Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16380号 / 工博第3461号 / 新制||工||1523(附属図書館) / 29011 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 岡田 憲夫, 准教授 松島 格也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Das Kompetenzzentrum für kommunale Infrastruktur Sachsen (KOMKIS) stellt eine kostenfreie Informations- und Beratungsplattform für die kommunale Ebene in Sachsen dar. Im Schnittstellenbereich zwischen Verwaltung, Wissenschaft und Politik agiert das KOMKIS als kompetenter Informationsgeber, neutralen Vermittler und inhaltlicher Ansprechpartner zu Themen der kommunalen Infrastrukturbeschaffung, -erhaltung und -bewirtschaftung.

Das Kompetenzzentrum für kommunale Infrastruktur Sachsen (KOMKIS) stellt eine kostenfreie Informations- und Beratungsplattform für die kommunale Ebene in Sachsen dar. Im Schnittstellenbereich zwischen Verwaltung, Wissenschaft und Politik agiert das KOMKIS als kompetenter Informationsgeber, neutralen Vermittler und inhaltlicher Ansprechpartner zu Themen der kommunalen Infrastrukturbeschaffung, -erhaltung und -bewirtschaftung.

Das Kompetenzzentrum für kommunale Infrastruktur Sachsen (KOMKIS) stellt eine kostenfreie Informations- und Beratungsplattform für die kommunale Ebene in Sachsen dar. Im Schnittstellenbereich zwischen Verwaltung, Wissenschaft und Politik agiert das KOMKIS als kompetenter Informationsgeber, neutralen Vermittler und inhaltlicher Ansprechpartner zu Themen der kommunalen Infrastrukturbeschaffung, -erhaltung und -bewirtschaftung.

Das Kompetenzzentrum für kommunale Infrastruktur Sachsen (KOMKIS) stellt eine kostenfreie Informations- und Beratungsplattform für die kommunale Ebene in Sachsen dar. Im Schnittstellenbereich zwischen Verwaltung, Wissenschaft und Politik agiert das KOMKIS als kompetenter Informationsgeber, neutralen Vermittler und inhaltlicher Ansprechpartner zu Themen der kommunalen Infrastrukturbeschaffung, -erhaltung und -bewirtschaftung.

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This paper responds to the development policy debate involving the World Bank and the IMF on the use of fiscal policy not only for economic stabilization but also to promote economic growth and increase per capita income. A key issue in this debate relates to the effect of the composition of public expenditure on economic growth. Policy makers and some researchers have argued that expenditure on growth-enhancing functions could enhance future revenue and justify the provision of "fiscal space" in the budget. But there are no simple ways to identify the growth-maximizing composition of public expenditure. The current paper lays out a research strategy to explore the effects of fiscal policy, including the composition of public expenditure, on economic growth, using a time series approach. Based on the modeling strategy of Greiner, Semmler and Gong (2005) we develop a general model that features a government that undertakes public expenditure on (a) education and health facilities which enhance human capital, (b) public infrastructure such as roads and bridges necessary for market activity, (c) public administration to support government functions, (d) transfers and public consumption facilities, and (e) debt service. The proposed model is numerically solved, calibrated and the impact of the composition of public expenditure on the long-run per capita income explored for low-, lower-middle- and uppermiddle-income countries. Policy implications and practical policy rules are spelled out, the extension to an estimable model indicated, a debt sustainability test proposed, and the out-of-steady-state dynamics studied.

[pt] Após a crise financeira e econômica de 2008, países emergentes buscaram traduzir seu novo peso econômico em influência política. Instituições tradicionais criadas após a II Guerra Mundial, em particular nas esferas econômicas e financeiras, não mais representativas do cenário econômico mundial, seriam questionadas por economias emergentes. China, Índia, Brasil, Rússia e África do Sul (os BRICS) defenderam a adoção de reformas à estrutura institucional da ordem mundial liberal, as quais não foram totalmente alcançadas. Essa dissertação analisa o engajamento dos países emergentes a ordem mundial após a crise de 2008, particularmente em relação à governança econômica e financeira. O argumento central baseia-se na percepção de que países emergentes vêm, desde a crise de 2008, articulando maneiras de impactar a atual ordem liberal mundial, como compreendido pelo conceito de mundo multiplex, desenvolvido por Amitav Acharya (2014; 2017). Ao longo da análise da nova posição dos países emergentes na ordem mundial, por meio de uma discussão do fortalecimento do seu papel em fóruns como o G20 e a criação de grupos como o do BRICS, essa dissertação tratará de dois estudos de caso: (i) a criação do Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento, em 2014, por Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul, e; (ii) a criação do Banco Asiático de Infraestrutura e Investimento, em 2015, por iniciativa da China. / [en] After the 2008 financial and economic crises, emerging countries channeled their newly found economic resilience into political leverage. Traditional institutions created after World War II, particularly those in the economic and financial spheres, which were no longer representative of the new economic setting, would be questioned by emerging economies. China, India, Brazil, Russia and South Africa (the BRICS) have championed reforms to the institutional structure of the liberal world order, which have not been entirely met. This dissertation aims to shed light on the engagement of emerging countries in world order after the 2008 crisis, particularly in the economic and financial global governance. The main argument is that emerging countries have, since the 2008 crisis, been articulating ways to impact the current liberal world order as captured by the concept of multiplex world, developed by Amitav Acharya (2014, 2017). Along the analyses of the current greater role of developing countries in world order, through a discussion of the new found role of forums such as the G20 and the creation of groups such as the BRICS, the dissertation will focus on two case studies: (i) the creation of the New Development Bank, in 2014 by the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, and; (ii) the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, in 2015 fostered by China.

