Thesis (Th. M.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1986. / This is an electronic reproduction of TREN, #036-0022. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-137).

<p>Fonogramsavtalet är ett avtal som sluts mellan en artist och ett skivbolag där artisten överlåter exploateringsrätten till sitt framförande till skivbolaget för en ersättning. Detta avtal grundar sig på de rättigheter som upphovsrättslagen ger en artist och på avtalsrätt, men hur dessa avtal bör utformas i praktiken är till stor del upp till de båda parterna (Stannow, Åkerberg, Hillerström 2002). Friheten kring utformandet är med andra ord stor vilket borde resultera i många kreativa sätt att lösa denna fråga. Varje artist är unik i fråga om musikalisk genre vilket påverkar det sätt som denna artist bör presenteras på marknaden. Dessutom är varje skivbolag unikt i sitt sätt att arbeta samt i fråga om resurser och kompetens. Detta borde leda till en myriad av lösningar på hur dessa parter skall samarbeta och detta borde därmed likaså resultera i lika många olika avtalsutformningar. Det har dock utvecklats en standard gällande fonogramsavtalets utformning som gör att slående många avtal inom branschen är närmast identiska.</p><p>Jag anser därmed att det är av vikt att undersöka denna standard samt hur den sprids inom musikbranschen. Detta därför att det är viktigt att inse de förutfattade meningar och de rationaliserade myter som ligger till grund för ens handlande. Aktörerna inom musikbranschen har enligt mig en tendens att fokusera på detaljnivå när de utformar ett fonogramsavtal och överser att ifrågasätta varifrån de får den mall de utgår ifrån. Mycket av de viktigaste punkterna inom avtalet ifrågasätts aldrig och rättfärdigas med uttryck likt ”så har vi alltid gjort” och ”så funkar det i branschen”. Detta är en grogrund för ett institutionaliserande av rationella myter och måste därför ifrågasättas så att aktörerna inom branschen kan frigöra sig från dessa myter och införa en vilja till nytänkande.</p><p>Powell och DiMaggios isomorfismbegrepp ligger till grund för hur jag ämnar beskriva fonogramsavtalsstandardens spridning inom musikbranschen (DiMaggio, Powell 1983/1997). Kortfattat kan man säga att fonogramsavtalsstandarden sprids genom att musikbranschen är en relativt liten och homogen bransch. Interaktion mellan de olika aktörerna möjliggör att nya recept på tillvägagångssätt inom denna avtalsfråga sprids och befästs tämligen snabbt. Musikbranschen är dessutom en bransch som är mycket trendkänslig på grund av att man arbetar med en produkt vars kommersiella gångbarhet är jämförelsevis kort. Detta leder enligt mig till att aktörerna inom musikbranschen är vana vid att följa och imitera varandra vilket leder till ett likstämmigt beteende.</p><p>De olika intresseorganisationerna inom branschen arbetar alla med att hjälpa sina medlemmar att lösa frågor angående fonogramsavtal. Dessa organisationer jobbar dessutom aktivt med olika utbildningsprojekt för att höja deras medlemmars kunskap om branschen. Jag anser därmed att deras agerande leder till att en standard kring upprättandet av fonogramsavtal sprids bland deras medlemmar. Skivbolag med större ekonomiska resurser anlitar också ofta juridisk expertis vid upprättandet av deras fonogramsavtal. Dessa experter måste förutom det juridiska kunnandet även besitta kunskaper om musikbranschen. Jag vill hävda att eftersom det finns relativt få konsulter som besitter denna expertis så tenderar ett fåtal individer sitta vid flertalet betydande förhandlingar inom musikbranschen. Detta leder till att dessa personer sprider sitt tillvägagångssätt inom branschen vilket i sin tur sprider och befäster fonogramavtalets standard ytterligare.</p><p>Eftersom fonogramsavtalet är en produkt av förhandlingar så är avtalet likaså en produkt av de båda parternas maktposition jämte varandra. Denna inbördes maktkamp mellan de båda parterna är dessutom en produkt av de maktelement som reglerar musikbranschen som helhet. Därför så ämnar jag beskriva dessa maktelement med hjälp av Michael Porters strukturella analysmodell samt redogöra för hur förändringar inom dessa element påverkar fonogramsavtalsstandarden (Porter 1985).</p><p>Jag hävdar att skivbolagens maktposition håller på att urholkas något i takt med den digitala revolutionen vilken på sikt säkerligen kommer att göra Internet till den dominerande distributionskanalen för musik. Denna revolution har gjort att inträdesbarriärerna inom branschen har krympt på grund av att distributionen har förenklats. Jag anser att detta kommer leda till att de stora dominerande skivbolagen tappar kontrollen över distributionen och därmed även tappar sin makt över branschen. Artisten kommer följaktligen att få mer att säga till om vid en fonogramsavtalsförhandling, frågan är bara om detta också kommer att förändra fonogramsavtalsstandarden.