Bakgrund: Inducerad abort är ett vanligt ingrepp och en beståndsdel i sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa och rättigheter [SRHR], vilket relaterar till mänskliga rättigheter. Rätten till trygg, säker och respektfull abort är en viktig fråga för jämställdhet och kvinnohälsa. Bemötandet från vårdpersonal kan påverka utfallet av omvårdnaden och därmed kvinnors hälsa. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av vårdpersonalens bemötande vid inducerad abort. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt tematisk analys av 10 vetenskapliga originalartiklar insamlade via databaserna CINAHL och PubMed samt sökverktyget Google Scholar. Resultat: Två teman identifierades: Mellanmänsklig relation samt Instrumentella behov. Resultatet visade att positiva interaktioner med vårdpersonal är centralt för att skapa en god vårdupplevelse. Empatiskt bemötande, psykosocialt stöd och adekvat information som utgår från individen gör att kvinnor känner sig sedda, hörda och trygga genom abortprocessen. Slutsats: Kvinnor som söker abort är i behov av omvårdnad som genomsyras av empatiskt bemötande och adekvat information utifrån individen. Vårdpersonalen behöver kliniska kunskaper, goda kommunikationsfärdigheter och en förmåga till personcentrerad omvårdnad. För att uppnå detta krävs stöd till personalen. Ytterligare forskning krävs kring både vårdpersonalens och de abortsökande kvinnornas behov för att uppnå målen om en god, säker och respektfull abortvård. / Background: Induced abortion is a common procedure and a component of sexual and reproductive health and rights [SRHR], which relates to human rights. The right to safe, secure and respectful abortion is an important issue for equality and women's health- The response of health professionals (HCP) can affect the outcome of care and thus women's health. Aim of the study: To describe women's experiences of how they are treated by HCP during induced abortion. Method: Literature review with qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis of 10 original scientific articles collected via the databases CINAHL, PubMed and Google Scholar.  Result: Two themes were identified: Interpersonal relationship and Instrumental needs. The results showed that positive interactions with HCP are central to creating a good healthcare experience, where empathic treatment, psychosocial support and adequate information based on the individual are central to women feeling seen, heard and safe through the abortion process. Conclusion: Women seeking need care characterized by empathy and adequate information based on the individual. HCP need clinical knowledge, good communication skills and an ability to provide person-centered care. To achieve this, support for staff is needed. Further research is suggested on the needs of both HCP and women seeking abortion to achieve the goals of good, safe and respectful abortion care.

Goal of this diploma thesis is to present trends of induced abortions attitudes towards abortion in four European countries at the end of 20th century and beginning of 21st century. At first, study mentions definitions and legislations related to induced abortions. Furthemore there is mentioned methodology which is used in this study. In this part issue of international comparison of induced abortion is emphasized. Introduction into matter of induced abortion is provided by next part and it includes continuity with anticonception. Afterthat analysis of induced abortions follows. There is briefly mentioned long-range development in the Czech Republic, France, Italy and Sweden and then scope is dedicated to induced abortion patterns by age of women. These trends are represented by rates and ratios. At the end of this part is mentioned average age of woman at induced abortion. On the basis of international survey European Values Study, was examined public attitude in chosen European countries towards induced abortions. Next to last part is devoted to this topic. At the beginning of this part are used variables and basic hypothesis. Respondent's attitudes are analysed not only by descriptive statistics but also by binary logistic regression and GLM. In conclusion are summarized the main findings of this diploma...