This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals. Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas. Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level. Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-07T12:24:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardopetrus.pdf: 1293998 bytes, checksum: 0a5d701ffb3ce20bec58db78a8d505af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:57:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardopetrus.pdf: 1293998 bytes, checksum: 0a5d701ffb3ce20bec58db78a8d505af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardopetrus.pdf: 1293998 bytes, checksum: 0a5d701ffb3ce20bec58db78a8d505af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-27 / A pesquisa apresentada objetiva avaliar os impactos dos investimentos em infraestrutura escolar nas unidades escolares pertencentes à rede pública de ensino do Estado de Minas Gerais – SEE no desempenho das escolas aferido pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica – IDEB. Para desenvolver as análises, foram utilizadas quatro extensas bases de dados: 1) investimentos em infraestrutura escolar realizados pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação no período de 2002-2011; 2) Série histórica do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica, do período de 2005 a 2011 – INEP/MEC; 3) Situação do diagnóstico de infraestrutura escolar das escolas, período de 2008 a 2011; 4) Censo Escolar de 2011 – INEP/MEC. A partir da caracterização da rede de ensino em estudo e delineação das premissas inerentes ao financiamento da educação pública brasileira e de criação e funcionamento do IDEB, foram realizadas análises utilizando-se os dados analíticos das escolas de anos iniciais e de anos finais do ensino fundamental. Por meio dos tratamentos estatísticos realizados, foram demonstrados os vínculos existentes entre os desempenhos alcançados pelas escolas com o nível de investimentos e condições de infraestrutura escolar, cotejados sempre com o número de alunos atendidos em cada etapa de ensino oferecida. Importantes conclusões são apontadas, em especial quanto à maior probabilidade de escolas que contam com investimentos e infraestrutura escolar adequada configurarem entre as unidades de ensino que alcançam os maiores patamares do IDEB. Da mesma forma, escolas que contam com estruturas não tão favoráveis, têm menores probabilidades de alcançar patamares mais nobres nas escalas do IDEB. Uma proposta inovadora apresentada é a construção de um indicador de efetividade dos investimentos realizados, denominado Índice de Qualidade dos Investimentos em Infraestrutura Escolar – IQIIE, que pretende mensurar em que medida a alocação de recursos diretamente para melhorar as condições existentes nas escolas impacta positivamente na variação do IDEB para o período selecionado. Embora tratar-se de iniciativa desafiadora e merecedora de aperfeiçoamentos, a construção proposta indica novos caminhos para se olhar o desempenho das escolas face aos investimentos em infraestrutura escolar, abrindo novas possibilidades de pesquisa a partir dos impactos mensuráveis na evolução dos indicadores de desempenhos das escolas. Por fim, diante dos achados da pesquisa, é apresentado um Plano de Ação Educacional à Secretaria de Estado de Educação – SEE para sistematizar as decisões de alocação de recursos em infraestrutura escolar, pautado em variáveis concretas que possibilitaram a construção de uma Matriz de Planejamento dos Investimentos em Infraestrutura Escolar, que classifica, de acordo com critérios objetivos e parametrizados, as necessidades existentes de investimentos em uma rede de ensino. Espera-se que a implementação da metodologia constante no Plano de Ação Educacional apresentado gere benefícios reais ao sistema educacional do Estado de Minas Gerais. / This research aims to evaluate the impact of investment in infrastructure of Minas Gerais Educational State System’s schools in the performance of the schools as measured by the Basic Education Development Index – IDEB. In order to develop the analysis, the research used four extensive databases: 1) investment in school infrastructure made by the State Department of Education during the period of 2002-2002; 2) Historical Series of the Basic Education Development Index, between 2005 and 2011 - INEP / MEC; 3) Status of the school infrastructure diagnostic for the period of 2008-2011; 4) annual School Census 2011 - INEP / MEC. Starting from the characterization of the public schools object of study and delineation of the premises of the financing of the Brazilian Public Education and from the creation and operation of IDEB, analyzes were performed using the analytical data of schools of the early and final years of primary education. Through statistical procedures conducted, it was possible to shown the link between the performances achieved in IDEB and the level of investment and infrastructure conditions of the schools, always collated with the number of students served at each stage of education offered. Important conclusions are pointed out, especially as to the higher probability of schools with adequate school infrastructure and investment being more likely to set among the educational units that achieve the highest levels of IDEB. Likewise, schools with less favorable structures are unlikely to reach the noblest levels of IDEB. An innovative proposal presented is to elaborate an indicator of effectiveness of the investment, known as School Infrastructure Quality Investment Index - IQIIE, that aims to measure to what extent the direct allocation of resources to improve the infrastructure conditions of schools positively impact the variation IDEB for the selected period. Although being a challenging initiative and worthy of improvements, the construction proposed indicates new ways to look at the performance of schools considering the investment in school infrastructure and creating new possibilities of research based on the measurable impacts on the evolution of performance indicators of the schools. Finally, given the findings of the research, is presented an Action Plan for the Education State Department of Education - ESS in order to systematize the decisions of resource allocation in school infrastructure guided by concrete variables that allowed the construction of a Matrix of Investment Planning for School Infrastructure, which ranks, according to objective and parameterized criteria the existing needs for investments in a education network. It is expected that the implementation of the methodology presented in the Educational Action Plan can generate real benefits to the educational system of the State of Minas Gerais.