This thesis presents an osteoarchaeological analysis of juvenile mortality profiles questioning the speculations made by some archaeologists that the under-representation of infants from Anglo-Saxon and medieval burial populations could be due to the practice of infanticide in England during these periods. Morphological and metrical age estimation and sex assessment methods are used to determine the age-at-death and sex of 1275 children from fifty-three Anglo-Saxon and medieval sites located in southern England. The age and sex distribution of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval children under six-years-old are then compared with age-specific United Nations demographic statistics see to whether or not a normative mortality profile is presented by the archaeological populations. This study identified an abnormal age-at-death distribution for the early Anglo-Saxon perinatal individuals. Excess female mortality was observed for the perinatal individuals from all three periods; early Anglo-Saxon, late Anglo-Saxon and medieval, and for the neonatal and infant individuals from the early Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods. The results of this osteoarchaeological analysis are discussed in conjunction with a review of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval documentary evidence which examines the possible social and economic motives for infanticide. Whilst this analysis of the historical sources revealed laws and penitentiary warnings against the neglect and deliberate murder of infants, the late Anglo-Saxon and medieval documents provided little evidence to suggest the social devaluation of women that would support a hypothesis of preferential female infanticide. There are few surviving early Anglo-Saxon documents however, so the significance of the abnormal mortality profiles from this period is considered. / Arts and Humanities Research Council

No description available.

As ecosystems become increasingly fragmented, there has been a proliferation of research into fields such as resource use, movement ecology and habitat connectivity. To understand how species may adapt to threats associated with habitat fragmentation it is necessary to study these processes in dispersing individuals. However, this is seldom done. Dispersal is one of the most important life-history traits involved in species persistence and evolution, but the consequences of dispersal are determined primarily by those that survive to reproduce. Although dispersal is most effectively studied as a three-stage process (departure, transience and settlement), empirical studies rarely do so and an investigation into the entire process has probably never been carried out on any one species. Here I investigate the survival, resource use, movement ecology and connectivity of African lions (Panthera leo) in all three dispersal phases in addition to adulthood. I make use of a longterm dataset incorporating radio-telemetry and observational data from lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Dispersal is inherently risky and my results show that male lions that disperse while young suffer high mortality, young dispersal being brought about by high off-take of territorial males. Dispersing males may be aware of risks associated with territorial adults as they position themselves far from them and utilise habitats and resources differently. However, dispersers, compared to adult males and females, are far less averse of risky, anthropogenic landscapes, suggesting they are the demographic most prone to human-lion conflict. The ontogenetic movement behaviour of lions reflects a transition from directional movement during transience, suggestive of sequential search strategies, to random or periodic use of a fixed territory after settlement. In terms of habitat connectivity, I show that radically different conclusions emerge depending on which demographic is used to parameterise connectivity models. Understanding the shifting mechanisms that species adopt throughout ontogeny is critical to their conservation in an increasingly fragmented world.