Bakgrund I Sverige genomförs ca 37 000 framkallade aborter/år. Orsaker till att kvinnor genomför en framkallad abort kan vara många. Framkallad abort är ett känsligt ämne där etik och moral oftast diskuteras. Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser i samband med en framkallad abort. Metoden som användes för studien var en allmän litteraturstudie. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar användes. Insamlat material analyserades med en induktiv ansats. Efter analys framkom två huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier. Resultat Resultatet visar att vid en framkallad abort är Behovet av att få stöd och Behovet att ha kontroll de två viktigaste behoven för kvinnan som funderar på att genomgå eller har genomgått en framkallad abort. Huvudkategorin Behovet av att få stöd har underkategorierna: Upplevelser av ångest, Upplevelser av sorg, skuld och skam. Huvudkategorin Behov av att ha kontroll har underkategorierna: Upplevelser av styrka, mognad och att ta ansvar, Upplevelser av lättnad, Upplevelser av obehag och rädsla och Upplevelser av besvikelse och förlust. Konklusion I studien framkommer att det är viktigt med gott bemötande och att stöd från både sjuksköterskan och närstående har en betydande roll. Behovet av kontroll är även en viktig faktor för kvinnan som sjuksköterskan kan bidra med. Beroende på hur väl dessa två behov tillgodoses kan olika upplevelser framkomma. Studien visar att det behövs mer forskning om kvinnors upplevelser i samband med en framkallad abort och vilka omvårdnadsinsatser som är viktiga. / Background In Sweden, approximately 37,000 induced abortions / year are carried out. Reasons for why women carry out an induced abortion can be many. Induced abortion is a sensitive subject where ethics and morals are usually discussed. Aim The aim of this study was to highlight women's experiences in connection with an induced abortion. Methods The metod used for the actual study was a general literature study. Both qualitative and quantitative articles were used. Collected material was analyzed with an inductive approach. Trough the analysis, two main categories and six subcategories emerged. Results The results show that when a woman thinking about undergoing or has undergone an induced abortion the need to receive support and the need to perceive controll is the two most important needs. Main category The need for support has subcategories: Experience of anxiety, Experience of sadness, guilt and shame. Main category Need for control has subcategories: Experience of strength, maturity and taking responsibility, Experience of relief, Experience of discomfort and fear and experience of disappointing and loss. Conclusion of this study reveals that it is important to have good treatment and having support from both nurses and related parties has a significant role. The need for control is also an important factor for the woman that the nurse can contribute to. Depending on how well these two needs are met, different experiences may emerge. The study shows that more research is needed on women's experiences in connection with an induced abortion and which nursing care are important.

Introdução: Em 2015, a infecção pelo zika começou a chamar a atenção de profissionais de saúde da região Nordeste. Apesar dos sintomas semelhantes aos da dengue, tratava-se de uma enfermidade que até então não estivera presente no território brasileiro. No segundo semestre de 2015, houve um aumento nos casos de microcefalia em recém-nascidos e com isso, pesquisadores descobriram que essa condição neurológica estava associada à infecção pelo referido vírus em gestantes. Desta forma, a gravidez em tempos de zika tornou-se uma preocupação para mulheres. Vivenciar uma gestação nestas condições poderia resultar em sofrimento mental para as mulheres, principalmente ao considerar que as áreas mais afetadas pela epidemia são marcadas por vulnerabilidades econômicas e sociais. Grupos e instituições que defendem o direito ao aborto nos casos de infecção pelo zika colocam seus argumentos em circulação na esfera pública, ao mesmo tempo em que atores com posicionamento contrário procuram defender seus discursos. Objetivos: Buscou-se mapear a controvérsia em torno do zika e a interrupção da gravidez para gestantes infectadas pelo vírus em dois jornais brasileiros, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, envolvendo análise documental de notícias. Foram selecionados textos jornalísticos do período de novembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. Por meio da Teoria Ator-Rede de Latour, buscou-se mapear a controvérsia sobre o direito ao aborto para gestantes infectadas pelo zika, identificando os atores e os argumentos que a compõem, por meio da elaboração de categorias de análise. Resultados e discussão: Observou-se que os atores que se posicionaram diante do problema foram médicos, pesquisadores, representantes da esfera jurídica, representantes governamentais, movimentos sociais, organismos internacionais e grupos religiosos. Os argumentos favoráveis recorrentes foram a gravidade da microcefalia, negligência do Estado, sofrimento das mulheres atingidas pela epidemia, defesa da descriminalização do aborto. Enquanto que os argumentos contrários se concentraram na incerteza sobre a relação causal entre zika e microcefalia e o valor da vida humana. Além disso, a presença de vozes das mulheres afetadas pela epidemia foi menor em relação aos outros atores. Considerações finais: O debate sobre a relação entre o vírus e o direito ao aborto foi perdendo força após o ano de 2016, porém reacendeu o debate do aborto. O zika pode ser um objeto adequado para refletir como a comunidade médica e de pesquisadores constroem controvérsias nos veículos midiáticos, bem como outros atores envolvidos no tema, como movimentos sociais, grupos religiosos, representantes governamentais, jurídicos, organismos internacionais. No entanto, nos veículos de comunicação, há uma hegemonia do discurso científico, enquanto que as vozes das mulheres não ecoam neste meio. / Introduction: In 2015, the zika infection began to catch the attention of health professionals in the Northeast region. Despite the symptoms similar to those of dengue, it was a disease that had not been present in Brazil until then. In the second half of 2015, there was an increase in the cases of microcephaly in newborns and with that, researchers found that this neurological condition was associated with the infection by said virus in pregnant women. In this way, pregnancy in times of zika has become a concern for women. Experiencing a pregnancy in these conditions could result in mental suffering for women, especially considering that the areas most affected by the epidemic are marked by economic and social vulnerabilities. Groups and institutions that defend the right to abortion in cases of zika infection place their arguments in the public sphere, while opposing actors try to defend their speeches. Objectives: We aimed to map the controversy around zika and the interruption of pregnancy to pregnant women infected by the virus in two Brazilian newspapers, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo. Methodology: This is a qualitative research, involving documentary analysis of news. Journalistic texts were selected from November 2015 to December 2017. Through the Latour Actor-Network Theory, we tried to map the controversy over the right to abortion for pregnant women infected with zika, identifying the actors and the arguments that the compose, through the elaboration of categories of analysis. Results and discussion: It was observed that the actors who posed the problem were doctors, researchers, legal representatives, government representatives, social movements, international organizations and religious groups. Favorable arguments were the seriousness of microcephaly, neglect of the State, the suffering of women affected by the epidemic, and the defense of the decriminalization of abortion. While the opposing arguments focused on uncertainty about the causal relationship between zika and microcephaly and the value of human life. In addition, the voices of the women affected by the epidemic were lower than the other actors. Final Considerations: The debate over the relationship between the virus and the right to abortion was losing strength after 2016, but it rekindled the abortion debate. The zika can be an appropriate object to reflect how the medical community and researchers construct controversies in the media vehicles, as well as other actors involved in the theme, such as social movements, religious groups, government representatives, jurists, international organizations. However, in the media, there is a hegemony of scientific discourse, while the voices of women do not echo in media vehicles.

