketh, Griffin e Loh (2011), modelo de transição de Nicholson (1990), e modelo de desenvolvimento de Higgins e Kram (2001). A amostra da pesquisa abrange 13 ex-atletas de modalidades individuais - dez disputaram os Jogos Olímpicos, dos quais seis são medalhistas - que encerraram sua carreira atlética nos últimos dez anos. Foram conduzidas entrevistas em profundidade, com um roteiro de 21 questões abertas e coletados dados secundários disponíveis na internet. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da análise de conteúdo. Em relação aos resultados, as transições de carreira foram bem realizadas, dando sua continuidade no contexto esportivo, ou não. É importante entender que a carreira de um profissional contemple não apenas a carreira Olímpica (que está contida na carreira atlética), mas também algo mais amplo (chamado de carreira esportiva), quando o atleta passa a ter uma nova atividade de trabalho na sua modalidade. Outra descoberta é em relação às carreiras objetiva e subjetiva bem sucedidas, pois não era esperado que os ex-atletas estivessem com renda financeira maior do que antes, nem que estivessem tão satisfeitos com ambos os momentos das carreiras. Também foi relevante verificar a importância da manutenção de uma rede de desenvolvimento forte, diversa ou não, para que a transição para a aposentadoria seja positiva, e que o processo de transição começa a ocorrer na própria carreira atlética. As contribuições deste trabalho foram direcionadas aos atletas, aos indivíduos que estão nas suas redes, às organizações esportivas, às universidades, aos pesquisadores da área de Administração e aos gestores de políticas públicas. / Many individuals plan their careers according to life goals. The sport career of a higher performance athlete encompasses special features because it is more dynamic and the cycle is shorter when compared to more traditional carrers. Sport career theories are still underresearched in literature. Therefore, studies investigating the career of the athlete are justifiable. It is common for those professionals to have no or little preparation on keep working after the end of the athletic period. This study focused on this transition, as many challenges faced by those athletes when leaving their higher performance activities are complex. In this context, the general goal of this study was to identify and analyze factors that influence the transition process by the end of the higher performance athlete\'s sport carrer. It aimed at understanding the characteristics of such factors and their resulting outputs and at relating the resulting career rated as \'positive\' with the characteristics of transition to retirement. In order to meet this goal, a qualitative research was conducted based on theoretical models of career transition to retirement: adapted models of Feldman and Beehr (2011) and of Hesketh, Griffin and Loh (2011), transition model of Nicholson (1990), and development model of Higgis and Kram (2001). The sample encompassed 13 former individual sport athletes--10 played the Olympic Games and 6 of which received medals--who have ended the athletic careers whitin the last ten years. In-depth interviews with 21 open questions were conducted in addition to secondary data colleted from the Internet. Data analysis was performed through content analysis. Regarding results, career transitions were well performed, as former athletes proceeded to activities both inside and outside the sport context. It is important to highlight that the career of a professional did not embrace only the Olympic career--which is encompassed within the athletic career--but also something more comprehensive--known as sport career--, when the athlete took on a new work activity. Another finding regards the objective and the subjective successful careers, as it was not expected that former athletes had higher earnings after the end of their athletic career. Moreover, it was not expected that they were satisfied both before and after the end of their athletic career. A strong development network--diverse or not--showed to be important for the transition process to be positive and such transition begun during the athletic career itself. Contributions of this study are directed to athletes, individuals belonging to their network, sport organizations, universities, Business researchers, and public policies managers.

This quantitative study deals with the transition from junior to senior sports comparing individual (ISA) and team (TSA) sports athletes in terms of: (a) differences between transition and personal variables, (b) relationships between transition and personal variables, (c) contributions of some transition and personal variables into the quality of adjustment on the senior level of sport. There were 195 participants, ISA (n = 49) and TSA (n = 146). Four instruments were used: the Transition Monitoring Survey, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and the Physical Self Perception Profile (revised). Thirty significant differences in the transition and personal variables were found. There was a common pattern in the correlations between transition and personal variables and specific patterns for ISA and TSA. Coping strategies, body attractiveness, athletic identity and physical self-value appeared to be predictors for the quality of adjustment for ISA and coping strategies, ego orientation and physical self-value for TSA. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical frameworks and previous research. / Den här kvantitativa studien handlar om övergången från junior till senior idrott och jämför individuella idrottare (II) och lag idrottare (LI) i: (a) skillnader i övergångs och personlighets variabler, (b) relationerna mellan övergångs och personlighets variabler, (c) hur några övergångs och personlighets variabler bidrar till idrottarnas anpassning till senior nivån. I studien deltog 195 idrottare, II (n = 49) och LI (n = 146). Fyra mätinstrument användes: Enkäten Karriärövergången från Junior- till Senioridrott, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and the Physical Self Perception Profile (revised). Trettio signifikanta skillnader i övergångs och personlighets variabler hittades. Det fanns ett gemensamt mönster i korrelationerna mellan övergångs och personlighets variablerna och de specifika monstrena för II och LI. Coping strategier, kroppsattraktivitet, idrottsidentitet och fysiskt självvärde verkade förutspå hur anpassade II var till senior nivån och coping strategier, ego motivation och fysiskt självvärde till hur anpassade LI var till senior nivån. Resultaten diskuterades med hjälp av teoretiskt referensram och tidigare forskning.

