This thesis examinate by insurance frauds in transport. The thesis is thematicly divided to main individual parts. In the first part are summarized the theoretical concepts which pursue these issues. The second part focuses on a survey among the public regarding insurance frauds. The main target of this thesis is describing the current state of trade, where the main target will suggest more advantageous and more effective solutions for business based on the detected information and then will be applied to the practice.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

Civilinės atsakomybės draudimo sutarčių institutas yra sąlyginai nauja sritis civiliniuose teisiniuose santykiuose. Kai kurie tokių sutarčių probleminiai aspektai išryškėja tik taikant konkrečias sutartis praktikoje, todėl šalyse kaip Lietuva, kur draudimo teisės tradicijos nėra labai gilios, šio instituto ypatumai ir įgyvendinimo problemos yra ganėtinai aktualūs. Nors CAD sutarties samprata atskleista pakankamai išsamiai, teisės mokslininkai iki šiol vieningai nesutaria dėl šios rūšies draudimo sutarčių prigimties, draudiminiams įvykiams taikomų kriterijų bei pačių santykio dalyvių teisių ir pareigų apimties pagal CAD sutartį. Nesant išsamaus teisinio reglamentavimo teismams tenka vadovautis bendraisiais civilinės teisės principais, o tokia praktika, nors ir pasiekusi aukščiausios instancijos teismus, neišvengia subjektyvaus atskirų situacijų vertinimo. CAD sutarties aiškinimas teismuose, kai silpnesnioji sandorio šalis, sudariusi sutartį prisijungimo būdu, yra neadekvačiai griežtai saugoma nuo ekonomiškai stipresnės šalies įtakos, neatsižvelgiant į CAD sutarties sąlygas, galų gale atsisuka prieš pačią silpnesniąją šalį. Siekiant išvengti tokios praktikos bei įtvirtinti kokybiškai vertingą CAD sutarčių taikymą, būtina atsižvelgti į šio instituto specifinį draudimo objektą – draudėjo interesą apsidrausti nuo galimos rizikos, susijusios su prievolės trečiajam asmeniui įvykdymu ir iš to kilusių pasekmių. Tik įvertinus CAD sutarčių ypatumus galima pasiekti sąžiningą ir teisinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Civil liability insurance contracts institute is a relatively new field of civil legal relations. Some of the problematic aspects of such contracts are revealed only under practice, and so in countries such as Lithuania, where tradition of insurance law is not very intense, the institute features and implementation issues are quite relevant. Although the concept of CAD contract disclosed in sufficient detail, law scientists still do not agree unanimously on the nature of insurance contracts, criteria applicable to the occurrences and the amount of rights of the participants under the CAD contract. In the absence of a comprehensive legal framework, courts have to follow general principles of civil law and even the supreme instance courts cannot avoid the subjective evaluation of individual situations. CAD contract interpretation in courts, where a weaker party of the contract is inadequately strictly protected from economically stronger party influence regardless to the terms of the contract, will eventually turn against the weaker party itself. In order to avoid such practice and establish valuably qualified application of CAD contracts, must take into account the specifics of the object of institute - policyholders interest to insure the risks associated with obligations to a third party and the performance of the resulting consequences. Only when the features of the CAD contracts are evaluated we are able to achieve a fair and on the base of the legal state established... [to full text]