Essa pesquisa trata das múltiplas relações de poder entre corpo e espaço, em diferentes escalas, envolvidas na prática de interrupção voluntária da gravidez. A criminalização do aborto provocado não impede que milhares de procedimentos clandestinos sejam realizados anualmente no Brasil. A ilegalidade contribui para a insegurança da prática, constituindo um problema de saúde pública porque coloca em risco a vida das mulheres. Contra essa situação, movimentos feministas vêm lutando pelo aborto legal e seguro em nome da saúde, dos direitos sexuais e (não) reprodutivos e da autonomia corporal das mulheres. Nesse contexto, o estudo buscou compreender como as práticas de aborto provocado envolvem múltiplas escalas territoriais de poder e resistência, procurando responder três questões centrais: No que consiste a prática de aborto provocado? Como as relações entre corpo e espaço podem ser evidenciadas a partir de uma perspectiva escalar dessa prática? E, nesse sentido, como o corpo pode constituir uma escala de resistência? Para dar conta da proposta, o referencial teórico-metodológico apoiou-se, sobretudo, nas correntes feministas da Geografia que entendem que o espaço não é neutro do ponto de vista das relações hierárquicas de gênero e em abordagens territoriais multiescalares. ( Continua) As estratégias de investigação incluíram coleta de dados realizada por meio de uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de nove entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com mulheres brasileiras, entre 24 e 38 anos de idade, que tiveram pelo menos uma experiência de aborto clandestino. O tratamento dos dados consistiu na transcrição das entrevistas, categorização e análise de conteúdo. O estudo mostrou que a prática de aborto provocado consiste em um tema complexo, que envolve aspectos jurídicos, médicos, religiosos, econômicos e emocionais. Além disso, com a restrição do aborto seguro, feito em ambiente hospitalar, a apenas três situações previstas em lei (estupro, risco de vida para a mulher e anencefalia do feto), as mulheres acabam recorrendo às clínicas clandestinas ou ainda ao aborto caseiro, provocado com medicamentos adquiridos no mercado ilegal. Assim, as práticas clandestinas e as lutas pela descriminalização do aborto analisadas ao longo do estudo são exemplos de resistência e subversão às normas estabelecidas, reforçando a afirmação de que o corpo pode constituir espaços de resistência. / This research deals with the multiple relations of power between body and space, at different scales, involving the practice of voluntary termination of pregnancy. The criminalization of induced abortion does not prevent thousands of clandestine procedures from being performed annually in Brazil. Illegality contributes to insecurity in the practice and constitutes a public health problem. Against this situation, feminist movements have been fighting for legal and safe abortion in the name of the health, the sexual and (non) reproductive rights and the women's bodily autonomy. In this context, the study looked at how abortion practices involve multiple territorial scales of power and resistance, trying to answer three main questions: What is the practice of induced abortion? How can the relations between body and space be evidenced from a scalar perspective of this practice? And, in that sense, how can the body constitute a scale of resistance? In order to achieve this proposition, the theoretical-methodological reference was based, above all, on the feminist currents of Geography, which understand that space is not neutral from the point of view of hierarchical gender relations, and in multi scalar territorial approaches Research strategies included data collection carried out through an extensive bibliographical and documentary research, in addition to semi-structured interviews with nine Brazilian women, between 24 and 38 years of age, who has, at least, one experience of clandestine abortion. Data processing consisted in transcription of the interviews, categorization and content analysis. The study showed that the practice of induced abortion consists of a complex matter that involves legal, medical, religious, economic and emotional aspects. In addition, with the safe abortion (made in a hospital environment) legal restrictions to only three situations (rape, risks to the woman’s life and anencephaly), women resort to clandestine clinics and/or to drugs purchased in the illegal market. Thus, both clandestine practices and struggles for the decriminalization of abortion analyzed throughout the study are examples of resistance and subversion to established norms, reinforcing our statement that the body can constitute spaces of resistance.

