Inner speech, or self-talk, is a process by which we talk to ourselves to think through problems or plan actions. Although inner speech is ubiquitous, its neural basis remains largely unknown. This thesis investigates the feasibility of using brain signal analysis to classify the recorded electroencephalography (EEG) data from participants engaged in tasks involving Inner Speech and made publicly available by Nieto et al. (2021). We present the implementation of four machine learning models, demonstrate the results, and compare using different protocols. The results are compared to the ones obtained by Berg et al. (2021), who used the same dataset. Two of the classical models we tried (SVC and LinearSVC) prove superior even against results obtained with deep learning models. We also compare the results from Inner Speech with Pronounced Speech to validate the reusability of the proposed method. We found an apparent regularity in the data on the results, validating the method’s quality and reusability.

When the cochlea is stimulated with two primary tones (f1 and f2) some of the energy is reflected back and propagates via the middle ear into the outer ear. Due to cochlear nonlinearities, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), may be detected by a probe microphone sealed in the ear canal. Reduced DPOAEs may indicate subclinical cochlear lesions. The relationship between hearing sensitivity and the strength of DPOAEs is debatable, especially in the extended high frequency (EHF) region (≥8 kHz). Monitoring cochlea function corresponding to the EHF range is important for detecting early stages of hearing loss, which typically begins above 8 kHz. Complex interactions of high-frequency pure-tones in the ear canal result in standing waves that increases test-retest variability of DPOAEs measured for f2≥6 kHz. The aim of the project was to evaluate reliability of DPOAEs measured up to 12 kHz with a system used routinely in audiology clinics. Thirty-one adults (age, 18-30 yrs) with normal middle-ear function and normal hearing thresholds in the conventional region (≤8 kHz) participated. The EHF audiometry was performed for frequencies up to 16 kHz. The DPOAE data were collected for the f2 frequency varied from 1.5 to 12 kHz, twice for each ear with the probe removed and then repositioned after the first test. The EHF audiometric data of four participants showed elevated thresholds. Their DPOAEs were reduced or absent for f2≥9 kHz, i.e., supporting the sensitivity of DPOAEs for cochlear hearing loss above the conventional audiometry frequency range. Mean and standard deviations of DPOAE levels were calculated separately for the left and the right ears of subjects with normal EHF thresholds. There were no differences between mean DPOAE values in the left and the right ears. The intersubject variability of the DPOAE levels was moderate (SD≈6 dB or lower) but it increased significantly in the 12-kHz region, per the F-test for variances, possibly due to 1. effects of standing waves on the high-frequency DPOAE reliability and/or 2. subclinical pathology in the most basal portion (i.e., high-frequency region) of the cochlea. For each ear, absolute values of differences between test/retest levels of detectable DPOAEs were calculated. ANOVA showed the main effect of frequency for the data collected in the left and the right ears. Post-hoc analyses indicated that test/retest variability of DPOAEs was rather constant for f2 frequencies up to 10 kHz, but a statistically significant increase of test/retest variability for f2 of 11 and 12 kHz was found. This aspect needs to be considered when using DPOAE tests for longitudinal monitoring of cochlear function in the basal portion. Nevertheless, combining behavioral thresholds with DPOAEs collected for the EHF range is vital for detecting the initial stage of the cochlear pathology corresponding to the high-frequency region, e.g., due to ototoxicity or aging of the cochlea.

This research contributes to current understandings of how the process of learning unfurls temporally during coaching conversations. This experience has been obtained through first-hand lived experience, in particular, my active participation as a coachee in a series of one-to-one coaching conversations with two professional coaches. To assist in developing and enriching these understandings further I have crafted a research design with a two-stage process. And a hybrid methodology drawn from Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Dialogical Methods. This approach is beneficial in enabling the complexity of self-other relationships that unfold within coaching conversations to be fully articulated. I have chosen to adopt autoethnography as a research method in stage one of this research, and interviews in stage two, respectively. Autoethnography enables a complex exploration of first-hand lived experience, providing a forum in which reflexive dialogues between self and other can emerge. Thus, allowing multiple perspectives to be heard. In stage two I have interviewed 6 professional coaches, facilitating an additional dialogue to unfold between self and others, enriching this research. Critically, within this research, the self is described as malleable and non-identical with itself, where on encountering others in external and inner dialogues it experiences challenges and struggles with the unknown and unfamiliar. Significantly, through this experience the self is transformed. Finally, this process can be understood as artistic, since this research describes an aesthetic metaphor informed by Bakhtin and Gell, in which coach and coachee - described as the recipient are actively engaged in emotionally crafting and shaping the other.

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