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:15:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSANGELA TORQUATO FERNANDES.pdf: 270643 bytes, checksum: a3e067dfdb94a7262b233e795b3a592b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-18 / Descriptive qualitative study aiming at understanding the social representations of mothers of premature babies when abandoning them. We presumed, in the present study, that preterm babies are more likely to be discarded due to the mothers early estrangement, prolonged hospital staying, and because of the increased rates of comorbidity. The research was undertaken in the neonatology sector, Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU)), Mother Baby Unit (UMB) and ambulatory segment of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão Infant Maternal Unit. The project was carried out after approval by the Research Ethics Board. Mother of preterm baby being treated at the NICU was the inclusion criterion. Mothers of infants with malformation and those whose babies had suffered anoxia were excluded from the study. Our sampling followed the qualitative methodology criteria of field saturation with 12 participating mothers. The data were collected in the period of September 2007 and March 2008, and for such, instrument triangulation was used: reading of social cards from newborn medical records, semi-structured interviews with the mothers, and observation at the moment of the interviews, and focus group. The data management were based on basics of the content analysis method in the thematic analysis modality. Among the results, it is highlighted that the representation of mothers on the subject undergoes changes consistent with the period of the baby s hospitalization. It is not possible to talk about the subject initially, that only happens when in group in the segment ambulatory. They bear the necessity of being motherly in order to learn to care for their infant. The mother being abandoned by her mate and her family, as well as economical status, are risk factors for a mother abandoning her infant. In conclusion, we draw attention to the need of a support network made up by professionals, mates, and the family in such a maternal fragility moment, where that protection starts during prenatal care lasting up to the puerperal period. With the protection those mothers may overcome the fear, the guilt and empower themselves in the baby s care contributing to not neglecting their care. / Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como objetivo compreender as representações sociais das mães de bebês prematuros e o abandono desses. Nesse estudo, partimos do pressuposto de que os bebês prematuros estão mais expostos a serem abandonados, devido ao afastamento precoce das mães, longo tempo de internação e devido aos elevados índices de co-morbidades por elas apresentadas. A pesquisa foi realizada no setor da neonatologia, nos espaços da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN), Unidade Mãe Bebê (UMB) e ambulatório segmento do HU-UFMA Unidade Materno-Infantil. O projeto só foi executado após aprovação do comitê de ética em pesquisa. Como critério de inclusão, foi adotado ser mãe de prematuro cujo bebê estivesse na UTIN. Foram consideradas fora do trabalho as mães de bebês mal formados e mães cujos bebês tenham sofrido anóxia. Nossa amostra seguiu os critérios da metodologia qualitativa de saturação de campo, participando 12 mães. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de setembro 2007 a março 2008. Para isso, utilizamos a triangulação de instrumentos: leitura das fichas sociais localizadas nos prontuários dos RN, entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as mães e observação no momento das entrevistas e grupo focal. O tratamento dos dados baseou-se em princípios do método de análise de conteúdo na modalidade de análise temática. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se que a representação das mães, sobre o tema, vai sofrendo modificações, conforme o período da internação do bebê. No início, não é possível falar sobre o assunto, o que só ocorrerá em grupo, no ambulatório de segmento. As mães demonstram a necessidade de serem maternadas para aprender a cuidar. O abandono da mãe pelo companheiro e pela família e condições econômicas são fatores de risco para uma mãe abandonar um filho. Em termos de conclusão, ressalta-se a necessidade de uma rede de suporte constituída pelos profissionais, pelo companheiro e a família, nesse momento de fragilidade materna. Essa proteção deve iniciarse no pré-natal e se estender ao longo do período puerperal. Só a partir dessa proteção, essas mães vão poder resignificar o medo, a culpa e se empoderar nos cuidados com o bebê.

