La notion d’aide-à-autrui est la pierre angulaire du travail social. Cette aide s’incarne sous la forme d’une multitude de déclinaisons à travers les activités menées par les professionnels de l’action sociale, les travailleurs sociaux. Lorsque l’un d’entre eux se trouve ponctuellement en difficulté dans l’exercice de son métier, la « réunion de synthèse » est un espace dédié à l’aide entre professionnels.Dans ce cadre de travail, le langage est l’outil essentiel qui permet aux participants de se rendre mutuellement disponible leur point de vue sur un « cas social » et de traiter eux-mêmes la descriptibilité de leurs actions.La perspective théorique et méthodologique de la linguistique interactionnelle, issue de l’analyseconversationnelle d’inspiration ethnométhodologique, constitue un cadre privilégié pour examiner les pratiques langagières qui caractérisent ces réunions institutionnelles. La question des ressources mobilisées et de leurs cours d’action dans l’interaction est devenue mon objet de recherche. Un objet qui ratifie non seulement le principe du langage comme ressource centrale de l’organisation des activités sociales, mais aussi dans ce contexte institutionnel, comme principale ressource de production et de structuration d’une activité d’aide-à-autrui.Cette thèse a pour visée d’approfondir la connaissance des processus permettant l’émergence d’unetelle activité, en étudiant les procédés par lesquels les ressources linguistiques sont méthodiquement déployées pour façonner et délivrer les points de vue des membres sur leurs actions, contribuant en retour à la constitution d’un espace intersubjectif qui rend possible l’élaboration collective d’un travail interprétatif. / The concept of aid to others is the cornerstone of social work. This assistance is embodied in the formof a multitude of variations through the activities of the professionals of social action, the socialworkers. When one of them is punctually in trouble during the exercise of his job, the " meeting of synthesis" is dedicated to mutual aid between professionals.In this framework, the language is an essential tool which allows participants to make mutually available their point of view on a "social event" and handle themselves the describtibility of theiractions.The theoretical and methodological perspective of interactional linguistics, from the conversation alanalysis in the ethnomethodological tradition, is an ideal framework to examine the language practicesthat characterize these institutional meetings. The issue of mobilized resources and their course of action in the interaction became my object of research. An object that ratifies not only the principle of language as a central resource of the organization of the social activities, but also in the institutional context, as a main resource of production and structuring an activity to help others.This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the processes for the emergence of such activity, by studying the processes by which language resources are methodically deployed to shape and deliverthe views of members about their actions, contributing in return to the creation of an intersubjective space which makes possible the collective elaboration of a interpretative work.

Esta pesquisa investiga como as identidades sociais de gênero são construídas na falaem- interação institucional em sala de aula. Os dados foram gerados com cinco turmas de ensino fundamental em uma escola pública municipal de Porto Alegre, mediante procedimentos como a observação participante e o registro em áudio e vídeo de fala-eminteração social em cenários e eventos escolares diversos. As notas de campo foram transformadas em diários de pesquisa, enquanto os excertos de interação foram transcritos após sua segmentação. Conceitos derivados da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica foram utilizados como referência teórico-metodológica a fim de discutir os métodos empregados pelos participantes na construção de identidades masculinas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram como os participantes orientam-se uns aos outros através do ajuste ao interlocutor, demonstrando seu conhecimento de senso comum ao projetar uma identidade social específica por meio da indiciação de gênero. Percebeu-se que, quando essa orientação não contraria aquilo que é esperado pela exibição de “um mundo em comum”, gênero tem uso periférico e não se torna relevante seqüencialmente para os participantes no decorrer da interação. Em outros contextos, contudo, quando algumas atividades, ações ou atitudes são associadas a categorias generificadas específicas e contrariam aquilo que é esperado de tais categorias, os participantes engajam-se num trabalho colaborativo a fim de restabelecer uma ordem de gênero. Nessa ordem de gênero local, há a ratificação da heterossexualidade como uma característica desejável das identidades masculinas hegemônicas, bem como a conseqüente rejeição daquilo que é considerado diferente dessa normatividade. A heteronormatividade, portanto, é um produto das relações sociais situadas dos participantes, construída no uso da linguagem, realizada local e rotineiramente num trabalho colaborativo de descrição e categorização identitária. O estudo da construção de masculinidades na escola contribui para a compreensão das práticas pelas quais o gênero pode ser visto mas não destacado ou tornar-se relevante na seqüência da interação. A construção de identidades sociais de gênero é, portanto, entendida através da análise do trabalho de descrição ou de categorização mobilizado pelos participantes de um encontro social. / This research investigates how social identities of gender are built in institutional talkin- interaction in the classroom. The data were generated with five groups of elementary and junior high education in a public school in Porto Alegre, through procedures such as participant observation and audiovisual recording of social talk-in-interaction in several school settings and events. Fieldnotes were transformed in research diaries, and interaction excerpts were transcribed after segmentation. Concepts derived from Conversation Analysis were used as theoretical and methodological reference in order