The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of alternative contingencies on instruction following by an ABA design. Three college students consistently pressed keys 1-5-3 and 4-8-6 in the presence of the written instruction "Press 153" or "Press 486." During condition A, the contingencies for following and not following the instruction were the same: CON FR5 FR5 and CON FR20 FR20. During condition B, the contingencies for following and not following the instruction were different: CON FR20 FR5. For one participant, the schedule of reinforcement was then changed to FR30. The results showed that subjects followed instructions when the schedule of reinforcement was the same for instruction following and not following.

This is a case study that seeks to investigate how two teachers in grade 3 work with instructions to a written assignment in Swedish. The study is grounded in a sociocultural perspective on learning, and is based on observations in a classroom setting. The results show that the two teachers use different forms of mediating tools in their instructions. It was also found that the teachers use different speech acts in the instructions and that the instructions vary depending on which speech acts are included. Neither of the teachers made any adjustments to the collective instructions, instead they made individual adaptations outside the general instruction.

- 1 - Abstract Business management The purpose of this thesis is to analyze selected aspects of business management with an emphasis on the legal regulation of instructions given by a general meeting, including instructions on request. The thesis also deals with specifics of business management in a monistic system of management of a stock corporation or in a group of companies. The thesis is divided into four chapters; each of them is closed with a partial summary which informs briefly about the topic being discussed and the resulting conclusions. The introductory chapter focuses on a management board of the stock corporation as a body which has an exclusive competence in business management and it defines the concept of business management and its limits in a decision-making process within the stock corporation. Chapter two deals with internal and external powers of the management board and it shows their mutual coherence and the resulting impacts on business management. Chapter three describes the internal organization of management of the stock corporation. Firstly, the decision-making process of the management board as a collective body is analyzed according to the Civil Code, s. 156 and, subsequently, the rules of delegation of powers are being discussed as drafted in the Business Corporations Act....

Comment accompagner un élève en difficulté vers une plus grande autonomie cognitive et identitaire par un étayage structurant qui peut passer par des phases de guidage et à travers l'écriture de consignes en groupe restreint.Ce dispositif repose sur une exploration d'un texte littéraire afin de recueillir des informations qui donnent lieu à la construction de consignes adressées aux pairs. Le rôle de la consigne assujettissante se transforme alors en consigne autonomisante. À travers l'analyse des interactions langagières, ce travail cherche à mettre en évidence comment l'accompagnement peut jouer un rôle d'étayage et de guidage vers l'autonomie. / How to assist an at-risk student towards greater cognitive autonomy and identity development by structuring support than can go through phases of guidance and through the writing of instructions in a small group.This device is based on an exploration of a literary text to gather information that gives rise to the creation of instructions addressed to peers. The role of the constraining instruction is to become an empowering point.Through the analysis of linguistics interactions, this work seeks to show how support can play a role of guidance and building towards autonomy.

