Detta är en undersökning som är gjord för att jämföra prissättningen av fastigheter som är till salu i Sverige och Spanien. För att avgränsa oss har vi valt att jämföra Stockholms innerstads prissättning med prissättningen i Palma på Mallorca i Spanien. Lockpris fenomenet har fått hård kritik under den senaste tiden i media. På grund av denna kritik så har många mäklare, speciellt i Stockholms innerstad, gått ihop och arbetar mot att undvika lockpriser och har infört begreppet accepterat pris. Dock kan accepterat pris uppfattas som ett nytt ersättningsnamn på lockpriser. Trots att Mäklarsamfundet tar bestämt avstånd från användning av lockpriser så har vi genom intervjuer med mäklare i Stockholms innerstad fått fram att detta används fortfarande vid prissättning av bostäder. Vi har genom våra intervjuer med fastighetsägare i Stockholm och Palma, mött flera fastighetsägare som har känt sig lurade då de har köpt en fastighet till ett avsevärt mycket högre slutpris än utgångspris. Samtidigt har vi mött flera fastighetsägare som är nöjda med Sveriges budgivningssystem. De flesta föredrar dock att köpa eller sälja en fastighet till verkligt accepterat pris. Det spanska budgivningssystemet där budgivningen går nedåt har, trots att de flesta fastighetsköpare som vi intervjuat lyckats förhandla ned slutpriset, mötts med en del kritik. Största delen av kritiken bygger på att priset inte sätts relaterat till marknadspriset, vilket det trots lockpriser, görs i Sverige. / This is a survey where we compare the pricing of properties that are for sale in Sweden and Spain. To make delimitation, we have chosen to compare the pricing in the inner city of Stockholm of Sweden with the pricing in Palma in Mallorca, Spain. The cap rates phenomenon has been very criticized in the Swedish media in the latest couple of years. Because of this criticism, many real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm are working to avoid cap rates and introduced the concept of using acceptable prices. However, acceptable price rates are perceived as a replacement name for the cap prices. Although the Mäklarsamfundet, of Sweden, disagrees with the use of cap rates, we have trough our interviews with real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm received that this concept is still used in the pricing of properties. We have, through our interviews with property owners in Stockholm and Palma, met several property owners who have felt cheated when they bought a property at a significantly higher final price than the asking price. We have as well met several property owners who are satisfied with the Swedish pricing. But most people prefer to buy or sell a property at fair agreed price, using acceptable pricing. Many of the Spanish property buyers who we have interviewed are critical to the Spanish pricing, where the bidding goes down. This despite that most of them, managed to negotiate down the final price. Most of the criticism is based on that the prices are not related to market price, which, despite the cap rates, is in Sweden.

The problem of under-utilized spaces has become an important problem of cities during the last decades. In rapidly urbanizing cities, especially in the city centers where the early city settlement or old town was situated, many urban and industrial functions have moved out leaving behind abandoned or under-utilized. These spaces, due to political, economical, cultural and spatial reasons, could neither undergo healthy urban transformation process nor be reused. Such spaces pose problems to contemporary urban planning and architecture. This thesis takes up the problem of under-utilized space exemplified in the inner city of Ankara, where a large stock of land is public property. The thesis defines the problem of under-utilized space and analyzes the causes for their emergence. The aim of the study is to understand the urban character of under-utilized part of the old industrial district, which is one of the most important districts in the city center of Ankara, and develop urban transformation approaches in particular for the old industrial district as well as for similar urban areas. The thesis focuses on the urban design dimension of transformation process. Urban design as a public policy makes important contributions in solving urban problems. The thesis develops some urban design principles in accordance with some spatial, functional and social concerns in order to redevelop the old industrial district. With this contribution the study emphasizes the importance of urban design as a tool which can be utilized in the urban transformation process by urban planners and architects.

Graphic Design is one part of the producer services sector of the modern metropolitan region. It is a sector that has experienced considerable development in terms of number of firms through demand created by the expansion of advertising and multi media. To date research has established that producer services, particularly finance related ones, agglomerate in the central city to take advantage of the agglomeration economies available in large metropolitan areas. This thesis argues that one of the key factors for the agglomeration of graphic design is the need for face-to-face communication with clients and other firms. There has been some work undertaken looking at the location of non-finance producer services, such as design, although these have been presented as snapshots at a point in time.This thesis extends this understanding through an analysis of agglomerations of graphic design firms over a twenty year time horizon. Using details of firm location in Melbourne every five years from 1981 to 2001 the thesis uses a geospatial analytical technique to identify agglomerations and explores the change in the size, location and density of agglomerations of firms. This research shows that the initial agglomeration of 1981 was still present by 2001 and had been joined by a number of new agglomerations ringing the Melbourne CBD while at the same time there has also been a dispersal of firms to the middle suburbs. In order to provide some insight in to the agglomeration of graphic design firms this research also examines the geography of two industries allied to graphic design: advertising and printing. This research shows that graphic designers and advertising agencies tend to locate in similar parts of inner Melbourne which may be due to the need for face-to-face contact between fims in these two industries. (For complete abstract open document)