Cette thèse traite de l'application de l'outil moléculaire pour la gestion, la conservation et la compréhension de la biologie et du comportement des espèces animales. Nous avons étudié l'ours brun (Ursus arctos) en tant qu'espèce modèle et la population d'ours bruns de Scandinavie en tant que cas d'étude. La première partie de cette thèse est une partie méthodologique, dans laquelle nous avons développé des aspects techniques en biologie moléculaire et en analyse de parenté. La seconde partie concerne l'application de ces outils moléculaires pour estimer les tailles de population et comprendre les systèmes d'appariement.<br /> Les méthodes non invasives sont de plus en plus utilisées en génétique des populations car elles ne nécessitent pas la manipulation ni le dérangement de l'animal étudié et sont particulièrement recommendabls pour l'étude des populations en danger d'extinction. Cependant, l'ADN extrait de ce type d'échantillons, tels que poils ou fèces, est en général dégradé et/ou en faible quantité, ce qui peut conduire à des erreurs de génotypage. Dans le but d'accroître la qualité et quantité de l'extrait d'ADN, nous avons mis au point une métode PCR (polymerase chain reaction) en deux étapes (“multiplex pre-amplification”). Cette méthode a été testée sur différentes espèces et, en comparaison avec une approche PCR conventionnelle, a permis d'améliorer l'amplification d'ADN et de diminuer le taux d'erreur. Pour amplifier plus spécifiquement l'ADN à partir d'échantillons non invasifs d'ours brun, nous avons également défini de nouvelles amorces microsatellites ainsi qu'un marqueur de sexe spécifique, et combiné une PCR en nid avec la méthode “multiplex pre-amplification”. Ces nouvelles approches peuvent être transposées à d'autres espèces pour lesquelles les méthodes conventionnelles ne sont pas appropriées à cause d'une faible quantité/qualité d'ADN. <br />Les erreurs de génotypage sont un sujet « tabou » dans les études de génétique des populations, malgré leur incidence dans la plupart des jeux de données et le biais qu'elles peuvent causer dans l'interprétation des résultats. Nous avons considéré quatre cas d'étude représentant une large variété d'investigations en génétique des populations, pour détecter les erreurs de génotypage et identifier leurs causes. Dans ces jeux de données, le taux d'erreur estimé variait de 0.8% à 2.6% , selon l'organisme étudié et le marqueur utilisé. Les sources d'erreur principales étaient les pertes d'allèles pour les microsatellites et les différences d'intensité de pics pour les AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), ainsi que des erreurs d'origine humaine dans les deux cas. Nous présentons des suggestions pour limiter et quantifier les erreurs de génotypage à chaque étape du processus et recommandons le report systématique du taux d'erreur dans les études de génétique des populations. <br />Les analyses de parenté basées sur les génotypes multilocus sont largement utilisées pour estimer les succès reproducteurs, les appariements et la fitness dans les populations naturelles. Les approches proposées sont basées sur des estimations du maximum de vraisemblance ou des inférences Bayésiennes et restent en général assez théoriques et difficiles à appliquer pour les biologistes. Il existe un réel manque de logiciels capables de considérer plusieurs générations d'individus et permettant la détermination des deux parents sans hypothèse à priori. Le logiciel PARENTE, que nous avons développé, détermine les maternités, paternités ou les deux parents simultanément, basé sur la compatibilité des génotypes multilocus (marqueurs diploïdes codominants) et des dates de naissance et de mort des individus (si disponibles). Ce logiciel calcule également la probabilité de parenté à partir des fréquences alléliques, du taux d'échantillonnage de la population et du taux d'erreur de génotypage. <br />Les estimations de taille de population sont essentielles pour la bonne gestion et conservation des espèces. Cependant, de manière générale, peu d'études évaluent la précision des estimations obtenues. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, comparé quatre estimateurs de taille de population, basés sur des méthodes génétiques non invasives. Deux méthodes utilisaient des indices de raréfaction et deux étaient basées sur des estimateurs de capture-marquage-recapture (CMR). Au total, 1904 fèces d'ours bruns ont été collectés sur deux années consécutives sur le terrain (49 000-km2 en Suède centrale). Les estimations variaient de 378 à 572 ours en 2001 et de 273 à 433 ours en 2002, selon l‘estimateur utilisé. La détermination d'une taille de population minimale obtenue à partir de données de radio-télémétrie nous a permis de conclure que l'estimation donnée par une des méthodes de CMR était la plus précise. Cet estimateur incluait une hétérogénéité et une variation temporelle dans les probabilités de détection, ce qui paraissait réaliste dans notre échantillonnage. Deuxièmement, nous avons évalué la fiabilité de trois méthodes de terrain traditionnelles en comparaison avec la méthode génétique la plus performante, dans une aire d'étude plus réduite (7 328-km2). Les trois méthodes de terrain tendaient à sous-estimer la taille de population ; la méthode génétique paraissait