12. Summary of Master's degree thesis in English Insurance fraud In my Master's degree thesis I was dealing with insurance fraud. Insurance fraud is no doubt as old as insurance itself and has been considered as part of the insurers trade risk. However, it has lately grown in importance until it has become at treat to the soundness of insurance markets. In the Czech republic, this situation has led to the adoption of legislative amendments in 1997, inserting a new section, § 250a , specifying insurance fraud, into the Criminal Code. Insurance fraud was one of the main topics of work section of insurance fraud in czech bureau of insurance. After that situation has changed. Bodies active in criminal proceedings started take this problem more seriously. People began to become aware of the seriousness of the problem. Especially how much it costs. In the beginning of my thesis I present motives to me to keep writing it and briefly describe the contents of individual chapters of the thesis. In the second part, I return to the circumstances in which the merits of the Act No. 140/1961 Coll., and briefly describe the changes as facts, which brought a new criminal code. The third part is focused on buildings criminal insurance fraud. In particular, describe in detail the various merits of individual buildings...

A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar a aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos de seguros e as hipóteses em que tal aplicação acarreta a ruptura do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, de modo a inviabilizar sua manutenção ou comercialização. Para tanto, após, em um primeiro capítulo, haver a conceituação e delimitação do instituto securitário, construído pela tríade de princípios inafastáveis queo caracteriza e o individualiza em relação aos demais contratos, tais como a mutualidade, o cálculo de probabilidades e a seleção e harmonização dos riscos, passase, no segundo capítulo, à análise da extensão da aplicação do código consumerista, principalmente, com relação às cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade e as cláusulas técnicas que dão sustentáculo à operação. Essa subsunção, por sua vez, encontra certos limites necessários à sobrevivência do contrato, demonstrando que ultrapassados certos pontos de regulação, o que seria o remédio que cura, transforma-se, se usado em demasia, no veneno que mata. Assim, atentos às situações caracterizadas pelo uso desmedido da norma específica no sistema macro que circunscreve o fundo securitário, verifica-se, no terceiro capítulo, o equilíbrio econômico-financeira, as causas que atingem a equação econômica e financeira e a harmonização de interesses afetados. Diante das variáveis que desequilibram o sistema, certas opções de restabelecimento, revisão e resolução contratuais são sugeridas e, em muitas vezes, necessárias para equiparação das prestações contratadas de parte a parte. Isto posto, demonstra-se que a delimitação sugerida está longe de privilegiar e priorizar somente a seguradora, mas sim, há a preocupação primordial de preservar o interesse que transcende das relações avençadas, consubstanciado nos princípios constitucionais da segurança jurídica, da livre iniciativa, da razoabilidade e proporcionalidade. O embasamento para as assertivas aqui expostas consiste, justamente, no estudo aprofundado das leis gerais e específicas que regem o instituto, acrescido do apuro doutrinário advindo dos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, na posição adotada pelos Tribunais pátrios e internacionais e, por fim, na aplicação das regras e laudos periciais presentes em litígios. Espera-se, contudo, com arrimo na pesquisa realizada, de forma alguma exaurir e esgotar as problemáticas do tema, mas tão-somente, lançar luz e fomentar a celeuma instalada, de forma a contribuir de alguma forma diante de tão rico assunto que tanto divide posições. / This essay aims at analyzing the Brazilian Consumer Code from the standpoint of the extension to which it is applicable to insurance contracts, as well as the cases in which applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to the aforementioned contracts could harm their economic-financial balance, consequently making them economically unviable. For such purposes, insurance is specifically dealt with in the first chapter in relation to its concept and to the three principles which serve as basic characteristics of this type of contract: mutuality, probability calculus and both selection and risk management. Following that, the Brazilian Consumer Code is examined with respect to its applicability, mainly in connection with limitation of liability clauses and certain technical clauses which constitute the foundation of insurance contracts. The possibility of applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts, however, faces certain limits which are necessary for the viability of the contract. In other words: once certain regulatory lines are crossed, applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts may turn the remedy into poison. For that reason, in the third chapter the essay turns to situations where the Brazilian Consumer Code is applied without proper legal justification, the economic-financial balance of the contract, grounds for when such balance is harmed, as well as harmonization of the conflicting interests at stake. Given the variables which bring unbalance to the insurance contract, the essay suggests the possibility of either establishing said balance once more or revising/terminating the contract. Subsequently this essay outlines how this approach is far from creating privileges for insurance companies, but rather preserves interests that go beyond the mere contractual relationship, such as legal certainty, free commerce and proportionality. Grounds for such thesis include thorough studies related to both general and specific norms which govern insurance, as well as the opinions of legal commentators, case law and expert reports attached to lawsuits. We do not expect to bring the discussion to and end with this essay though. Quite the opposite: we wish to shed light on a topic which is currently subject to heated legal debate and to a certain extent to contribute to the discussion accordingly.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da natureza jurídica do saldo de conta (aqui designado como reserva matemática) de que o participante é titular durante a fase de acumulação de um plano de Contribuição Variável de entidade aberta de previdência privada. O tema foi desenvolvido à luz do Direito do Seguro, por meio do confronto dos elementos jurídicos e técnicos dos contratos de seguros privados com os dos contratos previdenciários privados, e ainda levando em consideração a evolução dos produtos de previdência privada e seguros no contexto do bancassurance. Dada a escassez de literatura nacional específica sobre o tema, o estudo foi realizado com o suporte do Direito Comparado. / The present work aims to study the legal nature of \"account balance\" (herein referred as \"mathematical reserves\") that the participant holds during the accumulation phase of a variable contribution retirement plan. The subject was developed according to Insurance Law, by confronting the legal and technical elements of private insurance contracts with retirement plan contracts, and considering the evolution of retirement plans and insurance products in the context of bancassurance. Given the lack of specific literature on this subject in Brazil, this study was conducted with the support of Comparative Law.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da natureza jurídica do saldo de conta (aqui designado como reserva matemática) de que o participante é titular durante a fase de acumulação de um plano de Contribuição Variável de entidade aberta de previdência privada. O tema foi desenvolvido à luz do Direito do Seguro, por meio do confronto dos elementos jurídicos e técnicos dos contratos de seguros privados com os dos contratos previdenciários privados, e ainda levando em consideração a evolução dos produtos de previdência privada e seguros no contexto do bancassurance. Dada a escassez de literatura nacional específica sobre o tema, o estudo foi realizado com o suporte do Direito Comparado. / The present work aims to study the legal nature of \"account balance\" (herein referred as \"mathematical reserves\") that the participant holds during the accumulation phase of a variable contribution retirement plan. The subject was developed according to Insurance Law, by confronting the legal and technical elements of private insurance contracts with retirement plan contracts, and considering the evolution of retirement plans and insurance products in the context of bancassurance. Given the lack of specific literature on this subject in Brazil, this study was conducted with the support of Comparative Law.

