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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Comparative European business ethics : a comparison of the ethics of the recruitment interview in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK, using Erving Goffman's frame analysis

Spence, Laura J. January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
2

ESL Students in the College Writing Conferences: Perception and Participation

Liu, Yingliang January 2009 (has links)
Teacher-student writing conferences are an important component in college writing courses. Coming from different cultural and educational backgrounds, many ESL students are not familiar with this practice and tend to listen to the instructor passively. Their perception of the conference may affect their interaction with the instructor. This study investigates how ESL students' perception affects the teacher-student interaction in the writing conferences. The multiple-case study explores: (1) ESL students' expectations of the writing conference and factors contributing to the expectations, (2) participation patterns of ESL students in the conferences, and (3) ESL students' perception of the effectiveness of teacher-student conferencesA questionnaire, distributed to 110 (65 NS and 45ESL) students enrolled in the first-year composition classes, examines students' previous writing experience and expectations of the writing conferences. Pre-conference interviews with 19 focus students (8 NS and 11 ESL) were conducted to verify the survey results. Students' participation patterns were investigated via the video-recorded writing conferences of the 19 focus students. Students' perceptions of the conference were investigated through the post-conference interviews with the 19 focus students and follow-up interviews with six Chinese students.The questionnaire results showed that ESL students and NS students expect to receive feedback on their drafts at the writing conference. ESL students, not familiar with the dynamic feature of the conference, expected the instructor to directly tell them what to do without planning to explain their own thoughts. These student expectations were shaped by factors beyond individual preferences. ESL students' expectations were reflected in the way they participate in the writing conferences. Compared with NS students, who knew better how to "buy" the teacher feedback by asking for opinions or suggestions and announcing plans of revision, ESL students tended to be good listeners at the conference by answering questions. They seldom initiated comments and questions in the conferences. Post-conference interviews revealed that ESL students perceived the conference as effective as they received directive feedback from the teacher. It was noted that their participation was constrained by their preconceived assumption of the teacher-student relationship. The findings offer implications on how to conduct conferences to maximize students' benefits.
3

Pills of wisdom: an investigation of pharmacist-patient interactions in a South African antiretroviral clinic

Watermeyer, Jennifer Mary 19 February 2009 (has links)
ABSTRACT Successful communication with patients in a multicultural, multilinguistic environment is a challenge to health professionals, particularly in the context of HIV/Aids and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. Although the introduction of ARVs has brought hope, high levels of adherence are required to ensure treatment success and numerous barriers to adherence exist. Pharmacists play an important role in encouraging adherence to ARV treatment regimens by providing education and counselling. However, previous research indicates that interactions are often dominated by the pharmacist. Also, verification of patients’ understanding of information is infrequent and that patients are often passive recipients of instructions. This study aims to identify and describe interactive processes in pharmacy interactions while considering the impact of the disease and macro context on communication. Twenty-six cross-cultural, cross-linguistic pharmacist-patient interactions from a South African HIV/Aids pharmacy are described. Data collection included video recordings, interviews with participants and ethnographic observations in the pharmacy. A hybrid analytical approach incorporated aspects of Conversation Analysis (CA) and Discourse Analysis (DA). The results of this study are particularly encouraging. They demonstrate that despite the presence of cultural, linguistic and other contextual barriers, pharmacist-patient interactions can be efficient. The use of facilitative verbal and non-verbal communication strategies ensures that dosage instructions are successfully communicated by the pharmacist to the patient. In line with prior research, collaboration is promoted when pharmacists create rapport and focus on the lifeworld of the patient. The study shows that intuition and sensitivity to atmosphere in interactions is essential for achieving concordance. The disease context of HIV/Aids has a profound influence on the pharmacistpatient interaction and this study demonstrates the significant impact of the macro ii context on micro aspects of communication. The evidence suggests that the nature of humanity and the daily interface between culture and language in South Africa enables pharmacists and patients to transcend some of the barriers to communication and collaboration that have been identified in previous studies. The findings imply that the diversity of South Africa provides both hope and a resource which can inform policy and future practice.
4