être la plus exacte. Nous avons conclu qu'environ 550 (482-648) ours étaient présents dans l'aire de 49 000-km2 et 223 (188-282) ours étaient présents dans l'aire de 7 328-km2. Nous suggérons que la population d'ours a atteint une densité de saturation dans l'aire centrale et disperse à présent sur les bords de cette aire centrale. Une analyse en termes de coûts/bénéfices a démontré que la méthode génétique était moins onéreuse que la méthode de terrain la plus fiable. De plus, elle est préférable d'un point de vue éthique. En conclusion, nous recommandons l'utilisation de méthodes génétiques basées sur un principe de CMR, pour estimer les tailles de population sur de larges aires. Nous insistons sur l'importance d'un effort d'échantillonnage adéquat et, en cas d'échantillonnage biaisé, nous conseillons le calibrage avec des estimations indépendantes, si possible. Nous recommandons La collecte d'un nombre d'échantillons supérieur de 2,5 à 3 fois le nombre « présumé » d'animaux. Ces études ont également confirmé que la gestion actuelle de la population d'ours a été bénéfique et que cette population est actuellement dans un bon statut de conservation.<br />La connaissance des systèmes d'appariement est importante dans la compréhension de la sélection naturelle. Nous avons étudié deux aspects majeurs du système d'appariement de l'ours brun : les stratégies d'appariement employées par les deux sexes en relation avec l'infanticide sexuellement sélectionné (SSI) et la sélection du partenaire par la femelle. L'infanticide, le meurtre de jeunes non sevrés, peut être considéré comme sexuellement sélectionné si les trois conditions suivantes sont réunies : i) l'infanticide réduit le délai du prochain oestrus de la femelle ; ii) le mâle commettant l'infanticide n'est pas le père des jeunes tués ; iii) le mâle commettant l'infanticide produit la portée suivante de la femelle. Nous avons documenté huit cas d'infanticide sur le terrain. A partir d'observations et d'échantillons collectés sur sites, nous avons vérifié que les trois conditions pour le SSI étaient vérifiées. Cela suggère que le SSI pourrait être une stratégie adaptative pour le mâle chez ce carnivore non social. Contrairement aux espèces sociales où les mâles immigrants tuent les jeunes, la plupart des mâles commettant l'infanticide étaient résidents chez les ours scandinaves. Ceci implique qu'ils sont capables de différencier leurs propres jeunes des jeunes non apparentés, probablement en reconnaissant les femelles avec lesquelles ils se sont accouplés l'année précédente. De plus, nous avons démontré génétiquement un minimum de 14.5% de paternités multiples (28% pour les portées de 3 jeunes ou plus). La promiscuité des femelles, dans le but de confondre les paternités, pourrait donc être une contre-stratégie adaptative pour éviter le SSI. D'autre part, nous avons évalué sur quels critères les femelles ours bruns sélectionnaient leur partenaire reproductif. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les femelles pourraient faire face à un dilemme: soit choisir un partenaire de bonne qualité d'un point de vue phénotypique, comme suggéré par les théories de choix du partenaire, soit s'accoupler avec des mâles susceptibles de commettre l'infanticide l'année suivante, c'est à dire les plus proches géographiquement. Nous avons conclu que les femelles sélectionnaient significativement les mâles les plus proches mais aussi les plus hétérozygotes, les plus gros et les plus âgés. Nous suggérons que les femelles ours s'accouplent avec les mâles les plus proches comme contre-stratégie au SSI et exercent un choix post-copulatoire du partenaire reproducteur, basé sur des critères morphologiques tels qu'une large taille corporelle, ou sur des critères de statut de dominance, reflétant la qualité génétique du mâle.

ATAYDE, Marla Albuquerque. Mulheres infanticidas: o crime de infanticídio na Cidade de Fortaleza na primeira metade do Século XX. 2007. 257f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-28T14:00:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_MAAtayde.pdf: 31433297 bytes, checksum: 819f0986b73aa101ebafc9ae460a2c62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-20T14:20:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_MAAtayde.pdf: 31433297 bytes, checksum: 819f0986b73aa101ebafc9ae460a2c62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-20T14:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_MAAtayde.pdf: 31433297 bytes, checksum: 819f0986b73aa101ebafc9ae460a2c62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The main point of this research is to analyze the practice of the crime of Infanticide in the city of Fortaleza in the first half of Century XX. We