Previous research has been done in the field of Political Communication, aimed to show a deeper understanding of how social media affects the public opinion. Less studies have been made aimed to understand how youth federation communicates with potential voters. We are therefore interested in gaining a deeper understanding of what three Swedish youth federations publish on their Instagram accounts to attract potential voters during the early stages of the election year 2018. The aim of this report is to examine and analyze how three of the biggest youth federations in Sweden communicates with potential voters though the social media platform Instagram during the first three months of 2018. Through a qualitative image analysis supplemented by informant interviews, we have been able to study which communication strategies the youth federations used when they published pictures on Instagram during the limited period of January 1 until March 3, 2018. Our findings suggest that the variation of the published material depends on what political marketing orientation the federation belongs to. We hope that our study can contribute with useful understandings into further research.

abstract: This two-study investigation examined the social behavior competencies of a sample of students ages 8 to 18 who identified themselves as either bullies or non-bullies based on ratings of items on a comprehensive behavior rating scale. Specifically, the purpose of Study 1 was to establish criteria using the Social Skills Improvement System – Student Rating Scale (SSIS-S) to identify students from a nationally representative standardization sample who displayed high frequencies of bullying behaviors. The social behavior ratings for these self-identified bullies were then compared with all other students in the national sample and analyzed to determine differences among various domains of social skills and problem behaviors. In Study 2, the same students’ social behaviors were rated by adult informants to determine if there was added value in including parents and teachers in the assessment of the self-identified bullies. Finally, the extent of concurrent agreement was examined for all students among the teachers, parents, and students’ ratings of social skills and problem behavior domains. Study 1 revealed that self-identified bullies are not a homogeneous group. The main findings from Study 2 showed parents and teachers may add to the overall predictive validity of the student self-report assessment, but not the accuracy of classifying the students as bullies. Study 2 showed differences and similarities exist across the ratings provided by each rater. The relative value of including adult reports in the self-assessment likely lies in the reported differences from each rater, as they provide a more complete social behavior profile for each student. These findings are discussed in terms of existing research and theories regarding children and youths’ bullying behavior. Limitations and recommendations for future research conclude the report. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2020

Purpose: This study utilized the ABCX Model of Family Stress and Coping to examine the role of interparental conflict (IPC) on child adjustment in military families. We investigated how IPC as a stressor (A) relates to the meaning adolescent children assigned to the conflict (C), and how this meaning predicts adjustment outcomes among siblings in the family, reflecting a crisis (X). Methods: Data were collected from 116 families composed of an active-duty military parent, civilian parent, and two adolescent siblings. Parents and both adolescents reported their perception of IPC, and adolescents reported on their own positive adjustment. Results: Only civilian parent reports were related to adolescent sibling perceptions of IPC, and adolescent perceptions of IPC inversely predicted their own adjustment. Discussion: Findings support the importance of adolescent perceptions as a factor in their own outcomes. Results highlight the importance of at-home-caregivers as a potential point of intervention in fostering adjustment.

Previous research has suggested there may be racial differences in how adults perceive and rate children’s ADHD behavior (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity). The current study examined these differences between African-American/Black (AA/B) parents and European-American/White (EA/W) parents and teachers. Participants watched video clips of children in classrooms and rated their ADHD behaviors and their likelihood of having ADHD. Results showed that EA/W parents and teachers rated African-American boys’ ADHD behaviors and their likelihood of having ADHD higher than AA/B parents. Mechanisms by which these differences exist were explored, including beliefs about stigma related to ADHD, values in movement and expressiveness, experiences with racism, and racial attitudes. Results suggested that EA/W teachers’ racial attitudes toward African Americans were related to their ratings of African-American boys’ ADHD behaviors and likelihood of having ADHD. More research is necessary to further explain the mechanisms by which such discrepancies in ratings of African-American boys’ ADHD behaviors exist between African-American and European-American adults to inform culturally sensitive assessment and diagnosis of ADHD in African-American children.