Question-response sequences in the House of Commons : A conversation analytic study of adversarial questioning in the British parliament / Fråga-svar sekvenser i House of Commons : En konversationsanalytisk studie om motstridigt utfrågande i det brittiska parlamentet

Blick, Adam January 2020 (has links)
With the method of conversation analysis, this study examines the level of adverseness in questions between members of parliament from different parties. The data consists of question – response sequences derived from a ministerial statement from the prime minister in the House of Commons. This study finds that, in question – response sequences between oppositional members of parliament and the prime minister, adversarial presuppositions in questions can be used as a strategy to project negative traits upon the respondent. Adversarial dimensions of hostility, assertiveness and directness can also be found in adversarial questions. In these instances, the respondent may adjust their answer to match the level of adverseness from the questioner through the use of certain lexis, creating counter sequences. Adversarial questions are the most common type of question from members of the oppositional party, and there are different adversarial strategies being used. Questions from members of the government party do not make use of adversarial strategies, and should not be described as adversarial.
5

Att skapa framtid : En analys av interaktionen i studie- och yrkesvägledande samtal med unga i migration / Shaping a future : An analysis of interaction in career counselling conversations with young migrants

Sundelin, Åsa January 2015 (has links)
This is an empirical study that aims to contribute to knowledge about the opportunities the career counselling conversation offers young migrants in shaping their future. Conversations play a central role in career counselling activities in Swedish schools; furthermore, the question of how the Swedish society promotes the inclusion of its immigrants has become an increasingly urgent issue. The study draws on a dialogical framework on interaction and meaning making and seeks to gain insight into how meaning about the future is formed in career counselling conversations. The following questions were formulated: How is the interaction between migrant students and their counsellors formed in counselling conversations? How can the interaction be understood in relation to the participants and their contexts? What seems to enable or constrain students’ meaning making about the future in these conversations? The study was conducted in an introductory course for newly arrived immigrants at the upper secondary level. Researcher followed a series of two career counselling conversations between five students and five counsellors, respectively. The empirical material comprises three parts: audio-recordings of conversations, observations of these conversations and audio-recorded interviews with counsellors and students. The students, three men and two women, have a non-European background and had been in Sweden between one and three years. All except one can be considered a refugee. The material was transcribed, and the conversations were analysed with the concepts of communicative projects and strategies. The conversations are the primary empirical material. The results show that the counsellors’ and the students’ communicative projects primarily are complementary. Both the counsellor and the conversations appear as crucial for students learning about Swedish opportunity structures and meaning making about the future. The analysis also elucidated interactional patterns and interplay that seem to constrain the students’ possibilities to shape a future with their own conditions within the conversations. The conversations focused on Swedish career opportunities and lacked a transnational perspective. Furthermore, the students’ migrant background was not made relevant in the conversations; hence, the conversations risk contributing to students’ stigmatisation. The counsellors’ methods also seem at risk of individualising issues related to institutional preconditions and structural constraints. However, the analysis also displayed how the counsellor can counteract these constraining effects. The result implicates, in alignment with other studies, that the responsibility for the students’ career processes cannot be put on counselling conversations alone; more comprehensive and integrated activities for career learning in the schools are necessary to provide immigrant students with reasonable possibilities for shaping a future. Moreover, the conclusion is drawn that counsellor’s conversation skills are important for the students meaning making about the future but that counsellors also must have, among other things, the ability to comprehend migrants’ feelings and existential issues regarding the future and, not least, knowledge about the conditions of migrants and the ability to both comprehend and actively recognize injustices and different expressions of power. There are seldom others advocating for the rights of migrants. / Vägledning mellan erkännande, rättvisa och skillnadsskapande
6

O gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento no trabalho de avaliação pedagógica na fala-em-interação de sala de aula de EJA

