In the digitized world many organizations experience a large flow of information. To sort and manage all the information can be difficult. Individuals may experience a phenomenon called ”Information Overload”, due to the fact that the information flow is too extensive. There are various reasons why individuals are affected by this phenomenon. One reason may be due to the individual´s personality, another reason could also be the increased use of smartphones. The use of smartphones has had the effect that individuals are online and available even during therir leisure time. The extended use of smartphones has led to that it is possible that individuals are experiencing an increasing stress. In this study, we will investigate individuals experience of ”Information Overload” that may be associated with organizations use of smartphones. / Informationsmängden har i och med internet ökat drastiskt. Tidigare kunde det vara ett problem med att hitta användbar och relevant information. Numera är problemet det motsatta. Det kan leda till att individer utsätts för mer information än vad de kan hantera. Denna kraftiga expansion av information skulle kunna resultera i ett så kallat informationsöverflöd för individen. Det råder dock delade meningar hos forskarna om vad detta fenomen innebär och vilka orsakerna kan vara till uppkomsten av informationsöverflöd (Information Overload). För att undersöka om detta är ett utbrett problem inom organisationer inleddes undersökningen med en intervju med en chef och en informationsansvarig inom en utvald organisation. Intervjun genomfördes för att utreda organisationens policys och regler gällande informationsflödet och användandet av den smarta telefonen. Därefter utfördes en enkätundersökning med en grupp utvalda mellanchefer inom organisationen. Undersökningens syfte var att undersöka hur individer uppfattar och hanterar informationsflöden. Samt om den smarta telefonen påverkar individer genom att den bidrar till ett utökat informationsöverflöde. Enkätfrågorna utgick från Eppler och Mengis (2004) konceptuella ramverk om orsaker och symptom. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om individer upplever någon form av In-formation Overload på grund av det utökade användandet av smarta telefoner, samt hur individer påverkas av den tillgänglighet som den smarta telefonen bidrar till. Studien har utgått från Eppler och Mengis (2004) konceptuella ramverk för att studera fenomenet Information Overload. Detta ramverk utgår från fem orsaker, personliga faktorer, informationens beskaffenhet, IT, organisationens design och arbetsuppgiftens karaktär. Dessa orsaker kan var för sig eller tillsammans bidra till att Information Overload uppstår, vilket vidare leder till att individerna drabbas av olika symptom. Resultatet i undersökningen visade att majoriteten av individerna upplevde ett flertal symptom i samband med det utökade användandet av smarta telefoner, symptom som kan härledas till Information Overload. De symptom som tydligast framkom var stress, trötthet samt koncentrationssvårigheter. Det framkom även att den smarta telefonen via sin storlek och funktioner är en bidragande faktor till en utökad tillgänglighet. En tillgänglighet som bidrar till att gränsen mellan arbetstid och ledig tid allt mer suddats ut. Detta kan ses som en bidragande orsak till att individer känner symptom som är kopplade till Information Overload.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det finns negativa konsekvenser av att använda sig för mycket av email istället för av andra typer av kommunikation inom organisationen. Det skickas stora mängder email varje dag inom organisationer, men många organisationer saknar policy för att styra denna kommunikation. Därför genomförs denna undersökning av emailvanor och hur email upplevs på Sörman Information AB. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod använts. Vi har genomfört tio intervjuer på en av avdelningarna på fallföretaget Sörman Information AB. Undersökningen har visat att email är den vanligaste kommunikationsvägen för arbetsrelaterad kommunikation mellan anställda på det undersökta företaget. Slutsatsen blir därmed att email till viss del har negativa konsekvenser för en organisation men de flesta problem går att minimera genom att behandla email på rätt sätt. Som ett hjälpmedel för detta har vi utformat ett utkast till en emailpolicy. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of negative consequences caused by over use of email instead of other means of communication in an organization. A very large amount of emails are sent every day within organizations. Most organizations lack a proper email policy to govern this communication. Hence this study is conducted to investigate the email habits and the general perception of email use of the employees at Sörman Information AB. The investigation has shown that email is the most preferred choice of communication regarding work related communication between colleagues within the studied organization. T hus the conclusion is that email to some degree can cause negative consequences for an organization. However most of these problems can be minimized by correct email use. As a complementing tool for this we have developed a first draft of an email policy.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en ökad förståelse om Gen Zs attityd till influencermarketing och för att undersöka hur Gen Z har blivit påverkade av den mängd sponsrat innehållde exponeras för på sociala medier. För att besvara studiens syfte har två forskningsfrågorframställts. För att samla in empiriskt material och besvara på forskningsfrågorna, genomfördesnio intervjuer med personer mellan 18-28. Under intervjuerna fick deltagarna svara på frågorkopplade till forskningsfrågorna, datan sammanställdes och diskuterades för att besvara studiensforskningsfrågor. Resultatet för forskningsfråga 1 (FF1) visade att Gen Z blir negativt påverkadeav den ökade mängd sponsrat innehåll de exponeras för, respondenterna förklarar att de känt sigöverväldigade vilket har resulterat i att man upplevt minskat förtroende mot influencers.Resultatet för forskningsfråga 2 (FF2) visade att Gen Z har blandade inställningar gällandeinfluencer marketing, men att majoriteten hade en negativ attityd till influencer marketing. Flerarespondenter förklarade att influencer marketing kändes påträngande och skapadeirritationskänslor när de använde olika sociala medieplattformar som Youtube, Instagram ochTiktok. För vidare forskning rekommenderar författaren att undersöka hur den ökade mängdensponsrat innehåll påverkar Gen Zs upplevelser och erfarenheter kopplat till de olika socialamedieplattformarna som Youtube, Tiktok och Instagram. Eftersom dessa tre plattformar ärväldigt olika är även reklamen anpassad till varje enskild plattform, en fördjupad kunskap omdess påverkan på Gen Z och deras inställning till sponsrat innehåll för respektive socialmedieplattform på sociala medieplattform kan hjälpa företag att anpassa deras strategierberoende på vilken plattform de väljer att använda som marknadsföringskanal / The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of Gen Z's attitude towards influencermarketing and to investigate how Gen Z has been influenced by the amount of sponsored contentthey are exposed to on social media. To address the research objective, two research questionswere formulated. To collect empirical data and answer the research questions, nine interviewswere conducted with individuals aged 18-28. During the interviews, participants were askedquestions related to the research questions, which were then analyzed and discussed to presentthe findings. The findings for research question 1( RQ1) indicated that Gen Z is negativelyaffected by the volume of sponsored content they are exposed to. Respondents explained thatthey felt overwhelmed, which led to a decrease in trust towards influencers. The findings forresearch question 2 (RQ2) revealed that Gen Z has mixed attitudes towards influencer marketing,with the majority holding a negative attitude. Several respondents explained that influencermarketing (IM) felt intrusive and generated feelings of irritation when using various social mediaplatforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. For further research, the author recommendscomparing how Gen Z is influenced by the amount of sponsored content they are exposed to andtheir attitudes towards sponsored content on different social media platforms such as YouTube,TikTok, and Instagram. Since these three platforms are distinct, and advertising is tailored toeach platform, a deeper understanding of how Gen Z is influenced and their attitude towardssponsored content on different social media platforms can help companies tailor their strategiesbased on the platform they choose to use as a marketing channel.