The provision of environmental education towards sustainability with reference to the Inner City Enviro Centre in Tshwane is a comprehensive research project that describes the establishment and development of the Inner City Environmental Centre over a six-year period. This research focuses on the informal education sector and the methods used by centres, both locally and internationally to provide environmental education and / or education for sustainability. The Inner City Enviro Centre is used as a case study. The development of the ICEC is investigated in terms of the objectives it was to fulfil. The achievements and difficulties that the ICEC experienced are examined. This was done using document analysis and by interviewing those involved. This information was then assimilated and helped the researcher to make informed, objective judgements concerning the ICEC. Educators working on a project with the ICEC were given questionnaires which asked questions relating to environmental education and excursions. The data collected from findings is used to provide guidelines for future development of the ICEC and for others who might want to embark on similar projects. / Further Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

The study entails the design of a public school in the Pretoria inner city that will serve the needs of a growing number of residents in the area. Influences that shaped the design include the school’s connection with the urban context, needs set by the current educational system and a commitment to sustainable development. A mutualistic relationship between school and city is created. The inner city serves as an energetic and sustaining growth medium for the school. The school becomes a beacon of education for the urban community. Architecture creates the opportunity for a positive flow of information and inspiration between school and city. Functions of the school and city blend. Boundaries between the two become blurred. Architecture becomes flexible. Urban or educational needs can lead to a re-shaping of the building’s function or internal organisation. A temporary stability is provided. Architecture makes the user aware of is or her place in the physical and social context of the environment, just as the user makes the architecture aware of its place. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Architecture / unrestricted

Despite the widespread recommendation that schools "collaborate" with parents, little is found in the literature to elaborate on what this term or the common synonym "partnership" means, and further, how schools can invite diverse parental contributions to the table of educational discourse. The current study looks to contribute to the literature by analyzing the parent participation discourse in one community elementary school, utilizing critical discourse analysis and ethnographic observations. The findings reveal both school and parents' conceptions of the parents' partnership role as ancillary to that of the school's and the subsequent lack of true collaboration so advocated by the literature. Implications arise from this analysis which calls into question the examples of "collaboration" found in the literature, given the lack of theorizing regarding what collaboration inside of parent participation means. Contributions may shed light on the unintentional inequality of diverse parents in an effort toward true collaboration utilizing both the European American, middle class contributions of the educational institution alongside those of non-mainstream parents in creating an authentic educational atmosphere for diverse students.

Im Sommer 2012 führte das IÖR im Rahmen eines BMVBS/BBSR-Forschungsvorhabens eine bundesweite Umfrage zur Erhebung von Innenentwicklungspotenzialen (IEP) durch. Neben der Konzeption und Durchführung der Befragung und ergänzenden Experten-Interviews in ausgewählten Fallbeispielstädten beinhaltet das Projekt die Erarbeitung von Grundlagen und Konzepten für eine Verstetigung eines bundesweiten Monitorings von Innenentwicklungspotenzialen sowie die Berücksichtigung neuer Daten-Quellen und automatisierter Verfahren. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus der Befragung vorgestellt. Schwerpunkt bildet dabei die Ermittlung und Validierung der Quantitäten von Innenentwicklungspotenzialen in Deutschland. An der bundesweiten standardisierten Online-Befragung beteiligten sich rd. 4 % der deutschen Städte und Gemeinden aller Größenklassen in proportionaler geographischer Verteilung nach Regionstypen und Bundesländern. Große Städte verfügen über gute Kenntnisse über zu vorliegenden Potenzialen, Kleinstädte und Landgemeinden sind dagegen oft auf Schätzungen angewiesen. Etwa die Hälfte der beteiligten Kommunen sieht sich in der Lage, die Daten regelmäßig fortzuschreiben. Tendenziell unterschätzen die befragten Kommunen die Potenziale in ihrem Territorium. Die Analyse möglicher Ursachen hierfür erlaubt die Auslotung von Bandbreiten nach oben. Vorliegende Hochrechnungen weisen IEP in Höhe von mindestens 15 m² je Einwohner (oder 120 000 ha) auf Brachen und Baulücken aus. Diese Größenordnung entspricht ca. 5 % der Gebäude- und Freifläche. Unter Berücksichtigung von Korrekturschätzungen kann der Gesamtwert auf ca. 20 m² je Einwohner (165 000 ha) steigen.

