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The aim of my project was to find different ways to make playing easier and freer. What does it actually mean to let go and what could help to achieve more secure and relaxed feeling in your body when playing your instrument? I collected and experimented with exercises from a book The Inner Game of Music and Alexander Technique. I found out that knowing more precisely what to focus on and being more aware of the body can have a great effect. I discovered more gentle ways to teach myself and learned about the importance of how we are treating and using our bodies during practicing and in everyday situations. / <p>The sounding part consists of the following recording; Esa-Pekka Salonen: Pentatonic Étude.The recording has been archived. </p>

This research investigates the mutual influence between self-management as organizational structure and intuition in decision-making. Self-management as organizational structure has recently developed as a response to current challenges in society and business, thus constitutes an emerging research field. This study is contributing empirically to this under-research field while at the same time building on the well-researched field of decision-making. In particular, this study is building on the positive view of intuition in decision-making that comes along with dual-process theories. The empirical contribution of this study is collected through semi-structured interviews with a multiple-case study research design. This study’s main finding is the confirmation of a mutual influence, even more, a positive mutual influence, between self-management as organizational structure and intuition in decision-making. Furthermore, first findings on how they are influencing each other are brought forward as well as insights into the diversity of decision-making processes when applying self-management as organizational structure.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of makteting strategy of Allrisk, s.r.o. company. On the basis of this analysis and the appropriate theoretical knowledges, actions leading to the increased competitive strength of the company in the market are suggested.

In this qualitative study excessive weight gain in men is placed in the context of a life course trajectory with its characteristic stages. A combination of symbolic interactionism and life course perspectives was deemed appropriate for studying obesity as their basic assumptions complement each other to create a holistic view of the phenomenon. Both the life course and symbolic interactionism perspectives stress the interaction between individuals and their social environment, an observation particularly evident when viewed as a micro-level experience. The chosen approach emphasises the social creation of meanings about life transitions and individual development. The obese man cannot be seen as an isolated unit as, like all people, he is a social being forming part of a network of relationships. Theoretically those with whom he is socialising can be classified as significant others, general others and reference group others. It is their influence that is important in his personal development and experience of the self. While the symbolic interactionism perspective accentuates the development of the self in interaction with others, the life course perspective gives clarity on the way the individual handles transition experiences in order to regain balance after a time of disequilibrium resulting from different trajectories. The theory of cognitive appraisal used in this study enhanced understanding of the obese man‟s passion for food, and the emotion of joy experienced when busy with food-related activities. Cognitive appraisal takes place in each situation when the obese man needs to make a decision or take action in terms of food and life style behaviour. The strategy of enquiry for this research followed a phenomenological and qualitative approach. The unit of analysis was a white man who was obese. The inclusion criteria for the sample were: being older than 21; and complying with the acknowledged criterion for obesity of having a BMI greater than 30kg/m². A purposive sampling technique was employed with each of the 14 participants being interviewed on more than one occasion. Participants were expected to, and were able to describe their experiences of being obese retrospectively. The researcher made almost exclusive use of lengthy, individual, in-depth, unstructured interviews. Three themes emerged from the data namely the meaning of food, the sadness of obesity and coping with obesity. The findings from this study show that, as a social object, the obese man‟s eating habits and the meaning that food has for him are influenced by, and learnt from others such as his family during childhood and adolescence, and his married partner and work colleagues in young adulthood. Essentially, indulgence in eating is for the anticipated pleasure it brings. Thus several factors like marriage, friends and career influence the food trajectory of the obese man. The obese man‟s food trajectories affect his weight trajectory and have a negative impact on his experience of self. His overweight body gives rise to distressing physical constraints and causes emotional experiences of sadness. He is unable to make peace with his obese state and needs to consciously address the situation. Coping strategies used by the obese participants were critical in their handling of their obesity. In the process of self-appraisal they needed confirmation that they could handle the problem so that it did not influence the way they experienced their physical and inner selves. Regardless of all the coping strategies adopted, the participants were not totally able to handle their plight. It actually got worse and impacted extremely negatively on their well-being. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Consumer Science / unrestricted