This research is based on real issues that have been recognised within the global organisation, Rolls-Royce. The first aim concerned an issue that many companies face, the difficulty that employees face in locating the knowledge and information they require, especially in larger organisations. The developed solution of an Information Map proved to be a success in providing people within the Submarines business with the location of' Configuration Management information. The concept of the Information Map is one that can be adopted by any business as the stages in the tools development have been well documented within Chapters Four, Five and Six. Analysis of the success of the Information Map led to the derivation of 10 lessons learned. These were then verified in a second case study of an intranet development. The second aim of the research was to create a Knowledge Management framework that could be adapted by companies looking to invest in Knowledge Management and provide them with a guide to use. This framework was built from the lessons learned from the Information Map and from other best practice derived from available literature and within Rolls-Royce. The work conducted within the Support business tries to fill in gaps in current research by offering companies a new approach to Knowledge Management, which was based upon the way that industries work today. The creation of the Knowledge Management framework simplifies the work conducted and offers practitioners an easy, high-level approach to the adoption of Knowledge Management by grouping the process into ten steps. This is presented in a fashion that is easy to follow and ultimately offers a guide to make the best use of the resources and budget available to Knowledge Management practitioners. Overall the research addresses the 'real' issues faced by Knowledge Management practitioners. The main contributions to the Knowledge Management domain are the Information Map, action research approach, implementation of Knowledge Management tools for the users needs and a Framework as a guide for industry.

Information-seekers use a variety of information stores including electronic systems and the physical world experience of their community. Within electronic systems, information-seekers often report feelings of being lost and suffering from information overload. However, in the physical world they tend not to report the same negative feelings. This work draws on existing research including Collaborative Filtering, Recommender Systems and Social Navigation and reports on a new observational study of information-seeking behaviours. From the combined findings of the research and the observational study, a set of design considerations for the creation of a new electronic interface is proposed. Two new interfaces, the second built from the recommendations of the first, and a supporting methodology are created using the proposed design considerations. The second interface, the Collaborative Index, is shown to allow physical world behaviours to be used in the electronic world and it is argued that this has resulted in an alternative and preferred access route to information. This preferred route is a product of information-seekers' interactions 'within the machine' and maintains the integrity of the source information and navigational structures. The methodology used to support the Collaborative Index provides information managers with an understanding of the information-seekers' needs and an insight into their behaviours. It is argued that the combination of the Collaborative Index and its supporting methodology has provided the capability for information-seekers and information managers to 'enter into the machine', producing benefits for both groups.