have as starting point, the process-crime, which they are historical object, the "women infanticides" that will provide quite information to the analyze of this project. In the process-crime of Infanticide, we will find women who had killed their own children, at the birth moment. Beyond the criminal proceedings, we have the notice of Infanticide published at local newspaper. With these elements, we face with some questions, such as: Infanticide category, while crime, is a social definition, being able to have various definitions depending on the regulation spaces of the environment. Like Brazilian Legislation in its criminal statutes considered the fact of the woman to kill her proper son. As they are composed, in its narratives and infanticides were explained by the "women infanticides" the reasons for the commitment of the crime, analyzing as they were judged, observing questions, as the defense of the proper honor, the puerperal state and social-economic factor. As they had been analyzed, by the Medical Knowledge the cases of Infanticide. As the crimes of Infanticide and the women who had committed them they were written in the Newspaper of the city. The investments had been given, especially from Periodicals, in relation to the naturalization of the maternal love and the valuation of the child. As "women infanticides" had been given to the relations among the neighbors, family and witnesses. As it seemed to be essential, the occultation of the pregnancy and the just-been born one. Finally, analyzing the processes of choices that triggered in crimes of these women, we perceive as, many times, honor if it confused with survival. / O objetivo central desta pesquisa é analisar a prática do crime de Infanticídio na cidade de Fortaleza na primeira metade do Século XX. Para tanto, temos como ponto de partida os processos-crime dos quais são sujeitos históricos, as “mulheres infanticidas,” que darão corpo, a essa análise. Nos processos-crime de Infanticídio, encontraremos mulheres que mataram seus próprios filhos no momento do parto. Aliado, aos Processos Criminais, temos as notícias de Infanticídio veiculadas nos Jornais da cidade. Com esses elementos, percebemos várias questões, entre elas: como a categoria Infanticídio, enquanto crime, é uma definição social podendo ter definições variáveis dependendo dos espaços de regulação do meio. Como a Legislação Brasileira em seus estatutos penais considerou o fato da mulher matar o próprio filho. Como se constituíam em suas narrativas e eram explicados pelas “mulheres infanticidas” os motivos para o cometimento do crime, analisando como elas eram julgadas, observando questões, como a defesa da própria honra, o estado puerperal e fatores sócio-econômicos. Como foram analisados pelo Conhecimento Médico os casos de Infanticídio. Como os crimes de Infanticídio e as mulheres que os cometeram apareciam narrados nos Jornais da cidade. Como se deram os investimentos, especialmente a partir dos Jornais, em relação à naturalização do amor materno e a valorização da criança. Como se deram às relações entre as “mulheres infanticidas” e os vizinhos, família e testemunhas; como parecia ser imprescindível, a ocultação da gravidez e do recém-nascido. Por fim, analisando os processos de escolhas que desencadearam em crimes de Infanticídio para essas mulheres percebemos como, muitas vezes, honra se confundiu com sobrevivência.

I initially explored historic figures of European accoucheur of the 17. and 18. century. Beyond this I focused on a period called "Pobělohorská" in Czech countries. I summarized the health conditions of the population during this period, and described medical professions, midwifery and emergency Christening ceremonies. One chapter discusses partnerships and considers women who hid their pregnancy to avoid the prospect of caring for their children in the future. For this reason I present questions relating to how women hid their pregnancy during the Early Modern period. In the next chapter I discuss aspects of the process of giving birth, the locations where women gave birth and the moments thereafter. I present the circumstances of the death of the baby and the possible causes of death. The process of investigation of the scene, an assessment of the body and the search for the mother of the baby (as a potential murderer) are all considered. The assessment of the body was in the hands of the regional physiciusurgeon and a midwife. In my work I describe how the body was assessed, how they judged the maturity of the newborn baby and if the baby was born dead or alive. Further chapters explain the treatment of the umbilical cord, the inquisition of the witnesses and the suspect, and the next steps of...