Våren 2011 var det stora debattämnet i media, bland konsumenter och hos fastighetsmäklare lockpriser . Med lockpris avses att en bostad annonseras till ett väsentligt lägre pris än det bedömda marknadsvärdet på bostaden. Motivet var att locka till sig fler spekulanter till en eventuell budgivning. Innebörden av väsentligt är inte helt fastställt i lagen, vilket gör begreppet svårtolkat. I och med att utgångspriserna var satta så lågt jämfört med vad slutpriset blev så fick fastighetsmäklarna utstå mycket kritik. Mäklarbranschens anseende försämrades, och för att motverka detta bildades en arbetsgrupp av fastighetsmäklare från olika mäklarföretag i Stockholms innerstad. Detta mynnade ut i att istället för att använda sig av ett utgångspris så infördes begreppet accepterat pris. Ett accepterat pris innebär att det pris som annonseras ska vara på en sådan nivå att säljaren kan tänka sig att sälja bostaden till det priset. Dock med den kvarstående fria prövningsrätten som säljaren oavsett har, som innebär att tvång till försäljning inte råder, trots inkommit bud på annonserat pris. Som säljare har du rätt att sälja när du vill, till vem du vill och till vilket pris du vill. Syftet med uppsatsen är att redogöra för överenskommelsen av accepterat pris, vilka de bakomliggande faktorerna var vid införandet och vad målet var. Vidare vill vi klargöra om lockpriser är på väg tillbaka och utreda vilka andra bakomliggande faktorer som kan bidra till att ett pris uppfattas som lockpris. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att en av tankarna bakom införandet av accepterat pris var att stärka mäklarbranschens anseende och öka transparensen till spekulanterna då dem skulle få en bättre uppfattning om bostadens slutpris redan vid annonseringen av objektet. Enligt de gjorda intervjuerna med mäklare så märks en viss tendens till att lockpriserna anses vara på väg tillbaka. Även den inhämtade statistiken visar att så skulle kunna vara fallet då skillnaden mellan accepterat pris/utgångspris och slutpris på senare tid har ökat. För att kunna dra någon mer definitiv slutsats är detta något man bör ta ställning till när mer data har insamlats över ett större tidsperspektiv framåt i tiden. / The great debate topic in media and among real estate agents in spring 2011 was specially reduced prices . Specially reduced prices means that a property is advertised at a considerably lower price than the evaluated current market value of the property. This is to attract more bidders in a potential bidding. It is in this case not completely established by law what is meant by considerably lower price, why this concept is difficult to interpret. Real estate agents got lot of criticism due to the output prices which were too low compared to the final prices. The real estate agents industry’s reputation became worse and to counter this, there was formed a taskforce of real estate agents in Stockholm. This resulted in that instead of making use of a starting price the concept of accepted price was introduced. The accepted price meant that the price that was advertised was going to be at such a level that the seller was willing to sell the property for that. With the free trial right the seller would not be compelled to sell anyhow. This study is about accounting for the emergence of accepted price and the factors behind the introduction and the concept. It also aims to clarify what the goal of accepted price was and to discuss if specially reduced prices are coming back. Finally to investigate if there can be some underlying factors that can contribute to that our perception increases as specially reduced prices. The results of the paper show that one of the ideas behind the introduction of the accepted price was to strengthen the real estate agent industry's reputation and increase transparency to bidders so they would get a further idea of the final price of the property already at the announcement. According to the interviews made with the real estate agents, it is noticed a certain tendency that specially reduced prices are considered to be on the way back. Although the collected statistics shows that such could be the case when the difference between starting- and final price has recently increased. To be able to make a more definite conclusion, this is something that could be considered when more data have been collected over a wider time frame in the future.