</p> / <p>The Phonorecord contract is a contract that lets an artist sign away his right to exploit his performance to a record company for the sake of both parties financial benefit. This contract is based upon the copyright act, but how this contract should be formed is very much left to the discretion of the involved parties. This freedom to individually construct the design of the contract should therefore produce an array of different formats, each constructed to fit the artist and the record company’s individual situation. Artists are an individual and therefore unique when it comes to their musical heritage and commerciality. Record companies are also a product of their unique circumstance of economical clout and competence, which should result in many creative ways of designing a phonorecord contract. Still, the music industry has developed a standard when it comes to designing this agreement which has conformed the industries contracts to be very similar in content and design.</p><p>Therefore I feel it is important to analyze this standard and how this standard is traveling within the industry. This because I see a need to shed some light upon the preconceived notions and rationalized myths, that form the actions of the actors within the music business. These actors tend to focus their attention on details instead of seeing the overall picture and the rationalized myths that constitute their actions. A bulk of the content in the phonorecord contract never even gets questioned and gets rationalized by expressions like “this is the way in which we always operated” and “this is boiler-plate”. This is a telling sign of an industry that rely heavily on institutionalized rational myths. These myths should be questioned to free the industry actors of their narrow minded thought processes and to open up for the possibility of creative thinking.</p><p>I have based my analysis on Powell and DiMaggios isomorphis concept and used their three kinds of isomorphesis to depict the traveling of the standard in regards to the phonorecord contract (DiMaggio, Powell 1983/1997). To put it briefly, you can narrow down my results by stating that the music business is a very homogenized and small business sector. The daily interaction between the actors within the industry facilitates a fast and easy spread of ideas that quickly becomes standardized. I would also like to claim that the music industry is a very trend sensitive industry since their main product enjoys a very brief commercial lifespan. This makes the actors in the industry accustomed to interact and to keep a close eye on each other, a behavior that leads to the actors copying each other to a vast extent.</p><p>The different trade groups within the industry work extensively to help their members in resolving different issues revolving the phonorecord contract. These trade groups also undertake different educational projects to educate their members. I think that their willingness to take this active role within the industry helps to spread the perceived standard within the phonorecord contract to their members. Record labels with large economical clout tend to hire legal experts to design their phonorecord contracts. Since there are few legal experts that work on a contractual basis and that also possesses a deep knowledge of the music industry the same consultants tends to be hired on a regular basis. Not only do they get hired by the same companies again and again, but also to a large extent by different companies. Making these consultants take part in several different phonorecord contract negotiations within the industry. These actors therefore help in spreading the standard regarding this issue.</p><p>Since a phonorecord contract is a product of negotiations, the contract will also be a product of the power relations between the invested parties. This power relationship between the parties also reflects the power relations within the industry as a whole. Therefore I tend to describe these power relations using Michael Porters Structural Analysis model, and by doing so shedding some light upon how this power struggle effects the negotiations between artist and record company.</p><p>I claim that the record companies’ advantage when it comes to their power position is slowly eroding as a result of the digital revolution within the industry. A digital revolution brought on by that the main way of distribution a phonorecord in the future probably will be through the internet and not through a record store. This revolution has made the entry barriers into the industry smaller because the distribution process has been made easier. The major record companies therefore loose the control of the distribution channels witch in turn erodes their power position. The artist might therefore get a much better position when negotiating with a record company; the question is if this also will lead to a change in the standard in regards to the phonorecord contract.</p>

Thesis (Th. M.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-137).