Einen großräumigen Überblick über ein Gebiet von Interesse können Satellitenbilddaten ermöglichen. Dabei werden räumliche Beziehungen erkennbar und lassen sich untersuchen. Die Bestimmung der räumlichen Verteilung und des zeitlichen Ausmaßes eines großräumigen Ereignisses, wie einer Überflutung, ist oftmals nur mit Unterstützung von fernerkundlichen Daten möglich. Es besteht der Bedarf an kontinuierlichen Informationen über den Zustand eines Systems über einen längeren Zeitraum, wenn Zusammenhänge zwischen den natürlichen Schwankungen und unterschiedlichen anthropogenen sowie natürlichen Einflüssen untersucht werden sollen. Das Nigerbinnendelta in der Republik Mali nimmt in der semi-ariden Region eine besondere Stellung ein, da es sich um einen Gunststandort handelt, der wesentlich zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Region beiträgt. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zu erstellende Datenbasis beruht auf SAR-Daten, deren größter Vorteil in der Wetter- und Tageszeitunabhängigkeit liegt. Eine Herausforderung bei der Nutzung von Radaraufnahmen sind die spezielle Bildgeometrie, der auftretende Speckle-Effekt sowie das komplexe Rückstreuverhalten der Strahlung. Die Datenbasis bilden ERS- und Envisat-Aufnahmen, deren Auswertung zunächst die Datenaufbereitung bzw. die Vorverarbeitung, u. a. in Form einer radiometrischen Kalibrierung und einer Speckle-Filterung, vorangestellt ist. Die Anwendung von pixelbasierten Auswertemethoden ist aufgrund der radiometrischen Eigenschaften der Daten weniger geeignet, weshalb die in der Fernerkundung neuere objektorientierte und wissensbasierte Klassifikation zur Anwendung kam. Das Fehlen von zeitnah erhobenen Geländebeobachtungen sowie das komplexe Rückstreuverhalten der Mikrowellen erfordern eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Untersuchungsgebiet sowie mit dem Verhalten der C-Band SAR-Daten in Feuchtgebieten. Innerhalb der SAR-Daten treten vermehrt Überschneidungen in der Rückstreuung unterschiedlicher Landbedeckungen auf. Deren Trennung erfordert Vorkenntnisse über die Ausbreitung der Landbedeckungen zu unterschiedlichen hydrologischen Stadien. Die zum Aufbau der wissensbasierten Auswertung erfolgte Auseinandersetzung mit dem Untersuchungsgebiet beinhaltete neben der geographischen Aufbereitung die Erstellung einer Vergleichsbasis, basierend auf multispektralen Aufnahmen. Auf Grundlage je einer Aufnahme während sowie nach der Überschwemmung wurden für die objektorientierte Klassifikation zwei Regelwerke, in die neben der auszuwertenden SAR-Aufnahme zusätzliche Informationen wie z. B. der Texturparameter Entropie eingingen, erstellt. Das Ergebnis ist eine Datenbasis der Überschwemmungsflächen zu verschiedenen Aufnahmezeitpunkten. Die Evaluierung von zwei Klassifikationsergebnissen ergab eine sehr gute Trennung der überschwemmten und nicht überschwemmten Bereiche. Die aufbereiteten SAR-Daten geben einen Überblick über die Ressource Wasser für bereits vergangene Zeitschnitte. Zusammen mit aktuellen Informationen können diese einen Beitrag für ein nachhaltiges Management dieser Lebensgrundlage im Nigerbinnendelta leisten.