The great debate topic in media and among real estate agents in spring 2011 was specially reduced prices. Specially reduced prices means that a property is advertised at a considerably lower price than the evaluated current market value of the property. This is to attract more bidders in a potential bidding. It is in this case not completely established by law what is meant by considerably lower price, why this concept is difficult to interpret. Real estate agents got lot of criticism due to the output prices which were too low compared to the final prices. The real estate agents industry’s reputation became worse and to counter this, there was formed a taskforce of real estate agents in Stockholm. This resulted in that instead of making use of a starting price the concept of accepted price was introduced. The accepted price meant that the price that was advertised was going to be at such a level that the seller was willing to sell the property for that. With the free trial right the seller would not be compelled to sell anyhow. This study is about accounting for the emergence of accepted price and the factors behind the introduction and the concept. It also aims to clarify what the goal of accepted price was and to discuss if specially reduced prices are coming back. Finally to investigate if there can be some underlying factors that can contribute to that our perception increases as specially reduced prices. The results of the paper show that one of the ideas behind the introduction of the accepted price was to strengthen the real estate agent industry's reputation and increase transparency to bidders so they would get a further idea of the final price of the property already at the announcement. According to the interviews made with the real estate agents, it is noticed a certain tendency that specially reduced prices are considered to be on the way back. Although the collected statistics shows that such could be the case when the difference between starting- and final price has recently increased. To be able to make a more definite conclusion, this is something that could be considered when more data have been collected over a wider time frame in the future. / Våren 2011 var det stora debattämnet i media, bland konsumenter och hos fastighetsmäklare lockpriser. Med lockpris avses att en bostad annonseras till ett väsentligt lägre pris än det bedömda marknadsvärdet på bostaden. Motivet var att locka till sig fler spekulanter till en eventuell budgivning. Innebörden av väsentligt är inte helt fastställt i lagen, vilket gör begreppet svårtolkat. I och med att utgångspriserna var satta så lågt jämfört med vad slutpriset blev så fick fastighetsmäklarna utstå mycket kritik. Mäklarbranschens anseende försämrades, och för att motverka detta bildades en arbetsgrupp av fastighetsmäklare från olika mäklarföretag i Stockholms innerstad. Detta mynnade ut i att istället för att använda sig av ett utgångspris så infördes begreppet accepterat pris. Ett accepterat pris innebär att det pris som annonseras ska vara på en sådan nivå att säljaren kan tänka sig att sälja bostaden till det priset. Dock med den kvarstående fria prövningsrätten som säljaren oavsett har, som innebär att tvång till försäljning inte råder, trots inkommit bud på annonserat pris. Som säljare har du rätt att sälja när du vill, till vem du vill och till vilket pris du vill. Syftet med uppsatsen är att redogöra för överenskommelsen av accepterat pris, vilka de bakomliggande faktorerna var vid införandet och vad målet var. Vidare vill vi klargöra om lockpriser är på väg tillbaka och utreda vilka andra bakomliggande faktorer som kan bidra till att ett pris uppfattas som lockpris. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att en av tankarna bakom införandet av accepterat pris var att stärka mäklarbranschens anseende och öka transparensen till spekulanterna då dem skulle få en bättre uppfattning om bostadens slutpris redan vid annonseringen av objektet. Enligt de gjorda intervjuerna med mäklare så märks en viss tendens till att lockpriserna anses vara på väg tillbaka. Även den inhämtade statistiken visar att så skulle kunna vara fallet då skillnaden mellan accepterat pris/utgångspris och slutpris på senare tid har ökat. För att kunna dra någon mer definitiv slutsats är detta något man bör ta ställning till när mer data har insamlats över ett större tidsperspektiv framåt i tiden.

This study investigated the impact of the years of teaching experience of classroom teachers on the achievement of third-grade students in inner-city Title I Schools; on the achievement of those third-grade students who were defined as high achievers, average achievers, and low achievers; and on the achievement of boys and girls in the third grade of inner-city Title I schools. An analysis and interpretation of the data revealed that there were no significant differences in reading and mathematics achievement of the third-grade students when the number of years of experience of the teacher was examined. Reading achievement of third-grade boys and third-grade girls did show significant differences. The more-experienced teacher appeared to have the greater increase in reading scores of the students. In addition to data concerning the hypotheses, information about other teacher variables was collected through a teacher self-report questionnaire. One hundred per cent of the teachers in the participating schools responded to the questionnaire. Data were tabulated by frequency of response in groups according to years of teacher experience. Variables included years of teaching experience in Title I schools, classroom size, and demographic data. Analysis of the data indicated that teachers having more years of experience in Title I schools appeared to have a greater increase in the reading and mathematics scores of students. Students in larger classes appeared to show greater gains than students in smaller classes in reading and mathematics. The majority of the teachers indicated that they felt the teacher, parent involvement, and class size had the most impact on achievement of students and staff development had the least impact.