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Detta arbete har till syfte att belysa barn och ungas rättigheter och möjligheter till delaktighet i trafik- och stadsplaneringen. Undersökningar visar att barn och ungas medbestämmande ofta försummas trots att det finns en vilja att vara delaktiga. Även om det i teorin finns tecken på förändringar, så finns det få konkreta bevis på att deltagande verkställs i verkligheten. Enligt Barnkommissionen ska barns bästa beaktas vid alla åtgärder som rör barn. Barnet ska ses som en samhällsmedborgare med rätt att på egen hand uttrycka sina åsikter. Barnkonventionens lydelse har lett till att barnperspektivet allt oftare nämns när beslutsfattare uttalar sig om barns bästa. Definitionen av barnperspektivet varierar dock utifrån vem som tillfrågas vilket gör att begreppet tenderar att används lättvindigt. En del av problematiken ligger också i att det saknas förståelse och kunskap för vad delaktighet egentligen innebär. Från de vuxnas perspektiv kan barns deltagande handla om att validera redan fattade beslut, medan barns agendor innebär en önskan att förändra samhället och göra sin röst hörd. För att barn och unga ska ha förutsättningar för att vara delaktiga i trafik- och stadsplanering krävs det således att de inkluderas i processen och detta kan endast ske genom aktiva insatser. Dessutom krävs det att barn innehar grundläggande kunskap om det man ska vara delaktiga i. Trafik- och miljöfrågor är de större kunskapsområdena som skolan har ett särskilt ansvar för. Barns medverkan i beslut om sin miljö är en förutsättning för förståelse om demokrati och samhällsform. Skolans arbete med trafik, miljö och samhällsplanering ska ge elever insikter och kunskaper om hur ett långsiktigt hållbart samhälle och transportsystem skapas. Trots detta visar flertalet undersökningar att trafikundervisningen i de svenska grundskolorna är eftersatta, något som får konsekvenser för barns möjlighet att utöva sin medborgerliga rätt till medbestämmande. I detta arbete granskas barnperspektivet och barns delaktighet i södra Hyllie, en del av Malmös nyaste stadsdel där möjligheterna varit goda att implementera barnkommissionens målsättningar i utvecklingen. / This thesis aims to illustrate children and young people's rights and opportunities for participation in traffic and urban planning. Studies show that children's co-determination is often neglected despite the willingness to participate. Although there is evidence of changes in theory, there are few concrete evidences which demonstrates that participation is implemented. According to the Children's Commission, children's best interests should be considered in all actions concerning children. In addition, the child should be seen as a citizen of society with the right to express his or her own opinions. The Children's Convention has led to the fact that the children's perspective is increasingly mentioned when decision makers comment on the best interests of children. However, the definition of the child perspective varies according to who is asked which makes the term tends to be used lightly. Part of the problem also lies in the lack of understanding and knowledge of what participation actually means. From the adult perspective, children's participation can be about validating already made decisions, while children's agendas mean a desire to change society and make their voice heard. In order for children and young people to have the prerequisites for being involved in traffic and urban planning, they are required to be included in the process and this can only be done through active efforts. Additionally, children need basic knowledge of what they want to be involved in. Traffic and environmental issues are the major areas of knowledge for which the school has a responsibility to teach. Children's participation in deciding on their environment is a prerequisite for understanding democracy and society. The school's work with traffic, environment and community planning will provide students with insights and knowledge about how to create a long-term sustainable society and transport system. Nevertheless, most surveys show that traffic education in Swedish elementary schools has been neglected, which has consequences for children's ability to exercise their civic right to co-determination. In this thesis, the children's perspective, and children's participation in southern Hyllie, a part of Malmö's newest neighborhood, is examined, where the possibilities have been good to implement the child commission's goals in the development.

When astronauts return from a space mission they smile for the cameras, but behind the scenes they undergo grueling rehab to recover from the effects of space and may face long-term health consequences. Space flights lasting more than thirty days are considered long-duration and may impact astronauts' long-term health due to space exposure; this requires the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop new scientific, medical, and space operational knowledge to counteract and mitigate harmful effects. Understanding how knowledge production occurs is an important analytical and policy issue at NASA. This dissertation explores knowledge production about astronaut health risks using structured and unstructured interviews conducted at Johnson Space Center, the home of mission control for NASA. Applied Actor-Network Theory using a stage analysis shows how various human and non-human actors create this knowledge, constructing, combining, and passing facts across disciplinary boundaries about health risks. A normative analysis of informant statements demonstrates how knowledge and values regarding their understanding of long-term astronaut health risks impact the actions and policies developed at NASA. Steven Hilgartner (1992) suggests that risk research has done very little examination of the social construction of risk objects. He further suggests (1992) that studies fail to systematically examine the construction of causal attribution networks that link chains of risk objects to harm. (Hilgartner, 1992, p. 40-41) This study remedies that lack concerning space medicine by filling in the intellectual, social, and institutional processes that link space flight characteristics to physical harms. / Doctor of Philosophy / Safe long-duration human spaceflight requires developing new scientific, medical, and space operations knowledge to counteract and mitigate space's harmful effects. NASA is preparing for a mission to the Moon between 2023 to 2025 and then to Mars by 2035. Both missions will test astronaut adaptability, endurance, and resilience. NASA will also test the impact on long-term astronaut health as latent effects may appear decades after completing long-duration missions. Mars is approximately eighty-five million miles away, and a mission to Mars will take approximately nine months. The astronauts will remain on Mars between thirty and a thousand days before returning to Earth. Astronauts will experience physiological and psychological changes testing their ability to survive exposure to the space environment. Safe long-duration human spaceflight requires new scientific knowledge due to the uncertain but potentially severe impacts on individual health. Therefore, understanding how knowledge production occurs is an important analytical and policy issue at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The question driving my research is how does NASA approach knowledge production, consumption, and enactment in the social construction of risk and concern regarding astronaut health, and are there flaws in NASA's approach that create barriers to knowledge production and the ethical treatment of astronauts? Given the daunting amount of scientific, medical, and epidemiological knowledge necessary to sustain human life and counteract the hazardous environment of space, NASA and commercial companies must decide if sustained missions to the Moon and Mars are possible.

Repeatedly, parents have reported more frequent and higher quality sex communication with adolescent children than adolescents report taking place. The current study analyzes the discrepancy in parent-child report of sex communication with three main focuses: the magnitude of the discrepancy, whether parent or adolescent perception is more associated with adolescent sexual esteem, and whether the discrepancy is associated with adolescent sexual esteem. Using data from the Healthy Sexuality Project, we analyze a random sample of 620 families using a hierarchical linear regression to measure whether a discrepancy in parent-adolescent reports of the frequency and quality of sex communication has influence on adolescent sexual-esteem.

The thesis aims to understand the motivation of sources in Human Intelligence gathering. Todo this, three autobiographies of three former sources are analyzed where they write about theirlives as sources. To understand the sources' motivation two theories are used, Abraham H.Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Harney's theory. Maslow's theory is based on Developmentalpsychology and Harneys on categorizations of types of police sources Harney encountered as afederal agent. Through the analysis, themes in motivation such as community and securityreappear. Motivation turns out to be about being appreciated for the work you do, belonging toa group, contributing to society, and financial stability. On the other hand, understanding thedifference in what the motive versus motivation can be for the sources seems to require a closerand deeper understanding of the sources' personalities.