The topic of regional innovation systems is one that has been covered extensively in prior research. It has influenced regional policy by providing context of how regional actors and firms interact and how they are affected by institutional guidance and formal structuring tools. An aspect that has not been covered to a sufficient extent is the prospect of self-sustaining or spontaneous collaborative efforts. This is an interesting area to consider because it questions the idea that regional innovation systems need institutional support to survive. Instead, it suggests that firms can collaborate simply through a mutual understanding of their situation and how an integration of their competences can prove beneficial to their system. The bottom line for well-functioning regional innovation systems are its ability to facilitate knowledge transfer for its actors. This raises the question of how firms’ knowledge transfer processes, its absorptive capacity is affected by regional innovation systems. The purpose of this study is to create a conceptual framework exploring how and why regional innovation systems facilitates firms’ absorptive capacity, as well as how they are affected by being either institutional or entrepreneurial. This has been done through an inductive multiple case study where 18 different cases of regional innovation systems were surveyed. The study resulted in a process model of how regional innovation systems evolve, its facilitating effect on firms’ absorptive capacity, and how entrepreneurial or institutional setups influence this evolution. Our findings suggest that regardless of being institutional or entrepreneurial, regional innovation systems follow a similar evolutionary process to facilitate firms’ absorptive capacity. It is rather suggested that each system has individually negative and positive effects on the process. Firms’ absorptive capacity is facilitated by regional innovation systems as they provide firms with an environment driving similar knowledge and problem sets, being a source of complementary knowledge and social integration mechanisms. The process model provides implications for regional policy makers to facilitate optimal conditions for actors in their regions, as well as for firms active in regional innovation systems.

A teoria institucional tem se consolidado como uma importante corrente teórica nos estudos organizacionais. Durante muito tempo os estudos institucionais estiveram voltados para a forma como as instituições ofereciam significados coletivos aos atores do campo, focando-se em questões como o isomorfismo das organizações com práticas e regras institucionais do ambiente e com a homogeneidade dos campos organizacionais. Recentemente, novos temas têm entrado na agenda de pesquisa, levando em consideração a dinâmica existente na realidade organizacional, onde surgem questões como a inovação, o poder, o empreendedorismo, a lógica institucional, a ação estratégica e a agência. Buscando contribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica existente nos campos institucionais este estudo foca-se no setor vitivinícola gaúcho. Este setor tem passado por grandes mudanças nas últimas décadas tanto ao nível mundial quanto ao nível nacional. No panorama mundial observa-se um processo de globalização das empresas, com a formação de novas bases organizacionais e a busca por novos mercados, que pode resultar em uma diminuição ou até no futuro desaparecimento da distinção entre Velho e Novo mundo dos vinhos. Ao nível nacional observam-se os reflexos das mudanças ocorridas em escala global, com as empresas buscando expandir seus horizontes mercadológicos, se envolvendo em projetos de internacionalização e de delimitação geográfica, investindo no desenvolvimento do enoturismo e procurando por novas regiões de cultivo. De modo a avaliar como estas mudanças afetam o campo vitivinícola gaúcho o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como a forma como lógica institucional interage com a inovação dentro deste campo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com finalidades explicativas e descritivas, tendo sido escolhida como estratégia de pesquisa o estudo de caso único, onde o caso se constitui do próprio setor vitivinícola gaúcho. No estudo realizado observou-se um movimento crescente de estruturação do campo vitivinícola gaúcho. Na medida em que novos atores foram emergindo – vinícolas, associações e institutos de pesquisa – o campo presenciou um aumento na interação entre as organizações, no volume de informação e no grau de hierarquização, havendo o desenvolvimento de uma consciência mútua entre os atores do campo. Paralelamente, houve também a consolidação de uma lógica central dentro deste, fruto da institucionalização de práticas materiais e construções simbólicas. Constatou-se que o próprio processo de institucionalização pode ser visto como resultante das disputas de poder existentes no campo entre atores dominantes e desafiantes na busca pela legitimação de suas estruturas e atividades cognitivas, reguladoras e normativas. Neste aspecto é fundamental o papel desempenhado por empreendedores ou, ainda por indivíduos socialmente hábeis, seja na introdução de inovações incrementais ou radicais, seja através da construção de uma identidade coletiva e da consolidação de coalizões políticas. Finalmente, observou-se no campo vitivinícola gaúcho a mudança de uma lógica tradicionalista para uma lógica expansionista, que trouxe à tona o importante papel desempenhado pela inovação no campo institucional, atuando em uma constante renovação da lógica existente neste. / Institutional theory has been established as an important theoretical field in organizational studies. For a long time, institutional studies were focused on how institutions offered collective meanings for actors in the field, concentrating efforts on issues such as isomorphism of organizations with institutional rules and practices of the environment and the homogeneity of organizational fields. Recently, new issues have entered the research agenda, taking into account the existing dynamics in organizational reality, when topics such as innovation, power, entrepreneurship, institutional logic, strategic action and agency started being addressed. Seeking to contribute for understanding of the dynamic existing in institutional fields this study focuses on the wine sector. This sector has experienced major changes in recent decades both at global and national levels. On the world scene, there has been a globalization of wine companies, with the formation of new organizational bases and the exploration of new markets, which may result in a decrease and, perhaps, even a future disappearance of the distinction between Old World and New World of wines. At the national level is possible to observe some effects of changes at the global scale, with companies seeking to expand their market horizons, engaging in internationalization projects, establishing geographical boundaries, investing in the development of wine tourism, and looking for new cultivation areas. In order to assess how these changes affect gaucho wine field the present study aimed to identify how institutional logic is related to innovation within this field. This is a qualitative research with explicative and descriptive purposes, having been chosen as a research strategy the single case study, where the case is the wine sector of Rio Grande do Sul. In the study conducted it was observed a growing movement towards the structuration of the field. Insofar as new actors have emerged – wineries, associations and research institutes – the field has witnessed an increase in interaction between organizations, in volume of information and in hierarchization level, with the development of a mutual awareness among the actors of the field that they were part of a collective enterprise. In parallel, there was also the consolidation of a main logic within this, as a result of the institutionalization of material practices and symbolic constructions. It was found that the process of institutionalization can be seen as resulting from the existing power struggles between dominant and challenger actors in the field, in the quest for legitimacy of their cognitive, regulatory and normative structures and activities. In this respect, is fundamental the role played by entrepreneurs or socially skilled individuals, either introducing incremental and radical innovations, or building a collective identity and consolidating political coalitions. Finally, it was observed in the field studied a shift from a traditionalist logic to an expansionist logic, that brought to the fore the important role played by innovation in the institutional field, acting in a constant renewal of the existing institutional logic.