<p>Bakgrund: Den svenska abortlagen från 1 januari 1975, ger den gravida kvinnan rätt att själv bestämma om hon vill avbryta graviditeten. Mannens roll och behov nämns inte alls.</p><p>Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors och mäns upplevelser och behov av stöd under abortprocessen.</p><p>Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med 16 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och kvalitetsgranskades.</p><p>Resultat: Litteraturstudien visade på abortupplevelsen som en jobbig period i livet men det resulterade även i en beslutsamhet och mognad.</p><p>Diskussion: Resultatet tyder på att det är nödvändigt att få en ökad förståelse för den individuella vårdtagarens behov och förväntningar av vården och behandlingen. För att få en förståelse för mångsidigheten i abortsituationen bör man synliggöra både mannens och kvinnans delaktighet.</p><p>Konklusion: Männens upplevelser av abortprocessen är föga outforskade. Sjuksköterskans roll i processen är betydelsefull och därför är det oerhört viktigt att personalen innehar kunskap och intresse att kunna bemöta dessa patienter.</p>

Bakgrund: Den svenska abortlagen från 1 januari 1975, ger den gravida kvinnan rätt att själv bestämma om hon vill avbryta graviditeten. Mannens roll och behov nämns inte alls. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors och mäns upplevelser och behov av stöd under abortprocessen. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med 16 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och kvalitetsgranskades. Resultat: Litteraturstudien visade på abortupplevelsen som en jobbig period i livet men det resulterade även i en beslutsamhet och mognad. Diskussion: Resultatet tyder på att det är nödvändigt att få en ökad förståelse för den individuella vårdtagarens behov och förväntningar av vården och behandlingen. För att få en förståelse för mångsidigheten i abortsituationen bör man synliggöra både mannens och kvinnans delaktighet. Konklusion: Männens upplevelser av abortprocessen är föga outforskade. Sjuksköterskans roll i processen är betydelsefull och därför är det oerhört viktigt att personalen innehar kunskap och intresse att kunna bemöta dessa patienter.