Kniphoff, Ana Maria January 2012 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga como os participantes da fala-em-interação de uma sala de aula de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) se orientam sequencialmente para o gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento institucionais (professor, aluno) assim como para outras categorias emergentes na realização do trabalho de avaliação pedagógica coletiva. O exame sustenta-se na perspectiva dos estudos da Análise da Conversa e da Etnometodologia e busca analisar e articular o entendimento de como os participantes demonstram uns aos outros suas orientações no que tange aos dispositivos de categorização de pertencimento na produção e manutenção sequencial e local da realidade social do evento. Os dados consistem em 50 minutos de registros audiovisuais gerados no início do ano letivo de 2009 em uma turma do quinto ciclo de ensino da Educação de Jovens e Adultos de uma escola municipal de Porto Alegre, os quais foram segmentados, posteriormente transcritos e submetidos à análise sequencial. O tratamento procedimental interpretativo dado aos segmentos sob análise revela a orientação dos participantes na tentativa de restaurar a normalidade dos cursos de ação, de acordo com as suas expectativas, informadas pelo conhecimento de senso comum e demonstradas situadamente no que se refere aos direitos e obrigações moralmente aceitáveis ligados às categorias onirrelevantes no evento (professor e aluno). Diante do entendimento partilhado e situado de que avaliar consiste em atribuir uma nota e de que esta ação está ligada às obrigações da categoria de professor, os participantes resistem à implementação da ação de avaliar formalmente, destacando as obrigações dos participantes e desenvolvendo sequências de responsabilização. Por fim, este trabalho posiciona-se diante da divergência metodológica de Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (MCA), apontando para o caráter sequencial, local, ordenado, emergente, intersubjetivo e dinâmico do trabalho de categorização, e propondo uma distinção entre projeção de um item categorial e trabalho de categorização. Além disso, aponta para o caráter potencialmente conflituoso e delicado da ação de avaliar sendo implementada por outros participantes que não o professor, mas ao mesmo tempo para a relevância da atividade de avaliação pedagógica coletiva, na medida em que, se tratando de uma atividade que abarca o gerenciamento de categorias relacionadas ao saber, ao conhecimento, e à experiência, se repete em outras esferas de atuação social e se reflete nas decisões práticas dos cidadãos na sociedade. / This research investigates how participants of an EJA classroom talk-and-interaction are sequentially oriented to the management of institutional membership categories (teacher, student) such as other emergent categories in the accomplishment of the collective pedagogical assessment work. Analysis is grounded on Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology studies and attempts to understand how participants orient to each other through membership categorization device sequentially and locally producing and maintaining the social reality of the event. The data consists of 50 minutes of audiovisual recorded interactions generated in early 2009 in a fifth period classroom of EJA in a public school in Porto Alegre, which were segmented, transcribed and sequentially analysed. The procedural and interpretative treatment of data displays the participants orientations in an attempt to restore the normal courses of actions according to their expectations, informed by the common sense knowledge and manifested here and now regarding the morally accountable rights and obligations bounded to the omnirelevant categories in the event (teacher and student). In face of the shared and situated understanding that assess consists in to ascribe a grade and that this action is bounded to the teacher category obligations, participants resist to implement this action, highlighting the participants obligations and developing accountability sequences. At last, this research stands with respect to the methodological divergence in MCA studies, pointing to the sequential, local, orderly, emergent, intersubjective and dynamic character of categorization work, and offering a distinction between the projection of a categorical item and the categorization work. Moreover, it points to the potentially conflictual and delicate character of the action of assess being implemented by other participants than the teacher, but at the same time to the relevance of the collective pedagogical assessment activity, as being an activity that includes the management of categories related to knowledge and to experience, it repeats in other social action spheres and reflects on the practical decisions of the citizens in society.
7

Making Questions and Answers Work : Negotiating Participation in Interview Interaction