Relationen mellan tränare och aktiv idrottande individ är en viktig faktor för idrottsrelaterad framgång. Många forskare framhäver dess vikt och menar att det ibland är den mest avgörande faktorn. Vidare är det bevisat att engagemang är viktigt för individens idrottsrelaterade prestationer. Syftet med undersökningen är därför att undersöka huruvida relationen mellan tränare och aktiv idrottande individ har ett samband med individens engagemang och om det föreligger skillnader mellan lagidrott och individidrott. Kvantitativ datainsamlingsmetod användes och undersökningen gjordes på 108 stycken (79 pojkar och 29 flickor) unga tävlingsidrottare i åldern 15-18 år. Undersökningen är en tvärsnittsstudie med frågeformulär baserat på tidigare forskning. Analysen gjordes med korrelationsanalys, både för totala gruppen av respondenter och på de olika idrottstyperna individuell idrott (n=55) och lagidrott (n=53) samt genom en multipel regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade på ett positivt, medelstarkt samband där en förändring i engagemang kan förklaras av en förändring i relation till 20 procent. De starkast korrelerade faktorerna visade sig vara complementarity för relation och för engagemang visade undervariablerna framåtanda och hängivenhet starkast samband med relationen. Slutsatserna visade att det finns ett samband mellan relation och engagemang. Inga betydliga skillnader i total relation fanns i jämförelsen mellan individidrott och lagidrott, dock visade det sig att olika variabler korrelerar starkast beroende på idrottstyp. För lagidrott har självförtroende och för individidrott har hängivenhet starkast samband med total relation. Nivå har även betydelse för individens engagemang, högre nivå visade ett samband med högre engagemang. / The relation between a coach and an active athlete is, as many researchers postulated, a very important factor for success in sports. Sometimes even accentuated as the most important and crucial element. Researchers have earlier proven that engagement also is very important for the individual athletes‟ prosperity. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate the relationship and its influence to the individual athletes‟ engagement and if differences between team-sports and individual sports exists. 108 young Swedish competitive athletes (79 males and 29 females) in ages between 15-18 years were examined trough a quantitative cross-sectional study. The questionnaires used is based on earlier studies and developed by other recognized researchers. Analyze is based on correlation analysis, both as the whole group of respondents as one unit and the types of sports differentiated such as individual (n=55) and team (n=53) plus multiple regression analysis. Results revealed a positive medium strong relation with an explanation in change for engagement is explained by a change in relation to a value slightly overbearing twenty percent. The factors that incline to be, at total, strongest correlated to relation are vigor and dedication and the most important subcategory in relation appeared to be complementarity. The conclusion in this study is that coach-athlete relationship is related to engagement. No considerable differences arose for total relation in comparison between individual sports and team-sports. However, results revealed that different variables in engagement are implicated differently based on type of sport. For athletes active in team-sports is self-confidence and for individual athletes is dedication the most implicated variable. Levels of competition also showed to be related to engagement, higher level were related to engagement.

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka skillnader i elitidrottssatsande gymnasieungdomars attributionsstil vid motgång jämfört med framgång. I studien undersöktes skillnader mellan individuella- jämfört med lagidrotter samt skillnader mellan kvinnor och män. Totalt deltog 209 idrottare (76 kvinnor och 133 män), varav 85 individuella idrottare och 124 lagidrottare. Metoden bestod av en digital enkät uppbyggd på två situationer; en period av motgång och en period av framgång. För de båda situationerna mättes intern attribution, stabil attribution och upplevd påverkansgrad. Resultatet visade signifikanta skillnader mellan situationerna, där orsaksförklaringen vid framgång i högre grad beskrevs bero på utövaren själv (intern attribution) än vid motgång. Även graden av stabil attribution var högre vid framgång, alltså att orsaksförklaringen ansågs komma att bestå framöver. Vidare visade resultatet att män i högre utsträckning gör interna attributioner än vad kvinnor gör. Och slutligen påvisades att individuella idrottare i högre utsträckning använde sig av interna attributioner jämfört med lagidrottare och även att individuella idrottare upplever en högre grad av påverkan. / The aim of the study was to investigate differences in the attribution style of high school youth participating in elite sports in the event of adversity compared to success. The study examined differences between individual versus team sports as well as differences between women and men. A total of 209 athletes participated (76 women and 133 men), of which 85 were individual athletes and 124 were team athletes. The method consisted of a digital survey built on two situations; a period of adversity and a period of success. For both situations, internal attribution, stable attribution and perceived degree of influence were measured. The result showed significant differences between the situations, where the causal explanation in the case of success was described to a greater degree as being due to the practitioner himself (internal attribution) than in the case of failure. The degree of stable attribution was also higher in the case of success, meaning that the causal explanation was considered to persist in the future. Furthermore, the results showed that men more often use internal attributions, than woman do. And finally, it was shown that individual athletes used internal attributions to a greater extent compared to team athletes and also that individual athletes experience a higher degree of influence the situation.

Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti sporto agentų poreikį individualių sporto šakų sportininkams. Šiuolaikinio sporto rinkos, bei sportininko statuto analizavimas. Darbo objektas- sporto agentų poreikio vertinimas. Darbo autorius iškėlė prielaidą, kad Lietuvoje sporto agento profesija yra dar tik vystymosi stadijoje ir sporto rinkoje nėra jaučiamas agento poreikis. Buvo svarbu išsiaiškinti kokios yra tokios situacijos priežastys ir kokios galimos, būtinos priemonės suaktyvinti sporto agentų veiklą. Hipotezei pagrįsti iškelti uždaviniai: apibrėžti agento profesiją, išnagrinėti jo veiklą Lietuvoje, taip pat ištirti ar yra Lietuvoje individualių sporto šakų atletų, besinaudojančių sporto agentų paslaugomis, bei atskleisti sportininkų požiūrį į sporto agentą ir jo teikiamas paslaugas. Sporto agentų rinkai ištirti buvo pasirinkti šie metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa, bei statistinė analizė. Respondentų grupę sudarė 94 olimpinės rinktinės 1 grupės kandidatai. Gauti duomenys apdoroti statistinės analizės metodu. Darbą sudaro 3 skyriai. Pirmame skyriuje pa¬teikta trumpa agentų charakteristika bei jų klasifikavimas, atskleistos agento darbo rūšys ir sritys individualių sporto šakų atveju. Antrajame skyriuje aprašomos pagrindinės agentų funkcijos: informavimas, tar¬pininkavimas, konsultavimas, taip pat agento sutarties sąlygos. Trečiame skyriuje aprašomi agentų darbai, agento darbo tyrimas ir praktinė analizė, atliekant profesionalių sportininkų anketinę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this paper is to make the evaluation of the need for the agents to professional athlets in individual sports and to analyze the statue of contemporary sport and athlets. The work was based on a presumption, that the sports agent profession in Lithuania is in the initial stage and sport marked does not express a demand for professional agents. It was important to find out, what was the reasons for this situation and is there any medium, possible or necessary, to energise the work of sports agent. In order to validate the presuption the author set the task to define what sport agent profession means and to investigate his work in Lithuania. Moreover, to enquire is there any athlets in Lithuania who uses services of sport‘s agent and to find out what is athlet‘s personal attitude towards sport agent and their service. To investigate the market of sports agent these methods were chosen: analysis of scientific literature, questionnaire interview and statistic analysis. Respondent group was constituted of 94 olympis team members from first group candidate. Paper is made of four chapters. The first one gives a short characteristic and clasification of sport agent, describes the range of their practise in the case of personal sports. The second part describes the main functions of sport agent, like briefing, agency, consulting, also covenant of sport agent is given. The third chapter investigates activity of sport agent and presents practical analysis, which is... [to full text]

The diploma thesis gives the information of the preferences of locomotive activities at chosen groups of the students of South Bohemian University. The preferences of the students that study Physical Education have been compared to the preferences of the students of other pedagogical subjects and also the mutual comparison of locomotive activities of women and men has been done. The research has been performed in a questionnaire form. The results have shown that young people currently prefer both traditional sports, and new, modern kinds of sports, developed in the last ten years. These activities also reflect the development of the society and economics, and also technical possibilities in new sport facilities.

Prior to this thesis, there was a specialist course “Sport centre Za Lužánkami Brno”. This project was focused on planning of urbanism-architectural area with a mixture of renovated and new facilities with different functions for sport and leisure, together with professional sport opportunities. The emphasis was on collision-free paths for pedestrians and cyclists, clear transport links around the centre and terrain configuration of the area. The thesis follows on from this project, focusing on development between the hotel Bobycentrum in the South and the Lužánky swimming pool in the North. The idea of the proposal stems from the need to connect the development area to the existing network of pedestrian and cycle paths and the public transport system to minimise the use for individual car travel to the sport centre; and to connect existing and new facilities for leisure and sports. The Sport relax centre was designed with existing buildings in mind and partially follows their ground floor dimensions. The centre creates a barrier from the noisy and busy street and provides a calmer area for outdoor recreation. It fills a gap between the existing buildings and is encircled by a footpath at second level joining to the footbridges over Sportovní Street and the existing terrain in the north-western part. The footpath is ended by passageway between swimming pool and wellness centre. More and more people are looking for sport opportunities in cities however; there are still not enough quality grounds and facilities on offer. The facilities in this development are meant for regular trainings and recreation for the public, including parents with children, groups of friends as well as individual and team sports players, offering a range of day, evening and night activities both indoors and outdoors. Other facilities include outdoor changing rooms and sports equipment rental as well as spaces for meeting friends such as a restaurant, wellness and a dancing-hall.