Inner speech has been implicated in Vygotsky´s theory of cognitive development. Converging evidence suggests that language skills as well as self-directed speech, in particular inner speech, is important for cognitive functions. However, the role of self-directed speech (including inner speech) in the relation between language skills and cognition have remained unclear. Despite a growing body of studies on the neural substrate of inner and overt speech, evidences of the neural differences between inner and overt speech have remained diffuse. The present dissertation aimed at filling the gap by investigating inner speech and its process of internalization with behavioral and neuroscientific methods. One study addressed the role of self-directed speech in the interplay between language skills and cognition by using the Tower of London task in children. Two studies addressed the neural correlates of the differences between inner and overt speech in adults and children during a picture-naming task by simultaneously applying the electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results of the first study confirmed that the internalization of speech is related to children´s cognition although it cannot explain the relation between language skills and problem-solving. The second study showed that inner speech is not overt speech without articulation, even more it is that prior phonological processes are downregulated. Moreover, the study showed that the brain differentiates between inner and overt speech even when no linguistic and motoric process is necessary. The results of the third study showed less differences between inner and overt speech in children indicating that inner speech is not yet adult-like. Even more it seems that inner speech represents linguistically the same like overt speech in the children´s brain.:Table of Content Danksagung VIII Bibliographische Darstellung X Zusammenfassung XI Summary XVI Theoretical Part 1 1 Introduction and Overview 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Theoretical Background 4 1.3 Development of Inner Speech 15 1.4 Behavioral Significance of Inner Speech 17 1.4.1 The Link between Inner Speech and Cognition 18 1.4.2 The Link between Inner Speech and Language 22 1.4.3 The Link between Language Skills and Cognition 23 1.5 Psycholinguistic and Biological Significance of Inner Speech 25 1.5.1 Speech Production Model 27 1.5.2 Differences between Inner and Overt Speech in the Brain 32 1.6 Overview of the Goals and Research Questions 42 2 Study Designs and Methodologies 46 2.1 Behavioral Methods 46 2.1.1 Tower of London 46 2.2 Neuroscientific Methods 51 2.2.1 Electroencephalography 52 2.2.1.1 Physiological Principles of the EEG 52 2.2.1.2 Technical Principles of the EEG 55 2.2.1.3 EEG Frequency Bands 57 2.2.1.4 Event-related Brain Potentials (ERPs) 58 2.2.2 Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 59 2.2.2.1 Physical Principles of the fNIRS 59 2.2.2.2 Physiological Principles of the fNIRS 65 2.2.2.3 Technical Principles of the fNIRS - Measurement Setup 66 Empirical Part 68 Preliminary Note 69 3 Study 1 - The role of self-directed speech in problem-solving 70 3.1 Introduction 70 3.1.1 The Association between Language Skills and Executive Functions 71 3.1.2 The association between language skills and use of self-directed speech 72 3.1.3 The role of self-directed speech in Executive Functions 73 3.1.3.1 Quantitative and qualitative analysis of self-directed speech 73 3.1.3.2 Dual-task method 74 3.1.3.3 Triggering self-directed speech 75 3.2 The present study 76 3.3 Material and Method 78 3.3.1 Participants 78 3.3.2 General procedure 79 3.3.3 Measures 79 3.3.3.1 Language Skills 79 3.3.3.2 Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary 79 3.3.3.3 Expressive Grammar 80 3.3.3.4 Receptive Grammar 80 3.3.3.5 Non-verbal intelligence (IQ) 81 3.3.3.6 Complex EF (problem-solving ability) 81 3.3.4 Coding speech 84 3.3.4.1 Quantity 85 3.3.4.2 Quality: Internalization 85 3.3.4.3 Quality: Spatial language 86 3.3.4.4 Quality: Planning function 86 3.3.4.5 Quality: Grammatical completeness 87 3.3.4.6 Interrater reliability 87 3.4 Results 88 3.4.1 Preliminary analyses 88 3.4.1.1 Factor analysis 88 3.4.1.2 Bivariate Correlations between all study measures 88 3.4.2 Main analyses 90 3.4.2.1 H1: Relation between language skills and problem-solving 90 3.4.2.2 RQ: Role of self-directed speech 91 3.4.2.2.1 RQ1: Mediation effect of self-directed speech 91 3.4.2.2.2 RQ2: Susceptibility to articulatory suppression 95 3.4.2.2.3 RQ3: Prompting self-directed speech 96 3.5 Discussion 99 3.5.1 Limitations and Next Steps 105 3.5.2 Conclusion 107 4 Study 2 - Differences between inner and overt speech in adults 108 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 Material and Method 114 4.2.1 Participants 114 4.2.2 Material 114 4.2.3 Tasks and Procedure 115 4.3 NIRS/EEG Data Recordings 117 4.3.1 fNIRS Data Recording 117 4.3.2 EEG Data Recording 118 4.4 Data analyses 119 4.4.1 fNIRS Data Analyses 119 4.4.2 EEG Data Analyses 120 4.5 Results 121 4.5.1 fNIRS results 121 4.5.2 EEG results 122 4.6 Discussion 127 4.7 Conclusions 131 5 Study 3 - Differences between inner and overt speech in children 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Material and Method 138 5.2.1 Participants 138 5.2.2 Material 139 5.2.3 Tasks and Procedure 139 5.3 NIRS/EEG Data Recordings 141 5.3.1 fNIRS Data Recording 141 5.3.2 EEG Data Recording 143 5.4 Data analyses 143 5.4.1 fNIRS Data: Analyses 143 5.4.2 EEG Data Analyses 144 5.5 Results 145 5.5.1 fNIRS results 145 5.5.2 EEG results 146 5.6 Discussion 146 5.7 Conclusion 150 6 General Discussion 151 6.1 What role does self-directed and inner speech play in the relation between language and cognition in children? 152 6.1.1 Quantitative and qualitative analyses of self-directed speech 152 6.1.2 Articulatory suppression of self-directed speech 155 6.1.3 Triggering self-directed speech 158 6.1.4 Conclusion 159 6.2 What distinguishes inner speech from external (overt) speech in adults? 160 6.2.1 Preparation phase 161 6.2.2 Execution phase 162 6.2.3 Conclusion 164 6.3 What distinguishes inner speech from external (overt) speech in children? 164 6.3.1 Preparation phase 165 6.3.2 Execution phase 167 6.3.3 Conclusion 169 6.4 Limitations and Future Research 169 6.5 Conclusion 176 7 References 179 Appendices 212 Coding Manual of Self-Directed Speech 213 Coding scheme 213 Coding Speech 214 Quantity of Private Speech 214 Quality of Private Speech 216 Speech Structure 216 Content Functions 218 Syntactic Features 221 Publications and Conference Contributions 222 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 225

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This diploma thesis had two basic aims. The first was an analysis of the processes shaping regional identity particularly of the study area of Neveklovsko and the identification of the inner potential in the region from the socio-economic and sociocultural aspects. The second aim was to identify the differences in the various areas of Czech region, specifically the high concentration of settlements with a predominately tourist and recreational function, where the research was conducted within the grant project. The research was carried out on using a field survey and questionnaire. The Neveklovsko area is an example of a rural area of the inner periphery containing a high concentration of settlements with the predominating tourist and recreational function. The Second World War played an important role in shaping regional identity, particularly because of forced displacements and its use as a training ground of the SS. Keywords: second housing, regional identity, countryside, inner periphery

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