My research addressed pheromone lure design and the activity of the grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana, flight and infestation across three years of study. In my lure evaluations, I found all commercial lures contained impurities and inconsistencies that have implications for management. First, sex pheromone concentration in lures affected both target and non-target attraction to traps, while the blend of sex pheromones impacted attraction to P. viteana. Second, over the duration of study, 54 vineyard blocks were sampled for the pest in and around cultivated wine grape in Virginia. The trapping studies indicated earliest and sustained emergence of the spring generation in sex pheromone traps placed in a wooded periphery. Later, moths were detected most often in the vineyard, which indicated that P. viteana emerged and aggregated in woods prior to flying and egg-laying in vineyards. My research supports use of woods and vineyard trap monitoring at both the height of 2 meters and in the periphery of respective environments. These conditions should improve grower efficiency when using trapping as a tool. Cluster infestation was assessed relative to vineyard growth stage and location in the vineyard. My results are in agreement with historical studies that suggest infestation is highest in the periphery of vineyards. However, I found that infestation peaked at veraison before falling somewhat around pre-harvest. This indicated that growers should manage this pest prior to veraison, perhaps as early as budbreak, to prevent the insect from reaching damaging levels when the crop is more susceptible to loss. Lastly, by combining field-based data collection with remote climate and landscape monitoring, growers can achieve a greater level of surveillance of P. viteana. A mash up of remote and vineyard-based data can provide substantive pertinent information for management at both local and regional scales. If one grower identifies moth emergence, then growers nearby potentially can use that same information to initiate models to monitor development of the moth population in their own vineyard. This research complements the notion that the more a community shares information, the broader its applicability becomes to neighbors. / Ph. D.

BACKGROUND:Interruption of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi remains an unrealized objective in many Latin American countries. The task of vector control is complicated by the emergence of vector insects in urban areas.METHODS:Utilizing data from a large-scale vector control program in Arequipa, Peru, we explored the spatial patterns of infestation by Triatoma infestans in an urban and peri-urban landscape. Multilevel logistic regression was utilized to assess the associations between household infestation and household- and locality-level socio-environmental measures.RESULTS:Of 37,229 households inspected for infestation, 6,982 (18.8% / 95% CI: 18.4 - 19.2%) were infested by T. infestans. Eighty clusters of infestation were identified, ranging in area from 0.1 to 68.7 hectares and containing as few as one and as many as 1,139 infested households. Spatial dependence between infested households was significant at distances up to 2,000 meters. Household T. infestans infestation was associated with household- and locality-level factors, including housing density, elevation, land surface temperature, and locality type.CONCLUSIONS:High levels of T. infestans infestation, characterized by spatial heterogeneity, were found across extensive urban and peri-urban areas prior to vector control. Several environmental and social factors, which may directly or indirectly influence the biology and behavior of T. infestans, were associated with infestation. Spatial clustering of infestation in the urban context may both challenge and inform surveillance and control of vector reemergence after insecticide intervention.

A incidência de moscas-das-frutas é um fator de preocupação todos os anos nos perímetros irrigados do norte de Minas Gerais, principalmente em pomares de goiaba, acarretando aumentos nos custos e perdas na produção. Para se estabelecer um programa de controle de moscas-das-frutas, torna-se necessário o prévio conhecimento dos aspectos ecológicos dos tefritídeos e seus parasitóides. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade de moscas-das-frutas e de seus parasitóides em dois pomares comerciais de goiaba da região, os índices de infestação das moscas-das-frutas e a capacidade de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata parasitar moscas-das-frutas em goiaba no norte de Minas Gerais. Após três anos de coletas, em armadilhas tipo McPhail e em frutos, foram coletados 48.482 tefritídeos, sendo 45.012 exemplares de Anastrepha e 3.470 de Ceratitis capitata. Foram capturadas 18 espécies de Anastrepha, sendo que, A. turpiniae, A. manihoti, A. leptozona e A. barbiellinii estão sendo registradas pela primeira vez no norte de Minas Gerais. A. zenildae e A. fraterculus representaram mais de 90% de todas as moscas coletadas em armadilhas, sendo associadas às classes "super" de dominância, freqüência, abundância e constância. Somente C. capitata, A. zenildae, A. fraterculus, A. sororcula, A. obliqua e A. turpiniae emergiram das amostras de frutos. Destas, A. zenildae (58,8%), A. fraterculus (13,5%) e C. capitata (20,7%) corresponderam a 93% do total de fêmeas coletadas, sendo as responsáveis pelos altos níveis de infestação do pomar de Jaíba. Em Nova Porteirinha, somente três espécies de Anastrepha foram relacionadas aos frutos: A. fraterculus (50,3%), A. zenildae (37,8%) e A. obliqua (3,2%), além de C. capitata (8,6% do total de fêmeas). Nos dois pomares, as maiores infestações ocorreram de março a julho/2003, influenciadas principalmente pela disponibilidade de frutos maduros. Ocorreu interação de A. zenildae e A. fraterculus na exploração da goiaba no pomar de Nova Porteirinha. Foi discutida a relação entre percentagem de infestação e intensidade de infestação. O parasitismo natural de moscas-das-frutas em goiabas nos pomares comerciais do norte de Minas Gerais foi muito baixo. Dos 283 parasitóides obtidos, somente o braconídeo Doryctobracon areolatus e três espécimes do eucoilíneo Aganaspis pelleranoi foram registrados. Houve correlação positiva entre o número de adultos de opiíneos e os de Anastrepha spp. Foram recuperados 37 espécimes de D. longicaudata (24 em Jaíba e 13 em Nova Porteirinha), demonstrando que a espécie fechou o ciclo nas condições locais. Assim, D. longicaudata possui chances de se estabelecer na região, sem comprometer as relações tritróficas pré-existentes. / The occurrence of fruit flies is a factor of concern every year in the irrigated areas in the north of Minas Gerais State, mainly in guava orchards, because they cause increases in the costs and losses in the production. To establish a fruit fly program control, it is necessary the previous knowledge of the ecological aspects of the tephritids and its parasitoids. Therefore, the objective of this work was to know the biodiversity of fruit flies and its parasitoids in two commercial guava orchards, the fruit flies infestation levels and the capacity of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata to parasitize fruit flies in guava in the north of Minas Gerais State. After three years of samplings, with McPhail type traps and on fruits, a total of 48,482 tephritids, was collected being 45,012 specimens of Anastrepha and 3,470 of Ceratitis capitata. Eighteen species of Anastrepha were captured; A. turpiniae, A. manihoti, A. leptozona and A. barbiellinii were registered for the first time in the north of Minas Gerais State. A. zenildae and A. fraterculus represented 90% of all fruit flies collected in traps and were placed in the category "super" of dominancy, frequency, abundance and constancy. Only C. capitata, A. zenildae, A. fraterculus, A. sororcula, A. obliqua and A. turpiniae emerged from fruits. From these, A. zenildae (58,8%), A. fraterculus (13,5%) and C. capitata (20,7%) corresponded to 93% of the total females collected, and they caused high infestation levels in the orchard located in Jaiba. In Nova Porteirinha, three species of Anastrepha were associated to A. fraterculus (50,3%), A. zenildae (37,8%) and A. obliqua (3,2%), besides C. capitata (8.6% of the total females). In the two orchards, the highest infestation occurred from March to July/2003, influenced mainly by the availability of mature fruits. Interaction of A. zenildae and A. fraterculus occurred in the exploration of guava in the orchard located in Nova Porteirinha. The relationship between infestation percentage and infestation intensity was discussed. The natural parasitism of fruit flies in commercial guava orchards in the north of Minas Gerais State was very low. Of the 283 parasitoids collected, the braconid Doryctobracon areolatus and three specimens of the eucoiline Aganaspis pelleranoi were recorded. There was a positive correlation between the number of adults of braconids and the number of Anastrepha spp. It was recovered 37 specimens of D. longicaudata (24 in Jaiba and 13 in Nova Porteirinha), which revealed that this species completed the cycle under local conditions. Therefore, there is a great success in establishment of D. longicaudata in this region without damaging the preexisting tritrophic relations.

Introdução: Os culicídeos (insetos da Ordem Diptera, Família Culicidae), vulgarmente conhecidos como pernilongos, são vetores de diversos agentes patogênicos de doenças humanas e animais e fator de incômodo à população em geral. Os recursos lançados com o objetivo de controlar as pragas urbanas utilizando compostos químicos devem ser feitos com o máximo de parcimônia a fim de se evitar a contaminação ambiental e dificultar o aparecimento de linhagens resistentes dos vetores e pragas urbanas aos biocidas empregados. Objetivos: Estabelecer índices de infestações de Culex quinquefasciatus baseados na contagem de insetos adultos e de suas formas imaturas, coletados em piscinões e propor instrumento para estimar o incômodo provocado pelas picadas na população do entorno. Materiais e Métodos: O período estabelecido de coleta de espécimes de mosquitos e dados provenientes foi de agosto de 2014 a maio de 2015. Foram escolhidos dois piscinões do Município de Santo André, o Piscinão do Bairro Bom Pastor e o Piscinão da Faculdade de Medicina (Valparaíso) para ser a área de estudo. Esta pesquisa propõe a construção de alguns índices de infestação da espécie em estudo baseado em duas vertentes: 1) Foi feito o diagnóstico por meio de contagem de pernilongos conduzida na área dos piscinões. Foram contados e identificados os exemplares adultos deste mosquito que foram coletados por meio de aspiração nos abrigos e a aspiração dentro de caixas de repouso que foram instaladas nas áreas dos piscinões e contagem de formas imaturas (larvas e pupas), recolhidas dos criadouros aquáticos dos piscinões. 2) Foram analisadas as reclamações provindas dos munícipes através do Sistema de Informação de Atendimento da Prefeitura Municipal, dentro de um raio limítrofe correspondente à área de influência de cada reservatório. Resultados: Foram coletados 1896 exemplares adultos na atividade de aspiração nos abrigos, 621 exemplares imaturos e 67 exemplares adultos aspirados das caixas de repouso. Identificados o sexo dos exemplares adultos e verificou-se a predominância de machos. A partir da amostragem efetuada com observância das variáveis naturais e antrópicas, e análise das reclamações, foram criados e aplicados três índices de infestação (Densidade de Imaturos por Litro, Índice de Mosquitos Aspirados por Minuto e Índice de Mosquitos Aspirados das Caixas de Repouso) e um índice de reclamações (Índice de Reclamações Correspondentes). Conclusões: Através da análise de aspectos sazonais, os índices mostram-se ferramentas importantes para as intervenções de controle desta praga. O método das caixas de repouso mostrou-se pouco produtivo se comparado aos outros índices. / Introduction: Culicids (Diptera: Culicidae) usually known as mosquitoes, are vectors of several animal and human diseases pathogenic agents and also are nuisance factors to general population. The features launched with the objective to control the urban pests using chemicals must be made with maximum parsimony to avoid environmental contamination and also hamper the emergence of resistant strains to biocides used. Objectives: To establish infestation levels of Culex quinquefasciatus based on the insect count adults and their immature forms, collected in big pools and propose tool to estimate the nuisance caused by the bites on the surrounding population. Materials and Methods: The established period collection of mosquito specimens and originated data was from August 2014 to May 2015.For the study area, were chosen two reservoirs of the Municipality of Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil, from the reservoir of the Bom Pastor and the reservoir district, School of Medicine, located in Valparaiso neighborhood. This research proposes the construction of some infestation rates of target species based on two fronts: 1) it was diagnosed by mosquitoes count conducted in the area of big pools. They were counted and identified the adult specimens of this mosquito were collected through aspiration in shelters and aspiration within resting boxes were installed in the areas of big pools and count immature forms (larvae and pupae), collected in aquatic breeding of big pools . 2) Complaints were analyzed stemmed from residents through the Information Service of the City System within a radius corresponding to the boundary area of influence of each reservoir. Results: 1896 adult specimens were collected in the suction activity in shelters, 621 immature specimens and 67 adult specimens aspirated the resting box. Identified the sex of adult specimens and were a predominance of males. From the sampling done in compliance with the natural and anthropogenic variables, and analysis of complaints they were created and applied three indices of infestation (Immature Density per Liter, Mosquitoes Aspirates per Minute Index and Mosquitoes Aspirates from Resting Boxes) and one of complaints (Correspondents Complaints Index). Conclusions: Through the analysis of seasonal aspects, the indexes showed how important tools for control interventions of this pest. The method of resting boxes proved to be unproductive compared to other indices.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-10-31T21:23:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o UEFS Gl?yce de Oliveira.pdf: 2259088 bytes, checksum: 5da18e0a3c0cbe95bc5ed310b3a4d0b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-31T21:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o UEFS Gl?yce de Oliveira.pdf: 2259088 bytes, checksum: 5da18e0a3c0cbe95bc5ed310b3a4d0b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian onion cultivation has significant commercial importance and strong social connotation, because it involves small farmers, most of them belonging to the family nucleus. In the Northeast of Brazil, its cultivation is carried out during the entire year, generating around 60 thousand direct and indirect jobs. Onion crops are vulnerable to diseases and pests, such as Thrips tabaci, major pest affecting these crops, causing damages above 50%. The species Allium cepa presents wide phenotypic variability, allowing the creation of new cultivars for various conditions and requirements. This study aimed to evaluate onion accessions regarding its resistance to T. tabaci, in order to enable the development of cultivars that are resistent to this pest. The experiments were conducted in randomized block design with three replications on the experimental fields at Embrapa Semi?rido, situated in the municipalities of Petrolina/PE and Juazeiro/BA. The results achieved concerning the degree of infestation (DI) in percentage for nymphs and adults were transformed into arc sine of the square root for statistical analysis. Plant architecture traits, bulb productivity and estimated simple correlations among all variables were also evaluated. Five evaluations of thrips populations were carried out after transplanting, each one after seven days. Statistical differences were observed for a number of adults to different evaluations, while the number of nymphs showed no statistical differences. The largest average productions of commercial bulbs were observed for the TX08, IPA 11, Alfa SF C-IX, IPA 10 and Sirius F1 acessions while the Red Creole, Creole Mercosur and Conquest acessions had the lowest productions. The commercial productivity of bulbs had simple negative correlations with nymph DIs in the five phases of evaluations and adult GIs within 22 (n22a) days. Negative correlations between productivity of commercial bulbs x central angle of the plant were observed, indicating that plants with higher bulb production have lower angle on the central leaves. The results of the study show that the resistance mechanism is antixenosis associated with the tolerance mechanism. / A cebolicultura brasileira tem grande import?ncia comercial e tem forte conota??o social, por envolver pequenos produtores rurais, a maioria de n?cleo familiar. No Nordeste brasileiro o cultivo ? realizado durante todo o ano, gerando cerca de 60 mil empregos diretos e indiretos. A cultura da cebola ? vulner?vel a doen?as e pragas, sendo o Thrips tabaci a principal praga da cebola, podendo provocar preju?zos superiores a 50%. A esp?cie Allium cepa apresenta ampla variabilidade fenot?pica, o qual possibilita a cria??o de novas cultivares para diversas condi??es e necessidades. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar acessos de cebola quanto a resist?ncia ao T. tabaci para possibilitar o desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes a essa praga. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados, com tr?s repeti??es, nos campos experimentais da Embrapa Semi?rido, situados nos munic?pios de Petrolina/PE e Juazeiro/BA. Os resultados obtidos do grau de infesta??o (GI) em porcentagem (%) para ninfas e adultos foram transformados para arco seno da raiz quadrada para an?lise estat?stica. Foram ainda avaliados caracteres da arquitetura da planta e sua produtividade de bulbos e estimadas correla??es simples entre todas vari?veis. Foram realizadas cinco avalia??es para popula??es de tripes ap?s o transplantio, a cada sete dias. Foram observadas diferen?as estat?sticas para o n?mero de adultos do tripes para as diferentes avalia??es, enquanto o numero de ninfas do tripes n?o apresentou diferen?as estat?sticas. As maiores produtividades m?dias de bulbos comerciais foram observadas para os acessos TX08, IPA 11, Alfa SF C-IX, IPA 10 e Sirius F1, enquanto os acessos Red Creole, Crioula Mercosul e Conquista apresentaram as menores produ??es de bulbos. A produtividade comercial de bulbos apresentou correla??es simples negativas com GIs de ninfas nas cinco fases das avalia??es e com GIs de adultos aos 22 (n22a) dias. Foram observadas correla??es negativas entre produtividade de bulbos comerciais x ?ngulo central da planta indicando que plantas com maior produ??o de bulbos apresentam menor ?ngulo nas folhas centrais. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o mecanismo de resist?ncia ? a antixenose, associado com o mecanismo da toler?ncia.

Submitted by DHARA CARLESSO ZAMPIVA (dhara.zampiva@univates.br) on 2018-08-20T17:17:13Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018EdinaAparecidadosReisBlasi.pdf: 4920714 bytes, checksum: 936b932d7a6e49e5bca50678cab5e1d9 (MD5) 2018Edina_artigo.pdf: 1100636 bytes, checksum: a4919dc64d214daf7c76333e0b77f3a0 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br), reason: Inserir o Lattes do autor. on 2018-09-11T18:28:07Z (GMT) / Submitted by DHARA CARLESSO ZAMPIVA (dhara.zampiva@univates.br) on 2018-09-17T17:18:08Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018EdinaAparecidadosReisBlasi.pdf: 4920714 bytes, checksum: 936b932d7a6e49e5bca50678cab5e1d9 (MD5) 2018Edina_artigo.pdf: 1100636 bytes, checksum: a4919dc64d214daf7c76333e0b77f3a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2018-10-03T16:31:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018EdinaAparecidadosReisBlasi.pdf: 4920714 bytes, checksum: 936b932d7a6e49e5bca50678cab5e1d9 (MD5) 2018Edina_artigo.pdf: 1100636 bytes, checksum: a4919dc64d214daf7c76333e0b77f3a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T16:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018EdinaAparecidadosReisBlasi.pdf: 4920714 bytes, checksum: 936b932d7a6e49e5bca50678cab5e1d9 (MD5) 2018Edina_artigo.pdf: 1100636 bytes, checksum: a4919dc64d214daf7c76333e0b77f3a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / High levels of Schizotetranychus oryzae phytophagous mite infestation on rice leaves can severely affect pro- ductivity. Physiological characterization showed that S. oryzae promotes a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and the establishment of a senescence process in rice leaves. Late-infested leaves also present high levels of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, along with high levels of membrane integrity loss, which is indicative of cell death. To better understand the rice molecular responses to high levels of mite in-festation, we employed the Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach to identify differentially expressed proteins. We identified 83 and 88 proteins uniquely present in control and late-infested leaves, respectively, along with 11 and one proteins more abundant in control and late-infested leaves, re-spectively. S. oryzae infestation induces a decreased abundance of proteins related to translation, protease in-hibition, and photosynthesis. On the other hand, infestation caused increased abundance of proteins involved in protein modification and degradation. Our results also suggest that S. oryzae infestation interferes with in-tracellular transport, DNA structure maintenance, and amino acid and lipid metabolism in rice leaves. Proteomic data were positively correlated with enzymatic assays and RT-qPCR analysis. Our findings describe the protein expression patterns of late-infested rice leaves and suggest several targets which could be tested in future bio-technological approaches aiming to avoid the population increase of phytophagous mite in rice plants.

In 2005, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) migrating to the United Kingdom exhibited swollen, haemorrhagic vents, symptoms not previously recorded. The condition was latterly termed Red Vent Syndrome (RVS), and subsequently observed across the North Atlantic. RVS has been pathognomonically associated with one of the most abundant parasites within the marine environment, the ascaridoid nematode Anisakis simplex, which also causes Anisakiasis in humans. Although A. simplex is commonly found in Atlantic salmon, heavy infestation of the vent region is novel, and the expression of RVS has not been prevalent in other fish species. Red Vent Syndrome has been well studied, however, the causes of the condition, and the reasons driving the novel site of infestation exhibited by A. simplex, have not been clarified. The aim of this PhD therefore, is to provide new information regarding the underlying factors of the infestation of the vent region by A. simplex, and the emergence of RVS. This study therefore: i) assessed the relationship between nematode burdens within the viscera and musculature, in comparison to the vent in 117 adult Atlantic salmon; ii) compared the genetic structure of A. simplex present in the vent region and the viscera using the entire nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region; iii) investigated migratory route and feeding ground of Scottish salmon populations using stable isotope analysis of dorsal muscle tissue and parasite component communities and, iv) assessed the expression of the cytokine TNF-α1 within vent muscle tissue using (q)RT-PCR, in relation to RVS severity. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that it is A. simplex sensu stricto infesting the vent region. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between the nematodue burden in the body (viscera and musculature) and in the vent region. Isotopic signatures of salmon populations showed no significant differences, however, A. simplex intensities between populations on the East and North coasts of Scotland suggest geographical differences in A. simplex transmission pathways. Finally, the expression of TNF-α1 is not significantly different between RVS severity, and nematode burden. Out of the four studied factors, increasing nematode intensities in Atlantic salmon populations, and the significant positive relationship of nematode intensities between the body (viscera and musculature) and the vent, are likely to explain the infestation of the vent by A. simplex. The underlying causes of RVS however remain uncertain and require further research. With incidences of RVS observed across a number of populations over a large spatial area, regional and global effectors such as warming sea surface temperatures, and the North Atlantic Oscillation are expected to play key roles in its aetiology.

Resumo: Três experimentos foram conduzidos, um com infestação artificial (I) e outros dois com infestação natural (II, III). No artificial (Exp. I), os animais foram distribuídos em 9 grupos, com três repetições/tratamento. Cada animal foi infestado com 50 larvas em quatro incisões cutâneas, totalizando 200/animal. As larvas L1 foram infestadas com um intervalo de três a seis horas, de 24 e de 48 horas. Os grupos receberam os seguintes tratamentos: spinosad (50 e 150 ppm) e um controle sem tratamento. Os animais foram examinados com: 15, 30, 60 minutos e 6, 24 e 48 horas. Larvas que abandonavam as lesões foram colhidas e colocadas para pupar em BOD a 25°C e 90% de UR. Os resultados demonstraram que spinosad (50 e 125 ppm) atingiu 100% de eficácia no tratamento contra os três estádios larvários de C. hominivorax. A concentração de 125 ppm alcançou este valor mais rapidamente. Nos estudos com infestações naturais (Exp. II e III), os animais após receberem incisões cutâneas foram liberados a pasto para que ocorressem infestações. Detectada a presença de larvas, o animal era alocado, por sorteio, para um dos grupos experimentais. No experimento II utilizou-se spinosad 50 e 150 ppm e no experimento III 250 e 400 ppm. Como tratamentos positivos, foram utilizados: chlorpyriphos e uma associação de chlorphenvinphos + dichlorvos. Os animais foram examinados diariamente do dia zero (D0) até dia 12 (D12). Ficou demonstrado nos experimentos com infestação natural que spinosad 50 e 150 ppm apresentaram eficácia inferior a 100%, enquanto que a 250 e 400 ppm proporcionaram 100% de eficácia decorridas 24 horas do tratamento, a concentração com 400 ppm alcançou este valor decorridos 12 horas pós tratamento. / Abstract: Three experiments were conducted, the first one with an artificial infestation and the other two with natural infestation. In the first experiment (artificially infested) the animals were divided into 9 experimental groups, three repetition per treatment. Each animal was inoculated with 200 larvae in four skin incisions, two on the palette and two in the rump, each one containing 50 larvae. The placement of L1 larvae followed a range of 3 to 6 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours. The experimental groups had the following repetitions: spinosad 50 and 125 ppm, and a control group (untreated). After the treatment the animals were examined on the following period: 15, 30, 60 minutes, 6, 24 and 48 hours. Larvae which left the incision were taken for pupation on 25°C and 90% relativity humidity. The results demonstrated spinosad 50 and 125 ppm reached 100% effectiveness on the treatment of artificially caused myiasis by the three larval stages (L1, L2 and L3) of Cochliomyia hominivorax, in which the spinosad 125 ppm achieved it quicker. In the other experiments with natural infestation, after the skin incisions the animals were release on the field for the concurrency of the natural infestation. Once detected the presence of the larvae, the animals were randomly allocated in one of the experimental groups. On the experiment I were used the following concentration: spinosad 50 and 150 ppm on the experiment II spinosad 250 and 400 ppm. On both experiments were used two positives treatments: chlorpyriphos and a association of chlorphenvinphos plus dichlorvos. The animals were daily examined, from day zero (D0) to day 12 (D12).The results of the two experiments with natural infestation indicate that spinosad 50 and 150 ppm were not effective, showing effectiveness lower than 100%. However, spinosad 250 and 400 ppm reached 100% of efficacy were after 24 hours... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Alvimar José da Costa / Coorientador: Gilson Pereira Oliveira / Banca: Luciano Melo de Souza / Banca: Giane Serafim da Silva / Mestre

Este estudo trata dos efeitos da radiação gama de Co-60 sobre papéis atingidos por um sinistro. Sete livros de arquivo corrente do séc. XXI, recuperados de enchente e que apresentaram infestação biológica, foram selecionados como amostras para a investigação da irradiação empregada como agente de desinfestação. Partindo da identificação dos principais gêneros de fungos presentes no material para determinar as doses empregadas, estudou-se os efeitos da radiação nas propriedades do papel e nas manchas de lama e de fungos. Foram consideradas doses de radiação gama compatíveis com a possibilidade de repetição do tratamento, pois acervos tratados não ficam imunes a novas infestações e as doses são cumulativas. Importante observar o limite de dose que os suportes documentais e bibliográficos suportariam, sem que ocorram danos, em caso de um novo tratamento. / This study addresses the effects of Co-60 gamma radiation on paper. Seven books of registry office archives from 21 century, recovered from flood and that presented biological infestation were selected as samples to investigate the irradiation used as fungal infection treatment. Starting with the identification of the main fungi genera present in the material to determine the doses employed, some of the radiation effects on paper properties were studied as well as on mud and fungus stains. The gamma radiation doses compatible with the possibility of repeated treatment were also observed, because treated collections are not immune to new infestations by microorganisms and the doses are cumulative. It is important to consider the dose limit which documentary and bibliographic material could support without damages in case of a new irradiation treatment.

Este estudo trata dos efeitos da radiação gama de Co-60 sobre papéis atingidos por um sinistro. Sete livros de arquivo corrente do séc. XXI, recuperados de enchente e que apresentaram infestação biológica, foram selecionados como amostras para a investigação da irradiação empregada como agente de desinfestação. Partindo da identificação dos principais gêneros de fungos presentes no material para determinar as doses empregadas, estudou-se os efeitos da radiação nas propriedades do papel e nas manchas de lama e de fungos. Foram consideradas doses de radiação gama compatíveis com a possibilidade de repetição do tratamento, pois acervos tratados não ficam imunes a novas infestações e as doses são cumulativas. Importante observar o limite de dose que os suportes documentais e bibliográficos suportariam, sem que ocorram danos, em caso de um novo tratamento. / This study addresses the effects of Co-60 gamma radiation on paper. Seven books of registry office archives from 21 century, recovered from flood and that presented biological infestation were selected as samples to investigate the irradiation used as fungal infection treatment. Starting with the identification of the main fungi genera present in the material to determine the doses employed, some of the radiation effects on paper properties were studied as well as on mud and fungus stains. The gamma radiation doses compatible with the possibility of repeated treatment were also observed, because treated collections are not immune to new infestations by microorganisms and the doses are cumulative. It is important to consider the dose limit which documentary and bibliographic material could support without damages in case of a new irradiation treatment.