In this study, I examine the New Institutionalist Economic History (NIEH) of Douglass C. North from a historiographical and philosophical perspective. As a point of departure for this purpose I take North’s critical engagement with the primitivism-modernism debate in premodern economic history, as represented in his early work by the ‘challenge of Karl Polanyi’. This challenge, I argue, has given shape to the development of the NIEH in its various stages of theoretical elaboration. Therefore, understanding its contextual significance is indispensable for making sense of North’s oeuvre as a whole. On my reading, North interpreted the challenge of Polanyi to mean combining two methodological conceptions previously not united in one work. On the one hand, North’s NIEH extends the scope of economic theory to the study of the longue durée of economic history; while on the other hand North seeks to theorize the importance of historical variation in sociocultural institutions for understanding why there are rarely complete or well-functioning markets in most of economic history. North considers neoclassical economics suitable for neither of these purposes. Yet his critique of Polanyi’s substantivist-primitivist approach is primarily based on the absence of an integration of his project with the tools of economic theory. For this purpose, North therefore adopted the theory of transaction cost economics, also called New Institutional Economics (NIE), to this new ambitious end. More than perhaps any other author North has been responsible for extending the scope and sophistication of this economics based approach in the study of economic history. In the present work, I discuss to what extent this approach has been successful in its own aims, internally consistent, and to what extent it is plausible as a historiographical approach from an ‘external’ point of view. I do this by combining a close reading and interpretation of a variety of North’s writings, focusing in particular on the most contemporary version of his work - which has not been much studied - with a methodological and theoretical discussion of various major themes in or aspects of his work from the viewpoints of historiography, anthropology, and philosophy of social science. These themes include (among others) North’s understanding of the functioning of markets in politics and economics, his approach to choice theory, rationality, and game theory, his use or neglect of evolutionary concepts, the meaning of embeddedness in his work, and North’s contractarian anthropology. As this work shows, North’s NIEH is situated in a difficult intermediate position within larger debates in economic thought: between primitivism and modernism, between substantivism and formalism (in the anthropological sense), and most significantly, between the ‘new mainstream’ of economic theory and the quest for successive endogenisation of the institutional context of economic behavior. This certainly speaks for the ambition and sophistication of North’s historiographical approach, something which has only increased with the further development of his theory. But in his quest to unite the best insights of choice theory with New Institutionalist economics as well as incorporating the ‘anthropological’ level of fully socialized beliefs, preferences, and how they give rise to institutional variation in history, North frequently seeks to have his cake and eat it. The persistent methodological ambiguities in his work give rise to problems of internal consistency and external plausibility, which are present from the very inauguration of his NIEH research programme. The subsequent development of his work has not, I argue, been able to overcome this fundamental problem. For this reason, while much of North’s toolset and his overarching ambitions are valuable developments in economic historical theory, he does not achieve his aim of overcoming the challenge of Karl Polanyi. Without a more decisive break with his original economic microfoundations, North’s NIEH project cannot ultimately live up to its grand ambitions.

A teoria institucional tem se consolidado como uma importante corrente teórica nos estudos organizacionais. Durante muito tempo os estudos institucionais estiveram voltados para a forma como as instituições ofereciam significados coletivos aos atores do campo, focando-se em questões como o isomorfismo das organizações com práticas e regras institucionais do ambiente e com a homogeneidade dos campos organizacionais. Recentemente, novos temas têm entrado na agenda de pesquisa, levando em consideração a dinâmica existente na realidade organizacional, onde surgem questões como a inovação, o poder, o empreendedorismo, a lógica institucional, a ação estratégica e a agência. Buscando contribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica existente nos campos institucionais este estudo foca-se no setor vitivinícola gaúcho. Este setor tem passado por grandes mudanças nas últimas décadas tanto ao nível mundial quanto ao nível nacional. No panorama mundial observa-se um processo de globalização das empresas, com a formação de novas bases organizacionais e a busca por novos mercados, que pode resultar em uma diminuição ou até no futuro desaparecimento da distinção entre Velho e Novo mundo dos vinhos. Ao nível nacional observam-se os reflexos das mudanças ocorridas em escala global, com as empresas buscando expandir seus horizontes mercadológicos, se envolvendo em projetos de internacionalização e de delimitação geográfica, investindo no desenvolvimento do enoturismo e procurando por novas regiões de cultivo. De modo a avaliar como estas mudanças afetam o campo vitivinícola gaúcho o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como a forma como lógica institucional interage com a inovação dentro deste campo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com finalidades explicativas e descritivas, tendo sido escolhida como estratégia de pesquisa o estudo de caso único, onde o caso se constitui do próprio setor vitivinícola gaúcho. No estudo realizado observou-se um movimento crescente de estruturação do campo vitivinícola gaúcho. Na medida em que novos atores foram emergindo – vinícolas, associações e institutos de pesquisa – o campo presenciou um aumento na interação entre as organizações, no volume de informação e no grau de hierarquização, havendo o desenvolvimento de uma consciência mútua entre os atores do campo. Paralelamente, houve também a consolidação de uma lógica central dentro deste, fruto da institucionalização de práticas materiais e construções simbólicas. Constatou-se que o próprio processo de institucionalização pode ser visto como resultante das disputas de poder existentes no campo entre atores dominantes e desafiantes na busca pela legitimação de suas estruturas e atividades cognitivas, reguladoras e normativas. Neste aspecto é fundamental o papel desempenhado por empreendedores ou, ainda por indivíduos socialmente hábeis, seja na introdução de inovações incrementais ou radicais, seja através da construção de uma identidade coletiva e da consolidação de coalizões políticas. Finalmente, observou-se no campo vitivinícola gaúcho a mudança de uma lógica tradicionalista para uma lógica expansionista, que trouxe à tona o importante papel desempenhado pela inovação no campo institucional, atuando em uma constante renovação da lógica existente neste. / Institutional theory has been established as an important theoretical field in organizational studies. For a long time, institutional studies were focused on how institutions offered collective meanings for actors in the field, concentrating efforts on issues such as isomorphism of organizations with institutional rules and practices of the environment and the homogeneity of organizational fields. Recently, new issues have entered the research agenda, taking into account the existing dynamics in organizational reality, when topics such as innovation, power, entrepreneurship, institutional logic, strategic action and agency started being addressed. Seeking to contribute for understanding of the dynamic existing in institutional fields this study focuses on the wine sector. This sector has experienced major changes in recent decades both at global and national levels. On the world scene, there has been a globalization of wine companies, with the formation of new organizational bases and the exploration of new markets, which may result in a decrease and, perhaps, even a future disappearance of the distinction between Old World and New World of wines. At the national level is possible to observe some effects of changes at the global scale, with companies seeking to expand their market horizons, engaging in internationalization projects, establishing geographical boundaries, investing in the development of wine tourism, and looking for new cultivation areas. In order to assess how these changes affect gaucho wine field the present study aimed to identify how institutional logic is related to innovation within this field. This is a qualitative research with explicative and descriptive purposes, having been chosen as a research strategy the single case study, where the case is the wine sector of Rio Grande do Sul. In the study conducted it was observed a growing movement towards the structuration of the field. Insofar as new actors have emerged – wineries, associations and research institutes – the field has witnessed an increase in interaction between organizations, in volume of information and in hierarchization level, with the development of a mutual awareness among the actors of the field that they were part of a collective enterprise. In parallel, there was also the consolidation of a main logic within this, as a result of the institutionalization of material practices and symbolic constructions. It was found that the process of institutionalization can be seen as resulting from the existing power struggles between dominant and challenger actors in the field, in the quest for legitimacy of their cognitive, regulatory and normative structures and activities. In this respect, is fundamental the role played by entrepreneurs or socially skilled individuals, either introducing incremental and radical innovations, or building a collective identity and consolidating political coalitions. Finally, it was observed in the field studied a shift from a traditionalist logic to an expansionist logic, that brought to the fore the important role played by innovation in the institutional field, acting in a constant renewal of the existing institutional logic.

A teoria institucional tem se consolidado como uma importante corrente teórica nos estudos organizacionais. Durante muito tempo os estudos institucionais estiveram voltados para a forma como as instituições ofereciam significados coletivos aos atores do campo, focando-se em questões como o isomorfismo das organizações com práticas e regras institucionais do ambiente e com a homogeneidade dos campos organizacionais. Recentemente, novos temas têm entrado na agenda de pesquisa, levando em consideração a dinâmica existente na realidade organizacional, onde surgem questões como a inovação, o poder, o empreendedorismo, a lógica institucional, a ação estratégica e a agência. Buscando contribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica existente nos campos institucionais este estudo foca-se no setor vitivinícola gaúcho. Este setor tem passado por grandes mudanças nas últimas décadas tanto ao nível mundial quanto ao nível nacional. No panorama mundial observa-se um processo de globalização das empresas, com a formação de novas bases organizacionais e a busca por novos mercados, que pode resultar em uma diminuição ou até no futuro desaparecimento da distinção entre Velho e Novo mundo dos vinhos. Ao nível nacional observam-se os reflexos das mudanças ocorridas em escala global, com as empresas buscando expandir seus horizontes mercadológicos, se envolvendo em projetos de internacionalização e de delimitação geográfica, investindo no desenvolvimento do enoturismo e procurando por novas regiões de cultivo. De modo a avaliar como estas mudanças afetam o campo vitivinícola gaúcho o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como a forma como lógica institucional interage com a inovação dentro deste campo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com finalidades explicativas e descritivas, tendo sido escolhida como estratégia de pesquisa o estudo de caso único, onde o caso se constitui do próprio setor vitivinícola gaúcho. No estudo realizado observou-se um movimento crescente de estruturação do campo vitivinícola gaúcho. Na medida em que novos atores foram emergindo – vinícolas, associações e institutos de pesquisa – o campo presenciou um aumento na interação entre as organizações, no volume de informação e no grau de hierarquização, havendo o desenvolvimento de uma consciência mútua entre os atores do campo. Paralelamente, houve também a consolidação de uma lógica central dentro deste, fruto da institucionalização de práticas materiais e construções simbólicas. Constatou-se que o próprio processo de institucionalização pode ser visto como resultante das disputas de poder existentes no campo entre atores dominantes e desafiantes na busca pela legitimação de suas estruturas e atividades cognitivas, reguladoras e normativas. Neste aspecto é fundamental o papel desempenhado por empreendedores ou, ainda por indivíduos socialmente hábeis, seja na introdução de inovações incrementais ou radicais, seja através da construção de uma identidade coletiva e da consolidação de coalizões políticas. Finalmente, observou-se no campo vitivinícola gaúcho a mudança de uma lógica tradicionalista para uma lógica expansionista, que trouxe à tona o importante papel desempenhado pela inovação no campo institucional, atuando em uma constante renovação da lógica existente neste. / Institutional theory has been established as an important theoretical field in organizational studies. For a long time, institutional studies were focused on how institutions offered collective meanings for actors in the field, concentrating efforts on issues such as isomorphism of organizations with institutional rules and practices of the environment and the homogeneity of organizational fields. Recently, new issues have entered the research agenda, taking into account the existing dynamics in organizational reality, when topics such as innovation, power, entrepreneurship, institutional logic, strategic action and agency started being addressed. Seeking to contribute for understanding of the dynamic existing in institutional fields this study focuses on the wine sector. This sector has experienced major changes in recent decades both at global and national levels. On the world scene, there has been a globalization of wine companies, with the formation of new organizational bases and the exploration of new markets, which may result in a decrease and, perhaps, even a future disappearance of the distinction between Old World and New World of wines. At the national level is possible to observe some effects of changes at the global scale, with companies seeking to expand their market horizons, engaging in internationalization projects, establishing geographical boundaries, investing in the development of wine tourism, and looking for new cultivation areas. In order to assess how these changes affect gaucho wine field the present study aimed to identify how institutional logic is related to innovation within this field. This is a qualitative research with explicative and descriptive purposes, having been chosen as a research strategy the single case study, where the case is the wine sector of Rio Grande do Sul. In the study conducted it was observed a growing movement towards the structuration of the field. Insofar as new actors have emerged – wineries, associations and research institutes – the field has witnessed an increase in interaction between organizations, in volume of information and in hierarchization level, with the development of a mutual awareness among the actors of the field that they were part of a collective enterprise. In parallel, there was also the consolidation of a main logic within this, as a result of the institutionalization of material practices and symbolic constructions. It was found that the process of institutionalization can be seen as resulting from the existing power struggles between dominant and challenger actors in the field, in the quest for legitimacy of their cognitive, regulatory and normative structures and activities. In this respect, is fundamental the role played by entrepreneurs or socially skilled individuals, either introducing incremental and radical innovations, or building a collective identity and consolidating political coalitions. Finally, it was observed in the field studied a shift from a traditionalist logic to an expansionist logic, that brought to the fore the important role played by innovation in the institutional field, acting in a constant renewal of the existing institutional logic.