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as instruções fornecidas por professores de educação física no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem do futsal. Especificamente, buscou-se: (1) identificar quais instruções professores de educação física forneciam em (a) aulas de educação física, (b) aulas de Atividades Curriculares Desportivas (ACD) e (c) Jogos Esportivos do Estado de São Paulo; (2) sobre qual aspecto do futsal as instruções se referiam (categoria); (3) se o tempo de magistério influenciava nas instruções. Participaram voluntariamente dessa pesquisa cinco professores de educação física da rede estadual de ensino de São Paulo, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 38,8 anos (± 7,6 anos). Foram realizadas filmagens de quatro aulas de educação física curricular, quatro aulas de ACD e cinco jogos nos JEESP. Foram transcritas e categorizadas de acordo com o instrumento de análise da instrução SAPCI, 1543 instruções: 286 em aulas, 486 nos treinos e 771 nos jogos. O método de análise de conteúdo foi utilizado para a interpretação do significado da instrução. Além disso, os dados foram analisados descritivamente em termos da quantidade de ocorrências de cada instrução. Três análises foram realizadas: a primeira considerou as instruções intra dimensão de ensino, isto é, na aula, no treino e no jogo; na segunda, as instruções foram analisadas comparando-se as dimensões (aula vs. treino vs. jogo); e, na terceira as principais instruções foram analisadas em razão do tempo de magistério dos professores. Os resultados revelaram que (1) as instruções sobre técnica ofensiva passe foram as únicas observadas nas três dimensões, além de serem aquelas mais fornecidas nas aulas de educação física e em treinos; (2) nos jogos, a ênfase instrucional esteve sobre Tática Individual Defensiva Jogo Posicional; e (3) os professores com maior tempo de magistério forneceram instruções relacionadas a Tática Individual Defensiva Jogo Posicional enquanto que aqueles com menor tempo de magistério o fizeram em relação às regras e violações / The aim of this study was to investigate the instructions provided by physical education teachers in the school context of teaching-learning of futsal. Specifically, it was investigate: (1) which instructions physical education teachers provided in (a) physical education classes, (b) classes of Sports Curricular Activities (ACD), and (c) Sports Games of the State of São Paulo (JEESP); (2) which aspect of futsal the instructions referred to (category); (3) whether the instruction was influenced by the time working as a teacher. Five physical education teachers of the educational system in the state of São Paulo, all males with mean age of 38.8 years (± 7.6 years) participated voluntarily in this study. Four physical education classes, four ACD classes and five games at JEESP, in three dimensions of teaching were recorded. 1543 instructions were transcribed and categorized according to the SAPCI instruction analysis tool: 286 from physical education classes; 486 from futsal training and 771 from games. The content analysis method was used to interpret the meaning of the instruction. In addition, data were analyzed descriptively in terms of the number of occurrences of each instruction. Three analyzes were carried out: the first one considered the intradimension instructions, that is, in the classes, training and games; in the second, instructions were analyzed comparing the dimensions (classes vs. training vs. games); and, in the third the main instructions were analyzed based on teachers\' time working as a teacher. The results revealed that (1) instructions about offensive technique of passing were the only one observed in the three dimensions. Furthermore, they were those most provided in physical education classes and training; (2) in the games, the instructional emphasis was on defensive individual tactic - positional game; and (3) teachers with the longest time working as a teacher emphasized instructions related to defensive individual tactic - positional game, whereas teachers with shortest time working as a teacher focused on rules and violations

Sedan hösten 2018 är programmering en del av det matematiska innehållet algebra i läroplanen. Eftersom många lärare känner en osäkerhet angående matematikundervisning om programmering, finns ett behov av att veta mer om hur sådan undervisning kan se ut. Genom designforskning skapas i den här studien förståelse av hur undervisning om programmering i matematik kan designas för att utveckla elevers rumsuppfattning och förståelse av hur entydiga stegvisa instruktioner kan skapas och förbättras. Designforskning bygger på att utarbeta interventioner (lektioner) samt testa och revidera dem på ett systematiskt sätt. Viktiga byggstenar för att kunna lära sig programmera är rumsuppfattning och förståelse av instruktioner. Den här studien fokuserar på utarbetningen av designprinciper som leder till en utveckling av byggstenarna och konstruktionen av givande undervisningsaktiviteter. Undervisningsaktiviteterna sker på ett urkopplat sätt, det vill säga utan användning av digitala verktyg. Studiens viktigaste resultat är betydelsen av fyra designprinciper; att variera objektets startposition, att blanda instruktioner, att testa själv och att uppleva 2D/3D-perspektivet samt två undervisningsaktiviteter och ett arbetsblad som verkar leda till en utveckling av rumsuppfattning och en förståelse av instruktioner. / Since autumn 2018, programming is a part of the algebra content in the Swedish curriculum. Due to an insecurity many teachers feel towards mathematic teaching about programming, there is a need to know what such teaching can look like. This design research study creates an understanding of how mathematical programming lessons can be designed to develop students spatial reasoning and understanding of how distinct step-by- step instructions can be created and improved. Design research builds on developing interventions (lessons), and testing and adjusting them in a systematic way. Important aspects for being able to learn how to program are spatial reasoning and an understanding of instructions. This design research focuses on the development of design principles that will lead to an understanding of the important aspects of learning how to program and the construction of rewarding teaching activities. The activities are unplugged, meaning that there are no digital tools involved. The most important finding of this study is the importance of four design principles; variation of the objects starting point; mixing of instructions; testing and 2D/3D as well as two teaching activities and a worksheet that seem to lead to a development of spatial reasoning and an understanding of instructions.