Draudimo teisinius santykius pakankamai išsamiai reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, tačiau įgyvendinant draudiko ir draudėjo teises bei pareigas kyla nemažai problemų. Magistro baigiamajame darbe atskleidžiama, kaip draudiko teisė atsisakyti mokėti draudimo išmoką yra apibrėžiama draudimo sutartyje, kokie draudimo sutarties elementai yra reikšmingi šios teisės įgyvendinimui. Apibendrinus draudiko teisės atsisakyti mokėti draudimo išmoką sampratą yra išskiriami trys pagrindiniai atvejai, kuomet draudikas, vadovaudamasis teisės aktų reglamentuojamomis taisyklėmis ir patikrinęs visą su draudiminiu įvykiu susijusią informaciją, gali įgyvendinti teisę atsisakyti mokėti draudimo išmoką: draudėjas padarė draudimo sutarties pažeidimą, draudžiamasis įvykis atsitinka dėl draudėjo tyčios ar didelio neatsargumo, įvykis yra nedraudžiamasis. Atsižvelgiant į šiuos atvejus, analizuojant doktriną ir Lietuvos teismų praktiką yra atskleidžiamos ir moksliškai bei teisiškai išanalizuojamos problemos, su kuriomis susiduria draudikai, įgyvendindami teisę atsisakyti mokėti draudimo išmoką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe kritiškai vertinama Lietuvos teismų praktika, kuri draudiko teisės atsisakyti mokėti draudimo išmoką įgyvendinimo klausimais yra nevienareikšmė ir diskutuotina. Taigi pasitelkiant analitinį, lyginamąjį, sisteminį ir aprašomasis tyrimo metodus, išanalizavus magistro baigiamajame darbe iškeltą problemą, pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir pasiūlymai. / Insurance legal relationships seems to be detail regulated by the Republic of Lithuania law, however enforcement of the insurer and the policyholder rights and obligations raises a number of problems. The Master's thesis reveals how the insurer right to pay the insurance premium is defined in the insurance contract, which insurance contract important elements are for this right enforcement. Summarizing the conception of insurer's right to refuse to pay the insurance premium there are extracted three main cases in which the insurer, in accordance with laws and regulations governed by verifying all the insured event related information, may enforce his right to refuse to pay insurance premium: the policyholder has breached the insurance contract, prohibition event occurs on the insured's intent or gross negligence, the event is non contingency. In light of these cases, analysis of the doctrine and practice of the Lithuanian courts there are disclosed and scientifically and legally analyzed problems which face insurers enforcing the right to refuse to pay the insurance premium. The Master's thesis criticizes the Lithuanian judicial practice which is ambiguous and debatable according to the insurer's right to refuse to pay insurance premium. Therefore through an analytical, comparative, systematic and descriptive research methods, analysis of the master's thesis raised issue, master's thesis ends with conclusions and recommendations.

A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar a aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos de seguros e as hipóteses em que tal aplicação acarreta a ruptura do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, de modo a inviabilizar sua manutenção ou comercialização. Para tanto, após, em um primeiro capítulo, haver a conceituação e delimitação do instituto securitário, construído pela tríade de princípios inafastáveis queo caracteriza e o individualiza em relação aos demais contratos, tais como a mutualidade, o cálculo de probabilidades e a seleção e harmonização dos riscos, passase, no segundo capítulo, à análise da extensão da aplicação do código consumerista, principalmente, com relação às cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade e as cláusulas técnicas que dão sustentáculo à operação. Essa subsunção, por sua vez, encontra certos limites necessários à sobrevivência do contrato, demonstrando que ultrapassados certos pontos de regulação, o que seria o remédio que cura, transforma-se, se usado em demasia, no veneno que mata. Assim, atentos às situações caracterizadas pelo uso desmedido da norma específica no sistema macro que circunscreve o fundo securitário, verifica-se, no terceiro capítulo, o equilíbrio econômico-financeira, as causas que atingem a equação econômica e financeira e a harmonização de interesses afetados. Diante das variáveis que desequilibram o sistema, certas opções de restabelecimento, revisão e resolução contratuais são sugeridas e, em muitas vezes, necessárias para equiparação das prestações contratadas de parte a parte. Isto posto, demonstra-se que a delimitação sugerida está longe de privilegiar e priorizar somente a seguradora, mas sim, há a preocupação primordial de preservar o interesse que transcende das relações avençadas, consubstanciado nos princípios constitucionais da segurança jurídica, da livre iniciativa, da razoabilidade e proporcionalidade. O embasamento para as assertivas aqui expostas consiste, justamente, no estudo aprofundado das leis gerais e específicas que regem o instituto, acrescido do apuro doutrinário advindo dos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, na posição adotada pelos Tribunais pátrios e internacionais e, por fim, na aplicação das regras e laudos periciais presentes em litígios. Espera-se, contudo, com arrimo na pesquisa realizada, de forma alguma exaurir e esgotar as problemáticas do tema, mas tão-somente, lançar luz e fomentar a celeuma instalada, de forma a contribuir de alguma forma diante de tão rico assunto que tanto divide posições. / This essay aims at analyzing the Brazilian Consumer Code from the standpoint of the extension to which it is applicable to insurance contracts, as well as the cases in which applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to the aforementioned contracts could harm their economic-financial balance, consequently making them economically unviable. For such purposes, insurance is specifically dealt with in the first chapter in relation to its concept and to the three principles which serve as basic characteristics of this type of contract: mutuality, probability calculus and both selection and risk management. Following that, the Brazilian Consumer Code is examined with respect to its applicability, mainly in connection with limitation of liability clauses and certain technical clauses which constitute the foundation of insurance contracts. The possibility of applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts, however, faces certain limits which are necessary for the viability of the contract. In other words: once certain regulatory lines are crossed, applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts may turn the remedy into poison. For that reason, in the third chapter the essay turns to situations where the Brazilian Consumer Code is applied without proper legal justification, the economic-financial balance of the contract, grounds for when such balance is harmed, as well as harmonization of the conflicting interests at stake. Given the variables which bring unbalance to the insurance contract, the essay suggests the possibility of either establishing said balance once more or revising/terminating the contract. Subsequently this essay outlines how this approach is far from creating privileges for insurance companies, but rather preserves interests that go beyond the mere contractual relationship, such as legal certainty, free commerce and proportionality. Grounds for such thesis include thorough studies related to both general and specific norms which govern insurance, as well as the opinions of legal commentators, case law and expert reports attached to lawsuits. We do not expect to bring the discussion to and end with this essay though. Quite the opposite: we wish to shed light on a topic which is currently subject to heated legal debate and to a certain extent to contribute to the discussion accordingly.

L' « obligation de sécurité » sanctionne divers comportements portant atteinte à la santé physique ou mentale d'autrui. Parallèlement, l'assurance favoriserait le sentiment de sécurité, les assurances de responsabilité civile des professionnelles garantissent la dette de responsabilité civile contractée par l'assuré à l'égard d'un tiers.Se pose alors la question de savoir s'il est possible de garantir de manière satisfaisante le risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité dans les contrats d'assurance de responsabilité civile des professionnels.Si les « grands principes du droit des assurances » imposent une étude statistique du risque soumis à l'assurance, une étude juridique du risque est indispensable puisque seule une conception objective du risque assurable permet de déterminer si l'aléa devant préexister au contrat d'assurance est préservé. Par la suite, l'étude subjective du risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité nécessitera de déterminer l'influence du comportement de l'assuré sur l'événement aléatoire garanti par le contrat d'assurance de responsabilité civile des professionnels. Le risque identifié permettra alors d'observer l'étendue de la garantie d'assurance actuellement proposée dans les contrats d'assurance. A défaut de garantie satisfaisante dans le temps et pécuniairement, l'intervention de mécanismes supplétifs à l'assurance pourrait être une alternative pour l'indemnisation des victimes les plus gravement atteintes par la réalisation du risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité. / The " obligation of safety " punish diverse behavior striking a blow at the physical or mental health of others. At the same time, the insurance would favor the feeling of safety, the third-party insurance of the professionals guarantees the debt of civil liability contracted by the insurant towards a third. The question is to know if it is possible to guarantee in a satisfactory way the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety in the insurance contracts of civil liability of the professionals.If the "big principles of the right of the insurances" impose a statistical study of the risk subjected to the assurance, a legal study of the risk is indispensable because only an objective conception of the insurable risk allows to determine if the hazard that must preexist before the insurance contract is protected.Afterward, the subjective study of the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety will require to determine the influence of the behavior of the insurant on the unpredictable event guaranteed by the insurance contract of civil liability of the professionals. The identified risk will allow to observe the area of the guarantee of assurance at present proposed in insurance contracts. If the guarantee in the time and financially is not satisfactory, the intervention of auxiliary mechanisms in the assurance could be an alternative for the compensation of the victims most seriously affected by the realization of the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety

Master’s thesis deals with the determination of the amount of insurance benefit after the fire of holiday cottage in Luleč. The theoretical part focuses on the basic definitions of concepts from the area of real estates and insurance. The practical part is concerned with the valuation of judged building by cost method, determining costs of the required repairs and also finding out the new insurance value of the holiday cottage.

This master’s thesis analyzes issue of company car insurance in a selected business subject. Evaluates current state of insurance, compares it with current offer of insurance products on the Czech insurance market and determines appropriate actions for improvement of insurance protection of company car in the selected business subject.

The thesis is bent on problems associated with concept of suitable proprietary insurance of municipality Vrbátky. On the basis of the municipality’s risk analysis is designed proprietary insurance coverage, which minimizes the impact of the most severe risks on the municipality’s running.