Iversen, Clara January 2013 (has links)
The current thesis explores conditions for participation in interview interaction. Drawing on the ethnomethodological idea that knowledge is central to participation in social situations, it examines how interview participants navigate knowledge and competence claims and the institutional and moral implications of these claims. The data consists of, in total, 97 audio-recorded interviews conducted as part of a national Swedish evaluation of support interventions for children exposed to violence. In three studies, I use discursive psychology and conversation analysis to explicate how interview participants in interaction (1) contribute to and negotiate institutional constraints and (2) manage rights and responsibilities related to knowledge. The findings of study I and study II show that child interviewees actively cooperate with as well as resist the constraints of interview questions. However, the children’s opportunities for participation in this institutional context are limited by two factors: (1) recordability; that is, the focus on generating recordable responses and (2) problematic assumptions underpinning questions and the interpretation of interview answers. Apart from restricting children’s rights to formulate their experiences, these factors can lead interviewers to miss opportunities to gain important information. Also related to institutional constraints, study III shows how the ideal of model consistency is prioritized over service-user participation. Thus, the three studies show how different practices relevant to institutional agendas may hinder participation. Moreover, the findings contribute to an understanding of how issues of knowledge are managed in the interviews. Study II suggests the importance of the concept of believability to refer to people’s rights and responsibilities to draw conclusions about others’ thoughts. And the findings of study III demonstrate how, in evaluation interviews with social workers, children’s access to their own thoughts and feelings are based on a notion of predetermined participation; that is, constructed as contingent on wanting what the institutional setting offers. Thus, child service users’ low epistemic status, compared to the social workers, trumps their epistemic access to their own minds. These conclusions, about recordability, believability, and predetermined participation, are based on interaction with or about children. However, I argue that the findings relate to interviewees and service users in general. By demonstrating the structuring power of interactive practices, the thesis extends our understanding of conditions for participation in the institutional setting of social research interviews.
8

O gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento no trabalho de avaliação pedagógica na fala-em-interação de sala de aula de EJA

Kniphoff, Ana Maria January 2012 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga como os participantes da fala-em-interação de uma sala de aula de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) se orientam sequencialmente para o gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento institucionais (professor, aluno) assim como para outras categorias emergentes na realização do trabalho de avaliação pedagógica coletiva. O exame sustenta-se na perspectiva dos estudos da Análise da Conversa e da Etnometodologia e busca analisar e articular o entendimento de como os participantes demonstram uns aos outros suas orientações no que tange aos dispositivos de categorização de pertencimento na produção e manutenção sequencial e local da realidade social do evento. Os dados consistem em 50 minutos de registros audiovisuais gerados no início do ano letivo de 2009 em uma turma do quinto ciclo de ensino da Educação de Jovens e Adultos de uma escola municipal de Porto Alegre, os quais foram segmentados, posteriormente transcritos e submetidos à análise sequencial. O tratamento procedimental interpretativo dado aos segmentos sob análise revela a orientação dos participantes na tentativa de restaurar a normalidade dos cursos de ação, de acordo com as suas expectativas, informadas pelo conhecimento de senso comum e demonstradas situadamente no que se refere aos direitos e obrigações moralmente aceitáveis ligados às categorias onirrelevantes no evento (professor e aluno). Diante do entendimento partilhado e situado de que avaliar consiste em atribuir uma nota e de que esta ação está ligada às obrigações da categoria de professor, os participantes resistem à implementação da ação de avaliar formalmente, destacando as obrigações dos participantes e desenvolvendo sequências de responsabilização. Por fim, este trabalho posiciona-se diante da divergência metodológica de Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (MCA), apontando para o caráter sequencial, local, ordenado, emergente, intersubjetivo e dinâmico do trabalho de categorização, e propondo uma distinção entre projeção de um item categorial e trabalho de categorização. Além disso, aponta para o caráter potencialmente conflituoso e delicado da ação de avaliar sendo implementada por outros participantes que não o professor, mas ao mesmo tempo para a relevância da atividade de avaliação pedagógica coletiva, na medida em que, se tratando de uma atividade que abarca o gerenciamento de categorias relacionadas ao saber, ao conhecimento, e à experiência, se repete em outras esferas de atuação social e se reflete nas decisões práticas dos cidadãos na sociedade. / This research investigates how participants of an EJA classroom talk-and-interaction are sequentially oriented to the management of institutional membership categories (teacher, student) such as other emergent categories in the accomplishment of the collective pedagogical assessment work. Analysis is grounded on Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology studies and attempts to understand how participants orient to each other through membership categorization device sequentially and locally producing and maintaining the social reality of the event. The data consists of 50 minutes of audiovisual recorded interactions generated in early 2009 in a fifth period classroom of EJA in a public school in Porto Alegre, which were segmented, transcribed and sequentially analysed. The procedural and interpretative treatment of data displays the participants orientations in an attempt to restore the normal courses of actions according to their expectations, informed by the common sense knowledge and manifested here and now regarding the morally accountable rights and obligations bounded to the omnirelevant categories in the event (teacher and student). In face of the shared and situated understanding that assess consists in to ascribe a grade and that this action is bounded to the teacher category obligations, participants resist to implement this action, highlighting the participants obligations and developing accountability sequences. At last, this research stands with respect to the methodological divergence in MCA studies, pointing to the sequential, local, orderly, emergent, intersubjective and dynamic character of categorization work, and offering a distinction between the projection of a categorical item and the categorization work. Moreover, it points to the potentially conflictual and delicate character of the action of assess being implemented by other participants than the teacher, but at the same time to the relevance of the collective pedagogical assessment activity, as being an activity that includes the management of categories related to knowledge and to experience, it repeats in other social action spheres and reflects on the practical decisions of the citizens in society.
9

O gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento no trabalho de avaliação pedagógica na fala-em-interação de sala de aula de EJA

Kniphoff, Ana Maria January 2012 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga como os participantes da fala-em-interação de uma sala de aula de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) se orientam sequencialmente para o gerenciamento de categorias de pertencimento institucionais (professor, aluno) assim como para outras categorias emergentes na realização do trabalho de avaliação pedagógica coletiva. O exame sustenta-se na perspectiva dos estudos da Análise da Conversa e da Etnometodologia e busca analisar e articular o entendimento de como os participantes demonstram uns aos outros suas orientações no que tange aos dispositivos de categorização de pertencimento na produção e manutenção sequencial e local da realidade social do evento. Os dados consistem em 50 minutos de registros audiovisuais gerados no início do ano letivo de 2009 em uma turma do quinto ciclo de ensino da Educação de Jovens e Adultos de uma escola municipal de Porto Alegre, os quais foram segmentados, posteriormente transcritos e submetidos à análise sequencial. O tratamento procedimental interpretativo dado aos segmentos sob análise revela a orientação dos participantes na tentativa de restaurar a normalidade dos cursos de ação, de acordo com as suas expectativas, informadas pelo conhecimento de senso comum e demonstradas situadamente no que se refere aos direitos e obrigações moralmente aceitáveis ligados às categorias onirrelevantes no evento (professor e aluno). Diante do entendimento partilhado e situado de que avaliar consiste em atribuir uma nota e de que esta ação está ligada às obrigações da categoria de professor, os participantes resistem à implementação da ação de avaliar formalmente, destacando as obrigações dos participantes e desenvolvendo sequências de responsabilização. Por fim, este trabalho posiciona-se diante da divergência metodológica de Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (MCA), apontando para o caráter sequencial, local, ordenado, emergente, intersubjetivo e dinâmico do trabalho de categorização, e propondo uma distinção entre projeção de um item categorial e trabalho de categorização. Além disso, aponta para o caráter potencialmente conflituoso e delicado da ação de avaliar sendo implementada por outros participantes que não o professor, mas ao mesmo tempo para a relevância da atividade de avaliação pedagógica coletiva, na medida em que, se tratando de uma atividade que abarca o gerenciamento de categorias relacionadas ao saber, ao conhecimento, e à experiência, se repete em outras esferas de atuação social e se reflete nas decisões práticas dos cidadãos na sociedade. / This research investigates how participants of an EJA classroom talk-and-interaction are sequentially oriented to the management of institutional membership categories (teacher, student) such as other emergent categories in the accomplishment of the collective pedagogical assessment work. Analysis is grounded on Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology studies and attempts to understand how participants orient to each other through membership categorization device sequentially and locally producing and maintaining the social reality of the event. The data consists of 50 minutes of audiovisual recorded interactions generated in early 2009 in a fifth period classroom of EJA in a public school in Porto Alegre, which were segmented, transcribed and sequentially analysed. The procedural and interpretative treatment of data displays the participants orientations in an attempt to restore the normal courses of actions according to their expectations, informed by the common sense knowledge and manifested here and now regarding the morally accountable rights and obligations bounded to the omnirelevant categories in the event (teacher and student). In face of the shared and situated understanding that assess consists in to ascribe a grade and that this action is bounded to the teacher category obligations, participants resist to implement this action, highlighting the participants obligations and developing accountability sequences. At last, this research stands with respect to the methodological divergence in MCA studies, pointing to the sequential, local, orderly, emergent, intersubjective and dynamic character of categorization work, and offering a distinction between the projection of a categorical item and the categorization work. Moreover, it points to the potentially conflictual and delicate character of the action of assess being implemented by other participants than the teacher, but at the same time to the relevance of the collective pedagogical assessment activity, as being an activity that includes the management of categories related to knowledge and to experience, it repeats in other social action spheres and reflects on the practical decisions of the citizens in society.
10