När en process innehåller variationer är riskerna stora att den producerar kvalitetsbrister och är ineffektiv. Variationer kan orsakas av att operatörer arbetar på olika sätt och därför tar det olika tid för operatörerna att slutföra uppgiften. Oftast finns det även variationer i att slutföra uppgiften för samma operatör.Fallstudien är utförd med syfte att skapa djupare förståelse hur en förbättrad upplärning kan förenkla hanteringen av interna och externa variationer. Detta genom att utforma TWI-JI på en monteringsprocess.Genom att observera, intervjua och föra tidsstudier på fallföretaget togs en nulägesanalys fram. Genom att analysera den teoretiska samt empiriska data noggrant har de positiva effekterna av en implementering av en förbättrad upplärning tagits fram och diskuterats.

"This thesis presents learning and interaction algorithms to support a human teaching hierarchical task models to a robot using a single or multiple examples in the context of a mixed-initiative interaction with bi-directional communication. Our first contribution is an approach for learning a high level task from a single example using the bottom-up style. In particular, we have identified and implemented two important heuristics for suggesting task groupings and repetitions based on the data flow between tasks and on the physical structure of the manipulated artifact. We have evaluated our heuristics with users in a simulated environment and shown that the suggestions significantly improve the learning and interaction. For our second contribution, we extended this interaction by enabling users to teaching tasks using the top-down teaching style in addition to the bottom-up teaching style. Results obtained in a pilot study show that users utilize both the bottom-up and the top-down teaching styles to teach tasks. Our third contribution is an algorithm that merges multiple examples when there are alternative ways of doing a task. The merging algorithm is still under evaluation. "

Denna studie behandlar problemlösning med fokus på lärarens val av undervisningsmetod i syfte att utveckla elevers matematiska kunskaper. Vi har uppmärksammat brister i nyttjandet av strategier i problemlösning hos elever i årskurs F-3. Studiens syfte är därför att bidra med vad tidigare forskning om problemlösningsundervisning har resulterat i och jämföra dessa resultat med varandra. För att undersöka detta har tidigare forskning granskats genom en systematisk litteraturstudie. De databaser som använts för att finna tidigare forskningsstudier är ERIC, UniSearch samt SwePub. Resultatet av studien visar att en väl genomtänkt undervisningsmetod i problemlösning är av stor vikt för elevers kunskaper i matematik. Genom resultatet framkommer även att en god problemlösningsförmåga underlättar för elevers fortsatta matematikutveckling.

Ce travail a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les effets de la simulation mentale guidée sur l’apprentissage, sur la performance et sur l’image du mouvement en danse. Dans la revue de littérature, nous présentons les principales théories de l’apprentissage cognitif et socio-cognitif, ainsi que les mises en œuvre des méthodes d’apprentissage issues de ces deux champs théoriques. Puis, à partir des spécificités de la danse « didactisée », des transformations visées en milieu scolaire et universitaire, et de la place des images mentales en danse, nous envisageons la simulation mentale guidée par des consignes rythmiques, motrices et métaphoriques. Nous présentons ensuite une étude préliminaire visant la construction d'outils d'évaluation de la performance en danse, ainsi que deux études expérimentales menées auprès de sujets adultes novices portant sur l'apprentissage lors de tâches de reproduction de forme et d'improvisation-composition. Les résultats dans ce qu'ils ont d'essentiel montrent (1) que la simulation mentale est une méthode d'apprentissage plus efficace que l'observation à partir du moment où elle est guidée, (2) que les consignes rythmiques sont fondamentales dans l'apprentissage en danse parce qu'elles permettent d'organiser et de structurer le mouvement, (3) que les consignes métaphoriques apparaissent particulièrement adaptées à la dimension expressive et artistique de la danse. Dans leur ensemble, ces résultats soulignent l'importance de guider la simulation mentale à l'aide de consignes pour s'assurer de son efficacité dans l'apprentissage. / This study aims to highlight the effects of mental simulation of guided learning, performance and image of the movement in dance. In the literature review, we present the main theories of cognitive and socio-cognitive, and implementations of learning methods from these two theoretical fields. Then, from the specifics of the dance "didactical" transformations referred by schools and universities, and the place of mental images in dance, we consider the mental simulation guided by rhythmic and metaphorical instructions. Afterwards, we present a preliminary study for the tool construction for assessing performance in dance, and two experimental studies conducted with novice adult subjects on learning tasks during reproduction of form and improvisation-composition. The results in their essence show (1) that mental simulation is a more effective method of learning than observation, from the moment it is guided 2) that the rhythmic instructions are fundamental in dance learning because they help to organize and structure the movement, (3) that the metaphorical instructions seem particularly suited to the expressive and artistic dimensions of dancing. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of guided mental simulation with instructions to ensure its effectiveness in learning.