Orientador: Jorge Sidney Coli Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T20:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulitsch_ViviandaSilva_D.pdf: 19154700 bytes, checksum: 1fc2727325ff96d4ed507b69e374ed84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese constitui uma pesquisa em história da arte, relativamente ao tríptico intitulado La Faiseuse D'Anges (A fazedora de anjos), de autoria do artista brasileiro e filho de imigrantes alemães, Pedro Weingärtner (1853-1929). É objetivo geral desta tese relacionar, analisar e propor uma leitura crítica acerca dos aspectos picturais, sociais, culturais e historiográficos das representações constantes no tríptico, integrante do acervo da Pinacoteca de São Paulo. O artista percebe a mulher como o centro da sociedade - um pilar - e o lugar capital do casamento em sua vida, como fator de reconhecimento. A injunção desse status quo está nos detalhes dos objetos e da cena de carnaval e dos interiores que Weingärtner propositalmente colocou em sua composição, ao reproduzir essa realidade cotidiana, característica da pintura de gênero do século XIX, em toda a Europa.Entende-se que a simbologia e a sugestão foram sua primeira opção de linguagem. Depois, apoiou-se na obra literária Fausto, de Goethe, que permeia as três partes do tríptico. O título enigmático, relativo às abortadeiras, colocava em pé de igualdade todo tipo de prática que, de alguma forma, tentasse prejudicar a vida de um novo ser em geração. Pedro Weingärtner criou um tríptico sob um clima prejudicial em relação ao nascimento, resolveu sugerir o abandono e o colocou em posição igualitária ao crime de infanticídio. / Abstract: This thesis constitutes a research about Art History, focused on the triptych entitled La Faiseuse D'Anges (Angels maker) by the Brazilian artist and German immigrants' son, Pedro Weingärtner (1853-1929). The general goal of this work is to analyze and propose a critical reading of pictorial, social, cultural and historiographical aspects of the representations contained at the triptych, part of Picture Gallery of São Paulo State collection. The artist perceives the woman as the society center - a pillar - and the main place of marriage in her life as a fact of recognition. The injunction of this status quo is in the objects' details, in the carnival scenes and in the interiors than Weingärtner places on purpose in his composition, reproducing this daily reality, characteristical in 19th century paintings, all over Europe. Symbology and suggestion are understood as his first language option. Afterward, the artist based his work on Faust by Goethe, a literary text that pervades the whole triptych. The enigmatic title, referred to women who practiced abortion, put in the same level all practices that, somehow, attempted to damage the life of a new human being. Pedro Weingärtner created a triptych under a birth damaging approach and suggested the abandonment as well as put it in the same position of infanticide crime. / Doutorado / Historia da Arte / Doutor em História

The aim of this study is to give an in-depth understanding of the representations of a depressed woman who killed her baby. The representations under study is based on “The motherhood constellation” by Stern (1995) and focus on the woman’s representation of her mother as mother-of-herself-as-child, herself-as-mother and her representations of her children. Pregnancy is an important phase in a woman’s life. Parent-infant psychotherapies are a rapidly growing field of infant mental health as many psychological problems have their roots in infancy. Neglect, trauma and abuse and prolonged maternal depression can cause a child to develop a range of problems. The work of Winnicott (1965a) and Bion (1988) put the mother’s fantasy life about her infant as one of the major building blocks of the infant’s construction of a sense of identity (Stern, 1995). Fraiberg (Fraiberg, Adelson&Shapiro, 1980) with her “ghosts in the nursery” revolutionised this perception by placing the maternal representation at the core of the parent-infant clinical situation (Stern, 1995). The way the research developed and the nature of the research problem necessitated a pure qualitative mode of enquiry. A single case study was done about the representations (of self-as-mother, mother-as –mother–of–self-as-child- and of the children) in an extreme case where the mother’s depression led to her murdering her baby. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and documents from the psychiatric hospitals she attended. Data was also obtained from field notes, before and after the interviews and also while transcribing the audio-taped interviews. Data analysis was done by the procedures of data reduction and organising it into categories on the basis of themes as described by Neuman (2000). Coding and analytic memo writing were done. The relationships between concepts were examined and linked to each other and interweaved into theoretical statements. The researcher argues that not enough is done to enhance the relationship between a mother and her foetus, and later her baby. The concept of maternal representations is the only approach that opens the possibility to start working at the earliest point of prevention, because intervention can start during pregnancy. Intervention during pregnancy is ideal because defence mechanisms are less rigid during pregnancy and women are more in touch with their entire life cycle and the whole system is more open for change. The ghosts can be chased out of the nursery by helping the mother to see the repetition of the past in the present. The affective link, recognising and remembering the feelings help a parent not to repeat the past in the present - “…it is the parent who cannot remember his childhood feelings of pain and anxiety who will need to inflict his pain upon his child” (Fraiberg, Adelson&Shapiro, 1980, p. 182). / Thesis (PhD (Psychotherapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted