O controle de perdas tem sido apontado como uma das principais estratégias para melhoria do desempenho e para redução de custos de sistemas de produção. Entretanto, apesar de sua importância, este é um tema pouco abordado na literatura sobre gestão da construção, principalmente no que se refere a sistemas de controle da produção. Alguns estudos recentes chamaram a atenção para a existência de uma perda típica do setor, denominada de making-do, a qual pode ser definida como a redução de desempenho do sistema produtivo devido à execução de atividades em condições subótimas. Este tipo de perda ainda tem sido apontada como uma das causas fundamentais de problemas da qualidade, e de outras perdas, tais como retrabalho e trabalho em progresso. Falhas na análise de restrições realizadas no planejamento de médio prazo têm sido apontadas como a principal razão para o surgimento de perdas por making-do, pois na ausência dos requisitos necessários para execução das atividades normalmente as equipes realizam improvisações, que podem afetar o desempenho da produção. O presente trabalho propõe um método de controle integrado produção e qualidade que permita mensurar perdas por making-do e também a ocorrência de pacotes de trabalho informais. Este método está dividido em três módulos: (a) identificação de perdas por making-do; (b) identificação de pacotes informais; e (c) controle integrado produção e qualidade. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi dividido nas seguintes etapas: (a) compreensão do problema; (b) estruturação do método; (c) consolidação do método; (d) avaliação dos resultados e proposição do método final. Como principais contribuições do trabalho, além do próprio método proposto, o estudo propõe uma conceitualização de perdas por making-do, retrabalho e falta de terminalidade. Ainda, os resultados demonstram a existência de uma forte relação entre as perdas por making-do, a execução de pacotes informais e o aumento do trabalho em progresso. / Waste control has been pointed out as one of the key strategies for improving the performance and reducing costs of production systems. However, despite its importance, this is a topic poorly discussed in the construction management literature, especially in relation to production control systems. Some recent studies have called the attention for a type of waste that is typical of the construction sector, named making-do, which can be defined as a loss in performance due to the execution of activities in sub-optimal conditions. It has been suggested that this type of waste is one of the root causes of quality failures, and also of other types of waste, such as rework and work in progress. Failures in constraint analysis at the medium term planning level have been pointed out a major cause of makingdo waste, as the crews tend to improvise when faced with the lack of prerequisites for the execution of tasks, which may affect the production performance. This research work proposes a method for integrated production and quality control, which enables the measurement making-do waste and also the occurrence of informal work packages This method is divided into three modules: (a) identification of making-do waste; (b) identification of informal work packages; and (c) integrated and production and quality control. The development of this research work was divided into the following stages: (a) understanding the problem; (b) structuring the method; (c) consolidating the method; (d) evaluation of results and proposition of the final version of the method. As main contributions, besides the integrated control method, this investigation proposes a conceptualization for three categories of waste: making-do, rework, and unfinished work. Moreover, the results indicate that there is a strong relationship making-do waste, the execution of informal packages and the increase of work in progress.

La bureaucratie joue un rôle-clé dans l'arène politique. Le pouvoir de l'administration publique a néanmoins souvent été sous-estimé, tandis que sa structure comme sa croissance constante restent mal compris. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude approfondie des principales caractéristiques de l'administration publique et plus particulièrement à son avantage informationnel dans la prise de décisions politiques. Dans une perspective normative, la thèse explore les questions de délégation dans une hiérarchie à trois niveaux, et de répartition de rente informationnelle en 'common agency' avec plusieurs mandataires politiques. Ceci me permet d'entrevoir ce que renferme la boîte noire de la structure organisationnelle composite du gouvernement. D'un point de vue positif, l'approche comparative me permet d'analyser et d'expliquer la croissance des administrations publiques dans les démocraties sur le plan de l'emploi de fonctionnaires d'État. / Bureaucracy is a key player in political game. However, its power has been often underestimated as well as the questions of its structure and constant growth remain not properly understood. This thesis represents a detailed study of the major features of the government bureaucracy by focusing on its information leverage in policy making. Normatively, the thesis explores the issues of delegation in a three-tier hierarchy and information rent distribution in common agency with several political principals, and thus contributes to opening a black box of the composite organizational structure of government. Positively, the comparative approach helps to explain the growth of government bureaucracies in democracies in terms of government administration employment.

The aim of this study is to find out the pupils’ thoughts and experiences about speakingEnglish for second language acquisition in upper secondary school. We want to establish thatoral communication is an important factor towards fulfilling the criteria to strive for indeveloping the pupils’ knowledge and skills in language learning according to the Curriculumfor Compulsory School System (Skolverket, 2006) and the Syllabus for the English Subject(Skolverket, 2001).The background presents theoretical approaches in second language acquisition, such asVygostskij’s, Piaget’s and Krashen’s theories of language acquisition. Communicativecompetence, affective factors, strategies and speech-codes used in the learning process havealso been briefly described in this study.The methods used for collecting data were observations and interviews, with a qualitativesurvey and hermeneutic approach in focus. The research took place in three different schoolsin a municipality in southwest of Sweden. For the observations, there were 71 pupilsparticipating in this study and 37 pupils wanted to collaborate for the interviews. No teacheror school workers were involved or participated in the observations or interviews. We wantedto keep the pupils’ point of view about how they use verbal language skills in English to gainknowledge about the target language. / Uppsatsnivå: C

The private sector in developing countries plays a key role in job-creation and is central to economic development and poverty alleviation. Governments around the world use various policies and regulations targeting firms in an attempt to foster growth. This dissertation focuses on the interplay between government policies, firm behavior, and labor markets in India. In Chapter 1, I study the impact of a location-based tax incentive scheme in India. Location-based policies that target particular geographic regions are widely used by governments, but there have been few rigorous evaluations of their causal impacts especially in the context of developing countries. Using aggregated and firm-level panel data, I find large increases in employment, total output, fixed capital, and the number of firms as a result of the program. These increases are due to both the growth of existing firms as well as the entry of new firms. There is supporting evidence that the new firms entering the treated regions are larger and more productive. I find no evidence for relocation of firms or spillovers in industrial activity between treatment and control areas. Finally, using data from household surveys, I show that wages of workers rise but find no changes in housing rents or migration across the treated and control regions. My results therefore suggest that the policy increased welfare, and I also conclude that the policy was cost-effective. This provides support for place-based policies to correct for regional economic disparities, especially in settings with low labor mobility. In the next chapter, I focus on the effects of a place-based policy on informal firms. The informal sector in India is a major component of economic activity covering more than 80% of the workforce. More often than not, the informal sector is beyond the ambit of tax authorities, hurting public finances in India. In Chapter 2, I study the impact of the federally financed location-based tax incentive scheme (studied in Chapter 1) on informal firms in India. Using a difference-in-differences approach with bordering districts, neighboring states, and major states as control groups, I find no evidence for increases in employment, total output, gross value added, and registration status for informal firms on average. However, separating informal firms into those that do not hire regular workers (Own Account Manufacturing Enterprises) and those that hire workers (Non-directory manufacturing enterprises/Directory Manufacturing Enterprises) reveals heterogeneous effects. I find that the policy change led to a higher likelihood of registration by NDME/DMEs but no effect on OAMEs. The policy change did not impact the size of these different kinds of firms. This chapter provides suggestive evidence that tax-exemption schemes can be a useful policy tool to incentivize informal firms to register. In Chapter 3, I revisit the contentious labor laws in India and their effects on hiring decisions of firms faced with demand shocks. Labor regulations in India differ by states and apply differently across types of laborers. The most restrictive laws make it harder to fire permanent workers for firms. However, these laws do not apply to workers hired through contractors (contract workers). Using firm-level data from India, I find that compared to firms in flexible labor regulations, those in more restrictive labor regimes hire more contract workers as a response to transitory local demand shocks. I find no differential response in hiring of permanent workers by firms faced with these shocks. This suggests that firms circumvent labor laws by hiring workers indirectly through contractors in the face of economic fluctuations.

Economie informelle et pauvreté en Turquie : une analyse des comportements individuels sur des données des dépenses monétaires et temporelles de 2003 à 2006. / Since it was first introduced by Hart in 1973, the concept of “informal economy” has had vast implications for social-scientific research. Over the last four decades, informal economy has received increased attention in literature and has been keenly discussed by public authorities and scholars. There were two main motivations behind these efforts to identify the informal economy: to measure its size and to know its determinants. From a practical point of view, informal economy has been an enigma for economists seeking to identify its nature and to measure activities that have various economic motivations. Informality has been denoted by many names, such as “shadow”, “underground”, “second” or “parallel” economy- a plethora of terms resulting from the struggle to define informality. Likewise, the various approaches to studying the phenomenon differ greatly in the way that they relate to socio-economic characterization. Although there is great variation between definitions of informality, these diversifications allow authorities to deal more easily with the source of the problem, being able to inform themselves and create accurate policies. Generally speaking, these policies aim to increase the level of productivity for any given sector and to protect growth in an economy as a whole. The implicit goal of these strategies is to prevent informal earnings by protecting formal market transactions (Schneider and Enste, 2002) and thereby combat informality. To this end, identifying the stimulating economic factors behind informal activities by gathering information about participants, their actions and the concurrency of these activities becomes essential for the optimal distribution of economic resources.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo central entender como um espaço fisicamente alterado influencia as percepções e explicações acerca da gravidade pelos estudantes do Ensino Médio. A pesquisa foi realizada na Casa Maluca do Centro de Divulgação Científica e Cultural da Universidade de São Paulo. Esta é uma casa com piso e paredes inclinados com ângulos de 15 graus em relação ao referencial externo, ao entrar em seu interior os visitantes experimentam alterações na percepção de alguns fenômenos do cotidiano relacionados com a força da gravidade. Tomamos como referencial teórico principal as noções de obstáculos e perfil epistemológicos propostos Gaston Bachelard e metodologia de pesquisa do tipo quantitativa e qualitativa, apoiada em observação, aplicação de questionários, gravação em áudio e vídeo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A análise dos dados apontou a presença de alguns obstáculos epistemológicos proposto pela epistemologia bachelardiana, tais como: experiência primeira, realismo ingênuo, substancialismo, animismo e obstáculo verbal; demonstrou ainda algumas das dificuldades dos alunos em entender o conceito gravidade e seu caráter vetorial. Também ficou clara a influência dos contextos de aprendizagem (pessoal, sociocultural e físico) nas atividades realizadas. Em diversos momentos, as atividades realizadas na Casa Maluca ilustraram, em maior ou menor proporção, a interpolação destes três contextos. / The main objective of this research was to understand how a modified physical space can influence the perception and explanations about gravity held by high school students. This research was conducted in the \"Mad House\" of Centre of Scientific and Cultural Dissemination of the University of Sao Paulo. This is a house with walls and floor tilted by an angle of 15 degrees in relation to the external framework. When the visitor enters the house, she/he experiences alterations in the perception of some daily phenomena related to the force of gravity. The adopted theoretical framework were the notions of epistemological obstacles and profile proposed by Gaston Bachelard. The research methodology relied on quantitative and qualitative analysis by means of observations, questionnaires, video and audio recordings and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis points to the presence of some epistemological obstacles proposed by the bachalerdian epistemology, such as; first experience, animism, naive conceptions and verbal obstacle; it also demonstrated some of student\'s difficulties in understanding gravity concept and its vector character. The influence of the three learning contexts (personal, social cultural, physical) also became clear during the activities. In different moments, the activities performed inside the \"Mad House\" illustrated in larger or smaller scales the interpolation of the three contexts.

The informal economy represents a large segment of the economic activities in emerging economies but still remains a puzzling phenomenon. In particular, research emphasising the organising processes of firms within the informal economy is scant. Weak formal institutions, conflicting institutional centres and large levels of economic inequality contribute to the development of informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Yet, an understanding of the links between institutional incongruence and economic exclusion as facilitating mechanisms of informal entrepreneurship remains limited. Furthermore, it is unknown how hybrid organisations, combining institutional logics, emerge and function within the informal economy. Despite a large number of empirical and theoretical studies, there is a lack of understanding about the interplay between the institutional dynamics and the creation of informal institutions developed by informal entrepreneurs. To enhance the understanding of informal entrepreneurship, this PhD thesis explores how institutional entrepreneurs embedded in the informal economy respond to economic inequality. This grounded theory study, based on interviews and participant observations conducted at La Salada, South America's largest black market, conceptualises how institutional entrepreneurs exploit the illegitimacy of formal labour institutions to generate institutional change. This qualitative study has followed a constructivist grounded theory design based on simultaneous data collection and analysis and making systematic comparisons throughout inquiry. In line with grounded theory guidelines, the researcher identified emerging first-order categories and looked-for relations between them, in order to move to a higher level of