to discuss the methods implemented by participants in the construction of masculine identities. Research results show how participants orient to each other through recipient design, displaying their commonsense knowledge when projecting a particular social identity through gender indexation. It was noted that, when this orientation does not contradict what is expected from the exhibition of a “world in common”, gender has a peripheral use and does not become sequentially relevant for participants during interaction. In other contexts, however, when some activities, actions or attitudes are associated to particular gendered categories and contradict what is expected from such categories, participants engage in a collaborative work in order to reestablish a gender order. In this local gender order, there is the ratification of heterosexuality as a desirable characteristic of hegemonic masculine identities, as well as the consequent denial of what is considered different from this normativity. Therefore, heteronormativity is a product of participants’ social relations, built through language use, locally and ordinarily accomplished in a collaborative work of identity description and categorization. The study of the construction of masculinities within schools contributes to the understanding of the practices through which gender may be either seen but unnoticed or become relevant in the sequence of the interaction. The construction of social identities of gender is, therefore, understood through the analysis of the work of description and categorization implemented by the participants of a social encounter.

Esta pesquisa investiga como as identidades sociais de gênero são construídas na falaem- interação institucional em sala de aula. Os dados foram gerados com cinco turmas de ensino fundamental em uma escola pública municipal de Porto Alegre, mediante procedimentos como a observação participante e o registro em áudio e vídeo de fala-eminteração social em cenários e eventos escolares diversos. As notas de campo foram transformadas em diários de pesquisa, enquanto os excertos de interação foram transcritos após sua segmentação. Conceitos derivados da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica foram utilizados como referência teórico-metodológica a fim de discutir os métodos empregados pelos participantes na construção de identidades masculinas. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram como os participantes orientam-se uns aos outros através do ajuste ao interlocutor, demonstrando seu conhecimento de senso comum ao projetar uma identidade social específica por meio da indiciação de gênero. Percebeu-se que, quando essa orientação não contraria aquilo que é esperado pela exibição de “um mundo em comum”, gênero tem uso periférico e não se torna relevante seqüencialmente para os participantes no decorrer da interação. Em outros contextos, contudo, quando algumas atividades, ações ou atitudes são associadas a categorias generificadas específicas e contrariam aquilo que é esperado de tais categorias, os participantes engajam-se num trabalho colaborativo a fim de restabelecer uma ordem de gênero. Nessa ordem de gênero local, há a ratificação da heterossexualidade como uma característica desejável das identidades masculinas hegemônicas, bem como a conseqüente rejeição daquilo que é considerado diferente dessa normatividade. A heteronormatividade, portanto, é um produto das relações sociais situadas dos participantes, construída no uso da linguagem, realizada local e rotineiramente num trabalho colaborativo de descrição e categorização identitária. O estudo da construção de masculinidades na escola contribui para a compreensão das práticas pelas quais o gênero pode ser visto mas não destacado ou tornar-se relevante na seqüência da interação. A construção de identidades sociais de gênero é, portanto, entendida através da análise do trabalho de descrição ou de categorização mobilizado pelos participantes de um encontro social. / This research investigates how social identities of gender are built in institutional talkin- interaction in the classroom. The data were generated with five groups of elementary and junior high education in a public school in Porto Alegre, through procedures such as participant observation and audiovisual recording of social talk-in-interaction in several school settings and events. Fieldnotes were transformed in research diaries, and interaction excerpts were transcribed after segmentation. Concepts derived from Conversation Analysis were used as theoretical and methodological reference in order to discuss the methods implemented by participants in the construction of masculine identities. Research results show how participants orient to each other through recipient design, displaying their commonsense knowledge when projecting a particular social identity through gender indexation. It was noted that, when this orientation does not contradict what is expected from the exhibition of a “world in common”, gender has a peripheral use and does not become sequentially relevant for participants during interaction. In other contexts, however, when some activities, actions or attitudes are associated to particular gendered categories and contradict what is expected from such categories, participants engage in a collaborative work in order to reestablish a gender order. In this local gender order, there is the ratification of heterosexuality as a desirable characteristic of hegemonic masculine identities, as well as the consequent denial of what is considered different from this normativity. Therefore, heteronormativity is a product of participants’ social relations, built through language use, locally and ordinarily accomplished in a collaborative work of identity description and categorization. The study of the construction of masculinities within schools contributes to the understanding of the practices through which gender may be either seen but unnoticed or become relevant in the sequence of the interaction. The construction of social identities of gender is, therefore, understood through the analysis of the work of description and categorization implemented by the participants of a social encounter.