This thesis explores the factors that explain varying degrees of coherence in European Union (EU) crisis management and draws implications for its role as an international security actor. The analysis starts from the assumption that coherence is a function of competing and conflicting interests and norms. The influence and interaction of these factors across governance levels are viewed through two theoretical lenses: liberal intergovernmentalism and sociological institutionalism. Derived hypotheses are evaluated through a comparative case study design, focused on three instances of crisis management in Africa, namely Libya (2011), Somalia (2011-2012), and Mali (2012-2013). The analysis traces the activities and interaction of EU institutional actors and member states, with a focus on France, the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany. It suggests that the degree of coherence in EU crisis management is contingent on the congruence of domestic economic and electoral interests, as well as national threat perceptions. But it also depends on the extent to which EU-level coherence norms resonate with national norms on the use of force and preferred modes of multilateral cooperation. The study identifies scope conditions for the interaction of interests and norms: if economic and electoral stakes are high and calculable, interest-based calculation prevails. If, instead, decision-makers are faced with low stakes and uncertainty, embedded national norms are more likely to shape their behaviour. The Union thus represents a rather unpredictable security actor, whose multi-level coherence depends on the context-specific balance between domestically defined interests, stakes, and salient norms.

Over the past two decades, both the British and Russian states have sought to institutionalise relations with their Muslim communities through Muslim councils. However, such attempts at institutionalisation raise challenges for these organisations, which need to balance state demands for incorporation into religious governance and Muslim community expectations for more inclusive representation. Challenges of integration and representation have received considerable coverage in Western and Russian studies. However, little comparative research has focused on the behaviour of Muslim councils and how this is affected by different institutional settings. In particular, theories of social movements and interest groups suggest that strategies for dealing with this tension between integration and representation vary between more corporatist and pluralist state-religion relations. Russia and Britain are taken as exemplars of the two traditions, and thus help us to understand how these tensions manifest themselves and are responded to in the two different contexts. The project provides a comparative analysis of the strategies and discourses used by the Muslim Council of Britain and the Russia Council of Muftis in 1997-2013. It explores the conditions under which the councils engage with or disengage from the state. It also examines how the two organisations respond to criticisms from Muslim communities and undertake internal reforms to improve their legitimacy. A detailed analysis of the councils’ engagement with state authorities and Muslim communities is used to unpack the challenges of Muslim collective representation. The thesis contributes to research by providing new empirical data and theoretical insights on Muslim national organisations. It offers an innovative analytical framework by revisiting the concepts of pluralism and corporatism and applying them to the institutional context of state-religion relations in Britain and Russia. It draws on social movement theories and institutionalist approaches to understand how Muslim organisations deal with the dual pressure of co-optation and representation. It examines how Muslim councils behave like interest group organisations and offers theoretical insights that can be extrapolated to other kinds of institutions. Finally, the thesis integrates Western and Russian scholarship on the role of interest groups in general and religious institutions in particular.