This research examined the application of hypervariate display principles to human-computer interfaces with the intent of reducing the cognitive load placed on the operator during high-intensity activity. This research extended the existing body of knowledge relevant to reducing the cognitive load using human-computer interfaces. Existing research has explored the application of techniques that, when used in isolation, contribute to a computer operator's understanding of the data or efficiency in execution of tasks. This research studied the collaborative use of proven display techniques to improve a computer operator's ability to understand large amounts of data more rapidly and react to that data more effectively. These techniques, including the display of multiple variables in a single window, use of preattentive factors in the display, and the severing of geospatial dependencies on data significantly contributed to the reduction of cognitive burdens placed on a user in environments that are typically overwhelming. Experiments performed on 18 volunteer participants conclusively proved that the hypervariate display improved the participants' ability to handle increased workload, comprehend complex situations quickly and completely, and efficiently respond to the situation in an effective manner. This research has significant value and broad application to user communities where computers are used to control high-intensity operations such as military and law enforcement environments.

As a result of the rapid development of technology and the implementation of it in work environments, productivity and profit can increase for an organization. Email has led to much shorter ways of communication but there are also less positive aspects of technology. Technostress, information overload and email overload are all three effects of this new ubiquitous digital era. We ask how individual information workers manage and reply to incoming email, to extend our knowledge regarding the effects of email overload on information workers, and to identify their coping strategies in their work life context. This knowledge can be used by practitioners, designers and researchers to develop email as a service further. By conducting nine qualitative interviews with information workers employed in three different organization, we found that balance in email management is important to utilize the full potential of the service, and it would be useful for individuals, as well as organizations, to establish clear rules regarding email use both within work hours, as well as on leisure time.

Introduction: Information overload occurs when received information exceed the consumer's ability to process the information and the consumers are overwhelmed by the information. How the consumer can process the information and if the consumer will be overwhelmed depends on the quantity and quality of the information. There is a large amount of information on social media and social media is a crucial platform for companies to communicate to consumers, that can cause information overload, whereas the information consumer receives effects consumers purchase intentions. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explain the effect information overload in terms of quantity and quality of information on social media has on consumers purchase intentions. Conceptual: The theory regarding information overload was conceptualised with the theory of consumers purchase intentions. This lead to the two hypotheses; H1: Information overload in terms of quantity of information on social media has a positive effect on consumers purchase intentions; H2: Information overload in terms of quality of information on social media has a positive effect on consumers purchase intentions. Methodology: The research approach used was deductive with a quantitative nature. Following, a questionnaire was formed and shared online in order to gather data to meet the purpose. The sample used was convenience- and snowball sampling and consisted of social media users. After collecting the data, 173 responses could be used and the answers was then analysed to get the results. Result: Both hypotheses could be rejected. H1, did not have a effect on consumers purchase intentions and H2, had a negative effect on consumers purchase intentions. Conclusion: When putting information overload in a social media context and its effect on consumer purchase intentions, the results differs compared to previous research of information overload in terms of quantity of information but not regarding information overload in terms of quality of information.

Digital marketing involves several channels that represent important touchpoints across the customer journey which SMEs must prioritize and invest in effectively. However, SMEs can struggle with limited resources of time, budget and knowledge which makes successful implementation of digital marketing and conversion rate optimization difficult. The challenges are even more severe when adding information overload to the context and how this affects consumers behavior along the increasingly complex nature of the customer journey. Thereby, the purpose of this study is to explore what Swedish SMEs should prioritize when it comes to digital marketing touchpoints to increase conversions, especially emphasizing how consumers’ behaviors may be affected by information overload across the customer journey. This was carried out by using a qualitative approach with an exploratory nature and by conducting in-depth interviews with consumers and experts in the digital marketing field. The main findings of this study suggest that online advertising, SEO, social media, web pages and customer reviews are of highest priority for SMEs to increase conversions. Further, information overload has a significant role in the customer journey in terms of large quantities of information, wrong characteristics, information disorganization, complex task and process parameters and lacking quality of content. Lastly, information overload is also shown as a conflict between marketers and consumers.

The Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT) was used as a tool to analyze the collected data. It was found that, when Information Processing Requirements (IPR) outweigh Information Processing Capacities (IPC), information overload can be the result. Organizational structure should be chosen to enable successful task execution, if that is the case information overload is unlikely to occur. Structural elements that were found to especially increase IPC and therefore reduce the likelihood of information overload are: clarity, transparency and adherence to definitions of job responsibilities or roles.