theoretical abstraction with the aim of generating new theory. The researcher conducted 75 in-depth interviews and semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and made use of archival documents. The thesis is organised as three empirical studies which can be read independently, but together constitute an in-depth study of institutional entrepreneurship in the informal economy. The thesis's theoretical contributions to the field are as follows. The first study reveals the conditions that generated institutional change in the apparel value chain in response to prevailing conditions that were leading to increasing economic inequality. It presents a model that focuses on three social mechanisms which allow institutional entrepreneurs to build new institutions that were inclusive for large segments of society excluded by the formal sector. The second study explores the emergence of new forms of hybrid organisation in the informal economy. Particularly, it focuses on how informal entrepreneurs organisationally respond to institutional complexity by identifying two types of logic - community and market - and a meta-mechanism that facilitates the interaction between the two logics, named normalisation of deviant organisational practices. The study highlights the two key generative mechanisms of the logics at play and suggests that actors embedded in the informal economy are able to dynamically adapt to two types of logic. It also emphasises how informal entrepreneurs exploit institutional arbitrage, which refers to the circumstances where entrepreneurs are provided with opportunities to exploit differences between two dimensions of the institutional environment, formality and informality. The third study explores how various types of actors and organisations such as social movements or hybrid organisations are able to develop alternative institutional arrangements to overcome the liabilities of emerging economies' institutions in an informal context. The study reveals that informal entrepreneurs entering a polycentric system are able to establish norms and rules of interaction, to exploit brokerage opportunities and multivocality between contradictory networks, and through robust action, generate proto-institutional outcomes. Collectively, these three essays reveal novel knowledge about the organisational mechanisms behind informal economic activities, constituting a theoretical bridge between the fields of institutional theory, inequality and governance and providing fundamental insights for the development of new management theories.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-08-10T12:10:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ROBERTA_GIGLIO_COMPLETO.pdf: 1023614 bytes, checksum: 128c4257240df469acedde9fbf332891 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T12:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ROBERTA_GIGLIO_COMPLETO.pdf: 1023614 bytes, checksum: 128c4257240df469acedde9fbf332891 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / This article aimed at understanding the process of training/capacity-building of mediators at the Science and Technology Museum of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (MCT-PUCRS). Grounded in a Case Study-type of qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were carried out using the Focus Group technique to gather information related to the role and actions of these mediators at the Museum, as well as to their capacity-building process. The data collected from the semi-structured interviews were compared between the groups in order to some kind of consensus to be reached about the role of mediators at the MCT-PUCRS, so that it could be possible to understand how the training of these professionals happens. Based on the Discursive Textual Analysis methodology (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2011), three categories were established. These categories were defined through the analysis of the questionnaires completed by the 20 mediators who participated in the research, as well as the analysis of the semi-structured interviews which were conducted with the focus groups, whose members were mediators, other employees and the managing team of the MCT-PUCRS. This whole process of construction and emergence of the categories resulted in a series of meaningful information and data about the reality of mediation at the MCT-PUCRS, and such facts enabled a deeper understanding of the process of capacity-building of mediators (an indispensable element of their training) and of how this is connected to the formation of a ?mediating subject?. Additionally, by analyzing the results it was also possible to clearly see mediators who are imbricated in a series of interpersonal relations. Thus, the conclusion was that the training of a mediator occurs not only through capacity-building processes based on specific contents related to the interactive experiments of the Museum, but also by means of the life experience of these human beings, who deal with and relate to other individuals. It can be seen that the training of mediators involves aspects of subjective constitution, for the process of constitution of the ?mediating being? does not happen only when these people become aware of their roles and responsibilities in the exhibition area of the Museum, but in the course of their human actions ? among which the educational ones, for example, are a highlight ? and also during their daily lives and exchanges of experiences with their co-workers and the general public. / O presente trabalho objetivou compreender o processo de forma??o/capacita??o dos mediadores no MCT-PUCRS, a partir de uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa do tipo Estudo de Caso. Foram aplicados question?rios para obten??o do perfil dos mediadores, realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando a t?cnica de Grupo Focal para obten??o de informa??es relacionadas ? atua??o e ao papel desses no Museu, bem como seu processo de capacita??o. Os dados coletados a partir das entrevistas semiestruturadas foram confrontados entre os grupos entrevistados com o intuito de atingir uma esp?cie de consenso sobre o papel do mediador no MCT- PUCRS, para que se pudesse entender como ocorre a forma??o desse profissional. A partir da metodologia de An?lise Textual Discursiva (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2011), foram estipuladas tr?s categorias que emergiram por meio da an?lise dos question?rios aplicados aos 20 mediadores participantes da pesquisa, bem