Bakgrund: Internationellt existerar fortfarande illegala aborter med kvinnans hälsa, och i somliga fall liv, som insats. Inom gynekologisk vård i Sverige arbetar allmänsjuksköterskor vilka vars arbetsuppgifter bland annat består av att vårda kvinnor som genomgår inducerade aborter. Deras arbete vilar på den svenska abortlagens bestämmelser om kvinnans rätt till fri abort samt den övergripande hälso- och sjukvårdslagen. Allmänsjuksköterskor har fått en mer framträdande roll i arbetet med inducerade aborter i takt med den ökade användningen av den medicinskt inducerade aborten. I sitt arbete ställs sjuksköterskorna inför specifika arbetsuppgifter vilka kan tyckas påfrestande. Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen kräver vård på lika villkor och ett mål om god hälsa, detta gäller även sjuksköterskors arbete. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda kvinnor som genomgår en inducerad abort. Metod: En litteraturöversikt bestående av tio vetenskapliga studier, varav åtta av dessa var av kvalitativ ansats. Litteratursökning utfördes huvudsakligen i vårdvetenskapliga databaser. Dataanalysen genomfördes med textanalys och resulterade i sju centrala teman. Resultat: Resultatet visade att flertalet sjuksköterskor stöttade kvinnans rätt till abort, men trots detta kantades tillvaron av varierande attityder gentemot kvinnan och hennes beslut om abort. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde omvårdnaden som krävande samt förekomst av moraliska dilemman och etisk stress. Att ha ett professionellt förhållningssätt och en icke-dömande attityd var viktiga inslag i arbetet. Sjuksköterskorna efterlyste handledning och utbildning samt ett reflekterande arbetsklimat som ett medel för att uppnå och bevara sin egen hälsa på arbetsplatsen. Diskussion: En tolkning av resultatet utfördes utifrån Hesook Suzie Kims Human Living Concept. Diskussion fördes hur vårdrelationen påverkas av sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta med inducerade aborter samt sjuksköterskors behov av reflektion, handledning och utbildning på arbetsplatsen. / Background: From an international perspective women are still subject to illegal abortions, putting their health, and in some cases their life, at risk. In gynecological care in Sweden nurses duties consists, amongst others, of caring for women undergoing induced abortion. Their work is based on the swedish abortion law on women's right to abortion aswell as the health care law. Nurses have been given a more prominent role regarding induced abortions in pace with the increasing use of the medically induced abortion. In this work, the nurses are exposed to specific tasks which can seem demanding. The health care law requires care on equal terms, and a goal of good health, this should also apply to the nurses’ work. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for women undergoing induced abortion. Methods: A literature review consisting of ten scholarly articles, eight of which were of a qualitative approach. Literature searches were primarly conducted in health science databases. Data analysis was performed with text analysis and resulted in seven key themes. Results: The results showed that the majority of nurses supported the woman's right to abortion. Despite this, differing attitudes existed towards the women and their decisions on abortion. The nurses felt that caring was demanding and pointed out the existence of moral dilemmas and ethical stress. A professional approach and a non-judgmental attitude were important elements in the work. The nurses called for supervision and education, and a reflective working climate as a means of achieving and maintaining their own health in the workplace. Discussions: Interpretation of the results was performed using Hesook Suzie Kim's Human Living Concept. Discussion reflected on how the care relationship is affected by the nurses’ experiences of working with induced abortions and nurses’ need of reflection, supervision and training in the workplace.

Theoretical framework: The Theory of Human Caring by Jean Watson was used as a theoretical framework. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe the attitude of nursing patients who go through an induced abortion, from a nurse perspective. Method: This literature review is based on a sample of nine qualitative and quantitative studies, collected in the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo. The qualities of the studies were assessed through modified templates. Analysis of the results from the studies was inspired of a content analysis. Findings: The nurses experienced their work as meaningful since they give support to the patient. The nurses felt that their work was justified when the decision to have an abortion was well thought through and they felt respect towards the patient when they were aware of the patient’s circumstances. The nurses experienced stress and emotional impact when they faced ethical dilemmas and contradictions to abortion. Conclusion: Nurses experience can affect how patients experience care. Many nurses feel that they do not get enough support to handle difficult situations that they encounter in their work. Nurses who experience a high level of support in the workplace perceive tasks as less demanding what leads to better treatment.

Background: According to the Swedish Social Board induced abortions are increasing in the modern day society. Nurses who work with in the gynecological department can come across patients seeking care for an induced abortion. Theoretical framework: The findings of the study will be discussed in relation to Peplau's nursing theory, ethical concepts and nursing concepts. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to illuminate the experiences of nurses working with induced abortion. Method: A systematic literature review with an inductive approach was chosen. The findings are based on seven qualitative and two quantitative studies. The articles were assessed through two different modified templates based on qualitative or quantitative design. Findings: Nurses and midwives experienced their work with induced abortions as emotionally stressful. However, it was highlighted that all women have the right whether to choose abortion or to proceed with the pregnancy. Difficulties were identified in coping with abortion work. Such difficulties could easily occur when ethical dilemmas were caused by religion, personal values and experiences. Several coping strategies were identified. However, nurses and midwives aired their views concerning the need of more support from colleagues and the department head. Conclusion: It is clear that nurses are in need of assistance in various forms to ventilate and manage their emotions, in order to promote the professional approach and be able to offer a patient-centered care.