A construção de masculinidades na fala-em-interação em cenários escolares

Almeida, Alexandre do Nascimento January 2009 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga como as identidades sociais de gênero são construídas na falaem- interação institucional em sala de aula. Os dados foram gerados com cinco turmas de ensino fundamental em uma escola pública municipal de Porto Alegre, mediante procedimentos como a observação participante e o registro em áudio e vídeo de fala-eminteração social em cenários e eventos escolares diversos. As notas de campo foram transformadas em diários de pesquisa, enquanto os excertos de interação foram transcritos após sua segmentação. Conceitos derivados da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica foram utilizados como referência teórico-metodológica a fim de discutir os métodos empregados pelos participantes na construção de identidades masculinas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram como os participantes orientam-se uns aos outros através do ajuste ao interlocutor, demonstrando seu conhecimento de senso comum ao projetar uma identidade social específica por meio da indiciação de gênero. Percebeu-se que, quando essa orientação não contraria aquilo que é esperado pela exibição de “um mundo em comum”, gênero tem uso periférico e não se torna relevante seqüencialmente para os participantes no decorrer da interação. Em outros contextos, contudo, quando algumas atividades, ações ou atitudes são associadas a categorias generificadas específicas e contrariam aquilo que é esperado de tais categorias, os participantes engajam-se num trabalho colaborativo a fim de restabelecer uma ordem de gênero. Nessa ordem de gênero local, há a ratificação da heterossexualidade como uma característica desejável das identidades masculinas hegemônicas, bem como a conseqüente rejeição daquilo que é considerado diferente dessa normatividade. A heteronormatividade, portanto, é um produto das relações sociais situadas dos participantes, construída no uso da linguagem, realizada local e rotineiramente num trabalho colaborativo de descrição e categorização identitária. O estudo da construção de masculinidades na escola contribui para a compreensão das práticas pelas quais o gênero pode ser visto mas não destacado ou tornar-se relevante na seqüência da interação. A construção de identidades sociais de gênero é, portanto, entendida através da análise do trabalho de descrição ou de categorização mobilizado pelos participantes de um encontro social. / This research investigates how social identities of gender are built in institutional talkin- interaction in the classroom. The data were generated with five groups of elementary and junior high education in a public school in Porto Alegre, through procedures such as participant observation and audiovisual recording of social talk-in-interaction in several school settings and events. Fieldnotes were transformed in research diaries, and interaction excerpts were transcribed after segmentation. Concepts derived from Conversation Analysis were used as theoretical and methodological reference in order to discuss the methods implemented by participants in the construction of masculine identities. Research results show how participants orient to each other through recipient design, displaying their commonsense knowledge when projecting a particular social identity through gender indexation. It was noted that, when this orientation does not contradict what is expected from the exhibition of a “world in common”, gender has a peripheral use and does not become sequentially relevant for participants during interaction. In other contexts, however, when some activities, actions or attitudes are associated to particular gendered categories and contradict what is expected from such categories, participants engage in a collaborative work in order to reestablish a gender order. In this local gender order, there is the ratification of heterosexuality as a desirable characteristic of hegemonic masculine identities, as well as the consequent denial of what is considered different from this normativity. Therefore, heteronormativity is a product of participants’ social relations, built through language use, locally and ordinarily accomplished in a collaborative work of identity description and categorization. The study of the construction of masculinities within schools contributes to the understanding of the practices through which gender may be either seen but unnoticed or become relevant in the sequence of the interaction. The construction of social identities of gender is, therefore, understood through the analysis of the work of description and categorization implemented by the participants of a social encounter.

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