como das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com os grupos focais cujos integrantes foram mediadores, outros funcion?rios e a equipe diretiva do MCT-PUCRS. Todo esse processo de constru??o e emerg?ncia das categorias resultou na obten??o de uma s?rie de informa??es e dados significativos sobre a realidade da media??o no MCT-PUCRS, o que possibilitou um entendimento mais profundo sobre o processo de capacita??o dos mediadores ? elemento integrante e indispens?vel de sua forma??o ? e como esse est? diretamente relacionado ? forma??o do ?sujeito mediador?. Al?m disso, analisando os resultados, descortinou-se, tamb?m, fortemente um mediador imbricado em uma s?rie de rela??es interpessoais. Assim, concluiu-se que o processo de forma??o de um mediador n?o se faz apenas em capacita??es de conte?do espec?ficos e relacionados com os experimentos interativos do Museu, mas tamb?m na viv?ncia desse sujeito humano, que atende e se relaciona com outros indiv?duos. Foi poss?vel averiguar que a forma??o dos mediadores envolve aspectos de constitui??o subjetiva, visto que o processo de constitui??o do ?ser mediador? n?o ocorre apenas quando ele conhece seu papel e suas atribui??es na ?rea expositiva do Museu, mas atrav?s de suas a??es humanas ? dentre as quais podemos destacar, por exemplo, as educativas ? al?m de suas viv?ncias e trocas de experi?ncias com seus colegas e com o p?blico em geral.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-08-12T16:30:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_NATHALIA_FOGACA_ALBUQUERQUE_COMPLETO.pdf: 966560 bytes, checksum: ac724d60d8d33c487f485d49809797a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T16:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_NATHALIA_FOGACA_ALBUQUERQUE_COMPLETO.pdf: 966560 bytes, checksum: ac724d60d8d33c487f485d49809797a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / The propose of this dissertation is to understand how the dynamics of science clubs influences the development of attributes recommended to people who lives nowadays. This study was conducted with the participation of 20 students participating in a science club, two teachers of these students in regular schools and six parents of the same group of students, seeking information about the effects of participation in a club. The data was collected through observations, interviews and expressions of students during activities proposed by the researcher. Data were analyzed with a qualitative approach, using the Text Analysis Discourse, and the research was case study type. Based on the theoretical framework and analysis of the data collected, the science club was observed as a space to estimulate recommended aspects to the people of the XXI century. Within the intrapersonal characteristics, the expression of curiosity, ability to deal with errors and frustration, motivation and autonomy was showed at the studens actions. In some activities, however, students showed to have lack of autonomy to develop new tasks. At the interpersonal domain, the exercise of respect and patience were showed at the students in their relations with other colleagues. As for cognitive attributes, the students presented abilities to establish relationships between different subjects, as well as the contextualization of these. The critical and creative thinking was also present in the actions of the participants. Being present at all activities proposed, systemic thinking was at the essence of the investigated science club. Based at the results found in this research, it is recommended to implement more science clubs in basic education. Since these spaces can provide situations that can improve important elements to the contemporary world and thus contribute to the positive development of the current society, the expansion of opportunities like these is essential. / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender como as din?micas de clubes de ci?ncias repercutem no desenvolvimento de atributos recomendados para forma??o contempor?nea dos sujeitos. Este estudo foi realizado com a participa??o de 20 estudantes de um clube de ci?ncias, dois professores desses estudantes no ensino regular e seis pais do mesmo grupo de alunos, procurando obter informa??es relativas aos efeitos da participa??o em um clube. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de observa??es, entrevistas e express?es dos estudantes durante atividades propostas pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram analisados com uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a An?lise Textual Discursiva, e a pesquisa foi do tipo estudo de caso. Com base no referencial te?rico e na an?lise dos dados coletados, observou-se o clube de ci?ncias como um espa?o para estimular aspectos recomendados aos sujeitos do s?culo XXI. No ?mbito das caracter?sticas intrapessoais, observou-se a express?o da curiosidade, a capacidade em lidar com erros e frustra??o, a motiva??o e a autonomia dos integrantes do grupo. Em algumas atividades, todavia, os estudantes demonstraram aus?ncia de autonomia durante a elabora??o de novas tarefas. Na perspectiva interpessoal, o exerc?cio e est?mulo do respeito e da paci?ncia nos estudantes participantes em suas rela??es com os demais colegas foram evidenciados. Quanto aos atributos cognitivos, os estudantes apresentaram habilidades para o estabelecimento de rela??es entre diferentes assuntos, assim como a contextualiza??o desses. O pensamento cr?tico e criativo tamb?m esteve presente nas a??es dos participantes. Permeando todas as atividades propostas, o pensar sist?mico esteve presente na ess?ncia do clube de ci?ncias investigado. A partir dos resultados encontrados nessa pesquisa, recomenda-se a implementa??o de mais clubes de ci?ncias na educa??o b?sica. Uma vez que esses espa?os podem contemplar situa??es que propiciam elementos de uma forma??o que s?o importantes na contemporaneidade e, portanto, contribuem para o desenvolvimento positivo da sociedade atual, a amplia??o de oportunidades como essas ? fundamental.

Nollywoods distribution is a complex phenomenon that is ever changing. With a competing market, the industry needs to constantly keep up with innovative distribution methods. As the VCD/DVD market fades away, newer distribution platforms rise. In this thesis we are going to analyze and discuss Nollywood's opportunities of growth. With empirical material from previous research and direct contact with professionals in the industry through interviews, we can establish how Nollywood is going to flourish.