While an extensive body of research exploring professional discourse exists, research investigating off-task talk within workplaces has been relatively side-lined. To better understand the possible functions of personal interstices layered between institutional goal-oriented talk, this study examines instances of self-disclosure that emerged from 34 hours of authentic interactions recorded at three Canadian workplaces. Using conversation analysis, 87 self-reference, self-disclosure declaratives were identified. Of those, 21 occurred within reciprocal sequences between two participants. Similar to a second story telling found in ordinary conversation (Sacks, 1992a), the second speaker’s self-disclosure reflects the first speaker’s, both in content and form, and is often an upgraded version of the initial disclosure. This pattern and in-meeting placement suggest that these types of personal interstices may be a mechanism for displaying co-worker empathetic affiliation. Additionally, hierarchical role relations and institution goals may be temporarily suspended or back-grounded during these sequences.

While an extensive body of research exploring professional discourse exists, research investigating off-task talk within workplaces has been relatively side-lined. To better understand the possible functions of personal interstices layered between institutional goal-oriented talk, this study examines instances of self-disclosure that emerged from 34 hours of authentic interactions recorded at three Canadian workplaces. Using conversation analysis, 87 self-reference, self-disclosure declaratives were identified. Of those, 21 occurred within reciprocal sequences between two participants. Similar to a second story telling found in ordinary conversation (Sacks, 1992a), the second speaker’s self-disclosure reflects the first speaker’s, both in content and form, and is often an upgraded version of the initial disclosure. This pattern and in-meeting placement suggest that these types of personal interstices may be a mechanism for displaying co-worker empathetic affiliation. Additionally, hierarchical role relations and institution goals may be temporarily suspended or back-grounded during these sequences.

This thesis studies how sick leave legitimacy is managed in interaction and develops an empirically driven conceptualization of ‘legitimacy work’. The thesis applies an ethnomethodological framework that draws on conversation analysis, discursive psychology, and membership categorization analysis. Naturally occurring interaction is examined in two settings: (1) multi-party meetings at the Swedish Social Insurance Agency, in which participants assess and discuss the ‘status’ of the sick leave and plan for work rehabilitation; (2) peer-based online text-in-interaction in a Swedish forum thread that gathers people on sick leave. The thesis shows how mental states, activities and alternative categories function as resources for legitimacy work. However, such invocations are no straight-forward matter, but impose additional contingencies. It is thus crucial how they are invoked. By detailed analyses of the interaction, with attention to aspects such as lexicality and delivery, the thesis identifies a range of discursive features that manage sick leave legitimacy. Deployed resources are also subtle enough to be deniable as legitimacy work, that is, they also manage the risk of an utterance being seen as invested or biased. While legitimate sick leave is a core concern for Swedish policy-making, administration, and public debate on sick leave, previous research has for the most part been explanatory in orientation, minding legitimacy rather than studying it in its own right. By providing detailed knowledge about the legitimacy work that people on long-term sick leave do as part of both institutional and mundane encounters, the thesis contributes not only new empirical knowledge, but a new kind of empirical knowledge, shedding light on how the complexities of sick leave play out in real-life situations. Traditional sociological approaches have to a significant extent treated legitimacy as an entity with beginnings and ends that in more or less direct ways relate to external norms and cognitive states, or that focus on institutions, authority or government. By contrast, the herein emerging concept ‘legitimacy work’ understands legitimacy as a locally contingent practicality – a collaborative categorially oriented accomplishment that is integral to the interactional situation.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T17:59:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-AnaPaulaCypriano.pdf: 39989736 bytes, checksum: 2298172210f8f89db684123c7e7f938c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-13T13:58:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-AnaPaulaCypriano.pdf: 39989736 bytes, checksum: 2298172210f8f89db684123c7e7f938c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T13:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-AnaPaulaCypriano.pdf: 39989736 bytes, checksum: 2298172210f8f89db684123c7e7f938c (MD5) / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Educação e Humanidades. Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Este estudo tem como objetivo geral averiguar a contribuição da fala-em-interação institucional de uma docente na promoção da autonomia discente, do tipo reativa, em contextos mediados pelas novas tecnologias. Situa-se no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa como língua adicional, em uma escola pública de ensino fundamental, localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados dentro da abordagem quali-quantitativa de pesquisa. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram questionário, gravações em vídeo e áudio de aulas da professora, atividades produzidas pelos discentes, conversas em chat da rede social Facebook e entrevista estruturada. As análises foram feitas considerando-se o conceito de autonomia como sistema multifacetado, conceitos da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica, e da Sociolinguística Interacional que servem de instrumentos para a análise da fala-em-interação institucional. Os resultados mostram que quando a fala-em-interação institucional leva em conta as várias facetas da autonomia, ela contribui positivamente para a promoção da autonomia discente, do tipo reativa, em ambientes mediados por novas tecnologia / This study aims to determine the contribution of a teacher’s institutional talk-in-interaction in promoting learner’s reactive type autonomy in technology-mediated learning contexts. Its context is related to teaching and learning English as an additional language in a public elementary school, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected considering the qualitative and quantitative research approach. The research instruments used were questionnaire, recordings of the teacher’s classes, activities produced by students, interactions in Facebook chats and structured interviews. The data were analyzed considering the concept of autonomy as a multifaceted system, concepts of Conversation Analysis, and Interactional Sociolinguistics as tools for the analysis of institutional talk-in-interaction. The results show that when institutional talk-in-interaction takes into account the various facets of autonomy, it contributes positively to the promotion of student’s reactive type autonomy in technology-mediated learning contexts

Ce travail se situe à la croisée de la didactique des langues étrangères [L2], des sciences de l'éducation et de la psychologie sociale. L'hypothèse de départ porte sur la possibilité que des enseignants de L2 montrent, face aux apprenants et au cours d'une rencontre en classe de L2, des comportements allant au-delà de leurs fonctions institutionnelles d'organiser, faciliter et participer à la communication. Il est question caractériser la manière dont des enseignants de L2 se représentent leur métier. Nous travail adhérons ainsi au courant des études sur la cognition des enseignants qui explorent leurs croyances hétéroclites. Nous avons d'abord observé des rencontres en classe de L2 en présentiel que nous avons ensuite analysées à la manière de l'analyse conversationnelle. Le recours à l'analyse conversationnelle nous a permis de déterminer la manière dont les participants co-construisent la rencontre en classe de L2. Certaines des pratiques repérées chez l'enseignant, telles que la désaffiliation, la légitimation du rire, ont été caractérisées comme des actions motivées par ses croyances. Enfin, le recours à des entretiens d'auto-confrontation a permis de confronter les enseignants avec leur propre pratique afin qu'ils la commentent selon leur logique et leur ressenti. Ce dispositif a rendu possible un dialogue entre le chercheur et les enseignants grâce auquel leur savoir-être enseignant a été caractérisée finement. / This work is at the crossroads of applied linguistics – namely foreign language [L2] teaching – education studies and social psychology. Its ultimate goal is to characterize the way in which L2 teachers represent their profession. This work draws on teachers' cognition studies in order to explore the heterogeneous beliefs of teachers. It also draws on conversation analysis [CA]: the classroom observation conducted in four fields has produced recordings that have become L2 classroom transcripts. The use of CA has helped to determine the participants' attitude as they coconstruct the situation in which they participate – namely a L2 classroom, which constitutes, in principle, an institutional setting. As regards the L2 teachers, the identification of certain practices – their disaffiliation, their choice of subject, their legitimation of laughter – indicates the possibility that they have made certain decisions according to the manner in which they co-manage the classroom situation, but also in relation to their own beliefs. Finally, we use recall-interviews, by means of which the teachers are confronted the teachers with their own practice; this may conduce to their characterising their own actions according to a certain pedagogical logic, but also according to their feelings. By means of integrating these three sources of information a dialogue between the teachers and the researcher has become possible; this dialogue has allowed for a fine description of the teachers' teaching know-how.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-06T14:15:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-AnaPaulaTavaresdeMoraesSilvaCypriano.pdf: 39862568 bytes, checksum: 8a08f2d15557069724d1d09100bcfee1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-06T14:15:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-AnaPaulaTavaresdeMoraesSilvaCypriano.pdf: 39862568 bytes, checksum: 8a08f2d15557069724d1d09100bcfee1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T14:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-AnaPaulaTavaresdeMoraesSilvaCypriano.pdf: 39862568 bytes, checksum: 8a08f2d15557069724d1d09100bcfee1 (MD5) / Este estudo tem como objetivo geral averiguar a contribuição da fala-em-interação institucional de uma docente na promoção da autonomia discente, do tipo reativa, em contextos mediados pelas novas tecnologias. Situa-se no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa como língua adicional, em uma escola pública de ensino fundamental, localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados dentro da abordagem quali-quantitativa de pesquisa. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram questionário, gravações em vídeo e áudio de aulas da professora, atividades produzidas pelos discentes, conversas em chat da rede social Facebook e entrevista estruturada. As análises foram feitas considerando-se o conceito de autonomia como sistema multifacetado, conceitos da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica, e da Sociolinguística Interacional que servem de instrumentos para a análise da fala-em-interação institucional. Os resultados mostram que quando a fala-em-interação institucional leva em conta as várias facetas da autonomia, ela contribui positivamente para a promoção da autonomia discente, do tipo reativa, em ambientes mediados por novas tecnologia. / This study aims to determine the contribution of a teacher’s institutional talk-in-interaction in promoting learner’s reactive type autonomy in technology-mediated learning contexts. Its context is related to teaching and learning English as an additional language in a public elementary school, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected considering the qualitative and quantitative research approach. The research instruments used were questionnaire, recordings of the teacher’s classes, activities produced by students, interactions in Facebook chats and structured interviews. The data were analyzed considering the concept of autonomy as a multifaceted system, concepts of Conversation Analysis, and Interactional Sociolinguistics as tools for the analysis of institutional talk-ininteraction. The results show that when institutional talk-in-interaction takes into account the various facets of autonomy, it contributes positively to the promotion of student’s reactive type autonomy in technology-mediated learning contexts.

This study examines how people compensate for their inability to accommodate the needs of others in service encounters. Being unable to meet others' needs violates the positive face of one of the participants in a discourse. Many previous studies on speech acts demonstrate how people control their utterances to avoid causing a face-threatening act. However, the language behavior that follows a face-threatening act has not yet received much focus. This paper looks at two different kinds of data in Japan and the United State (hereafter "U.S.") using two different approaches: observation and role-play. In the first, the observational phase, the author acted as a customer in several convenience stores in Japan and asked for an item that they did not carry. In the U.S., a native English speaker interacted with the salesclerk as the customer. (No recording device was used in either situation.) All exchanges were immediately recorded by hand and later coded by semantic formulas. In the second, the role-play phase, native speakers were asked to role-play a parallel situation in which they acted as a salesclerk and had to react to not being able to satisfy customers' requests. The results demonstrate that Japanese sales clerks compensate in the face of their inability to meet another's need (they avoid a direct face-threatening act) whereas most U.S. sales clerks do not attempt to compensate for their inability. These behaviors correlate with social expectations of the participants within both respective service encounters. Moreover, the results also suggest a re-thinking of speech acts and emphasize the importance of natural data.