L’aléa, véritable « cœur » du contrat d’assurance, ne finit pas de susciter les interrogations lorsqu’il s’agit de préciser plus techniquement son rôle, tout comme sa raison d’être. En première ligne se situe naturellement le débat relatif à la qualification des formes contemporaines d’assurance vie : ce dernier, haut lieu de controverse doctrinale depuis des années, ne s’est toujours pas apaisé malgré l’impressionnant nombre d’études consacrées au sujet. En parallèle, le thème de l’aléa dans les contrats fait également l’objet d’un vif regain d’intérêt, s’invitant dans les colloques et les ouvrages les plus récents. Plus que jamais, les notions de contrat d’assurance et de contrat aléatoire se retrouvent donc au cœur de la polémique. Et cette dernière peut aller bon train, tant le débat reste enfermé dans cette idée courante qu’un contrat est un acte nécessairement créateur d’obligations. Ainsi, l’on s’attache bien souvent à mettre en évidence le déséquilibre des obligations des parties (caractéristique des contrats aléatoires) avant de s’interroger sur son existence dans le contrat d’assurance. Mais cette approche obligationnelle de la structure contractuelle est-elle véritablement pertinente ? Ne devrait-on pas, au contraire, concevoir plus largement les effets de l’acte juridique, et consacrer juridiquement une idée somme toute assez commune dans le langage courant des praticiens : celle d’un transfert de risque ? A l’approche obligationnelle classique, exclusivement focalisée sur l’analyse des prestations des parties (paiement de la prime par le souscripteur ; règlement du sinistre voire couverture du risque par l’assureur), se substituerait ainsi une approche réelle, davantage axée sur le transfert de risque opéré entre les parties. Cette approche réelle, à bien des égards séduisante par rapport à l’approche obligationnelle, permettrait ainsi de porter – entre autres – un regard différent sur la problématique inhérente aux formes contemporaines d’assurance vie. / Hazard is well known for being at the heart of the insurance contract. Nonetheless, it does not stop raising questions about its precise role and raison d’être. Firstly, the debate deals with the qualification of contemporary forms of life insurance; Mecca of doctrinal controversy for years, it still remains topical in spite of the impressive number of studies. Meanwhile, contingency is of intense interest in civil contract law, as well as subject to recent seminars and latest books. More than ever, the notions of insurance contract and of aleatory contract appear as being the “core” issues of a controversy which keeps going well, because the debate may be limited by the idea that a contract is necessarily an act that creates obligations. Thus, the imbalance between the parties’ obligations - characteristic of aleatory contracts – is often highlighted before questioning its existence in the insurance contract. However, it may be wondered as whether to know if such an “obligational” approach of the contract is truly relevant. On the contrary, shouldn’t we consider the effects of the contract through a wider point of view, in order to admit – legally – a quite common idea in everyday language: the transfer of risk? Unlike the obligational approach which is solely focused on the performances of both parties (premium paid by the taker; compensation paid out of the claim or even risk covered by the insurer), that “real” approach would be more focused on the risk that is transferred between the contracting parties. Such a real approach, which seems to be highly more attractive than the obligational one, would offer - among others - a different perspective within the debate that is inherent to the contemporary forms of life insurance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiane Hessler Furck.pdf: 1312486 bytes, checksum: ca9e863534c78bd81ca049b21c9c7633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-29 / The technological advance, the scientific progress, the industrial park and the population accumulations have caused the social-economic development, however they have increased the incidence of the patrimonial risks. Insurance contract corresponds to the social-economical development, however it does not translate one legal transaction only as it can mean an infinity of contractual relations, that involve many different people, in innumerable branches of the insurance market. It occurs that the insurance contract can be translated by contract of civil liability insurance, contract of safety from contractual guarantees, contract of residential insurance, contract of health insurance, contract of enterprise insurance, contract of bail insurance, contract of educational insurance, and the contract of vehicule insurance, the target of this study. In this context, the risk should be deeply analyzed, it will have to be declared by the insured, being certain that it is consolidated through the questionnaire of risk evaluation, which should be part of the the insurance proposal. The questionnaire of risk evaluation is also known as a clause of insured profile and its major goal is to personalise and delimit the risk so that the insurer can accept or refuse the insurance proposal and establish the prize of the insurance. This study also analyzes the positive and negative aspects of the clause of profile ahead of the rules established for the Consumer Defense Code / O avanço tecnológico, o progresso científico, o parque industrial, e os aglomerados populacionais acarretaram o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, contudo aumentaram a incidência dos riscos sobre o patrimônio. O contrato de seguro corresponde ao desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, contudo não traduz apenas um negócio jurídico, uma vez que pode significar uma infinidade de relações contratuais, que envolvem uma diversidade de pessoas, em inúmeros ramos do mercado securitário. Ocorre que o contrato de seguro pode ser traduzido pelo contrato de seguro de responsabilidade civil, contrato de seguro de garantias contratuais, contrato de seguro residencial, contrato de seguro saúde, contrato de seguro empresarial, contrato de seguro fiança, contrato de seguro educacional e o contrato de seguro automóvel, objeto do presente estudo. Nesse contexto, impende analisar com profundidade o risco que deverá ser declarado pelo segurado, sendo certo que atualmente ele se consolida por meio do questionário de avaliação do risco, constante da proposta de seguro. O questionário de avaliação do risco é também conhecido como cláusula de perfil do segurado e tem o objetivo de individualizar e delimitar o risco, para que o segurador possa aceitar ou recusar a proposta de seguro e estabelecer o prêmio do seguro. O presente estudo analisa ainda os aspectos positivos e negativos da cláusula de perfil diante dos preceitos estabelecidos pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor

誠信原則(bona fides, good faith)之法律意義，源於羅馬法善意衡平及一般惡意抗辯原則，後成為現代大陸法系國家之帝王條款。誠信原則以其特殊具體性、補充性、限制性與修正性之功能，可作為調整智識與交易實力不對等當事人間利益之最佳方式，其適用可使雙方當事人之利益獲得平衡。於普通法系國家，美國法已接受誠信原則，英國普通法未明文承認誠信原則之適用，但其有相當多制度顯現出誠信原則之概念，於特定法律之領域亦承認誠信原則，其著名之1906年海上保險法即早已承認最大誠信原則之適用。 保險制度發始於海上保險，其發展進程係「先海上保險，後陸上保險；先財產保險，後人身保險」。海上保險於有文字記載之保險歷史，先以共同海損之危險分担，繼則為以數理統計之危險分散與轉嫁。保險具射倖性，從海上保險發展時起，保險人即受資訊不對稱之影響。當時科技、通訊設備不足，保險人欲獲得足夠資訊決定是否承保與計算保險費率，進而預測經營成本，實際係難以達成。當時被保險人掌握有關保險標的之相關資訊，而保險人卻一無所知。資訊不對稱對保險人產生逆選擇與道德危險等危害，為解決此問題，保險人遂要求被保險人就保險標的之相關資訊，依據誠信原則為主動告知，或以擔保條款等方式控制風險。如被保險人未按誠信原則盡告知義務，無須探究其主觀意圖為何、是否有因果關係，賦予保險人得解除契約之嚴厲效果。 現代保險制度始於歐陸義大利之城邦國家，其後輾轉流傳至英國，並於英國成長茁壯而成為現今之保險制度。英國自十七世紀承襲形成於義大利城邦海上保險之慣例，及拿破崙法典之規定，於1906年完成海上保險之立法。至今百餘年間雖時易勢遷、物換星移，其絕大部分條文不僅成為海上保險之鐵則，且為世界各國廣泛接受運用於保險法制。其至今未曾有所更易，並為世界各保險先進國家奉為圭臬。聯合國貿易暨發展委員會於1982年曾稱英國海上保險法及保險條款為實際之國際法，足見其高度權威性及深遠之影響力。 十八世紀當時，保險尚屬初發展階段，當時科學技術並未發達，為使保險人得就其所承保風險與收取保險費達到對價平衡，英國自1766年Carter v. Boehm案，即確立誠信原則於海上保險之適用，要求被保險人為主動告知保險標的之風險。其指出保險契約為射倖性契約，賴以估算危險發生機率之各特定事項，唯被保險人知之最稔，保險人於決定承保與否時，有賴被保險人之告知。被保險人故意隱匿，將導致保險人對危險之錯誤估計，是被保險人之故意隱匿構成對保險人之詐欺，應使契約歸於無效。某事項之不為告知或可能出於錯誤，被保險人亦不具任何詐欺之意圖，但對保險人而言，仍屬受有欺罔，與故意隱匿並無二致，保險契約於此情形不應認為有效。誠信原則對所有契約均應適用，於保險契約尤甚於其他契約。於此原則下，保險契約當事人任何一方就其個人所知有關危險之事項，不被容許對其有所隱匿。誠信原則其後經英國司法實務之運作轉變為最大誠信原則(uberrima fidei, utmost good faith)，於英國1906年上保險法第17條規定。英國海上保險法之最大誠信原則，其本即源於歐陸法律體系之誠信原則。然因英國普通法並未承認誠信原則，且海上保險原為商人間之保險，其遂借用於中世紀所演化出之商人應具有高度誠信原則之概念於海上保險之領域。誠信原則於英國海上保險法百餘年運作後，成為最大誠信原則並發展出各種具體之制度，然英國實務運作僅偏向對被保險人之嚴格適用。然按Mansfield大法官之見解與英國海上保險法之規定，保險契約雙方當事人均應有此原則之適用。 保險制度經過長期發展後，保險人經由豐富統計資料為基礎之精算技術，先進之科學設備，完善且充足之人力資源，對於各種風險加以了解，甚而其可較被保險人更清楚保險標的之風險。又保險之運作高度、複雜、專業發展後，除少數大型企業有能力與保險人洽商保險契約條款之內容外，大部分仍使用定型化契約作為保險交易之內容，被保險人對於保險契約之條款內容難以了解。保險產業已從過往對於保險人資訊不對稱，轉為對被保險人資訊不對稱之情形。因此過往法律對於嚴格要求被保險人為告知且賦與嚴厲法律效果，現已使保險契約雙方當事人利益失衡之局面，且最大誠信原則已成為海上保險人藉以逃避責任之最佳利器。 時序進入二十世紀後，各國有關保險之立法，已開始著重對被保險人之保障，尤其對消費者而言更應如此。美國Robert Keeton教授於上世紀六十年代提出之合理期待原則，德國於1976年之標準契約條款解釋之法律(後已整編至德國民法規定)、2008年修正之保險契約法，法國保險契約法、澳洲1984年制定之一般保險契約法、北歐各國保險契約法、歐洲2009年8月由學者所擬就之保險契約法重述、中國2009年10月新修正之保險法等，均朝向保障被保險人之權益，減輕其負擔，加重保險人於最大誠信原則下之義務為規範。本文認為其雖係對一般保險契約法之修正，但對於海上保險契約，尤其無能力與保險人協商保險契約條款之當事人，應可加以參酌適用。英國自上世紀中葉起，開始就該國海上保險與一般保險之法制加以檢討，並提出各種討論報告。於2009年12月已就消費者保險之改革提出草案，對於消費者保險採詢問回答之方式，其適用於訂約前與續約之時，消費者需以客觀合理之注意避免為不實之說明。過往海上保險之最大誠信原則於所有保險之訂約前適用，現於所提出之草案就消費者保險改採合理注意之義務，並應注意及各種實際之情況決定，藉以改善過往對消費者過於嚴苛之情況。本草案就訂約後最大誠信原則之適用則未有影響，而對其他種類保險之討論則尚未定案。 英國海上保險法之最大誠信原則經百餘年之實務運作、學者詮釋及各國之立法擴張後，已成為對整體保險契約條款是否公平合理之判斷準據。然最大誠信原則之嚴苛應用與法律效果，因時易變遷各國均予以緩和，並加強保護被保險人。因而被保險人除有故意詐欺或重大過失，而未盡告知義務，得由保險人主張解除契約外，於無可歸責或過失之情況，則分別規定其法律效果。且於消費者保險採取詢問回答之方式，並採用比例補償原則。於海上保險等有能力與保險人洽商保險契約條款之商人保險，則仍維持主動告知義務。然如其因不可歸責之原因而未盡告知義務，保險人不得主張解除契約。而商人保險因有諸多變動之風險因素，採用比例補償之原則尚有困難。 我國海商法規定之海上保險，就被保險人告知義務未為規定。按同法之規定，其未規定者可準用保險法規定。我國學說及實務，均肯認保險契約為基於最大誠信原則之契約，並認為保險法第64條之規定為此原則之具體表現。然國內相關就最大誠信原則之討論亦如英國法制，著重於被保險人之適用範圍。對於最大誠信原則應用於保險人之部分，則似較少觸及。有學者早期已強調保險人應依據最大誠信原則盡調查義務，其後有學者於著述中略論及保險人於最大誠信原則下之告知義務，我國法律則對於此部分未加以規範。本篇論文對於最大誠信原則於保險人之應用，以專章加以論述。本文認為加強保險人於最大誠信原則之告知義務等，對於保障被保險人之權益將有所助益，且其與保險契約之特殊解釋規則適用有重要之關連。如保險人盡其告知義務，就保險契約之爭執將可大幅減少，並可降低該等特殊解釋規則之適用。我國保險法第64條規定就故意隱匿、過失遺漏或不實說明與危險發生無因果關係由被保險人負擔舉證責任，被保險人之負擔過重。本文建議應將舉證責任歸由保險人負擔，較符公平之原則。又實務中，海上船體保險或船東互保協會保險，保險人均先行要求被保險人就其所提供之問題回答，因此本文建議於海上保險可由保險人先以詢問回答之方式，要求被保險人就保險標的之資訊為告知。但被保險人知悉保險人所未詢問之重要事項者，亦應為主動告知。如保險人證明被保險人有故意隱匿或重大過失不為告知時，始得解除契約，並保有保險費。如無故意隱匿或重大過失時，如保險人證明危險發生係因該未告知之事實所致者，保險人不附補償責任。於非使用保險人所提供之定型化契約條款者，當事人間得就此另行約定。 本文以海上保險之最大誠信原則適用為主，對相關問題加以討論。第壹章說明研究動機、目的、方法與範圍，並對於海上保險之緣起、保險之特性、保險契約之解釋、保險契約交易之特性加以討論。第貳章對於誠信原則之發展、基本概念與功能及適用、於海上保險之發展加以說明。第参章就最大誠信原則於海上保險之適用加以論述，其中就英國現行法制之部分詳為討論。第肆章則對最大誠信原則於英國法之發展，並就該國之檢討報告詳細討論說明。於参、肆章之討論，均以英國海上保險法制之規定為主軸，並輔以其他國家法律之內容。第伍章就最大誠信原則於保險人之適用加以討論，著重於保險人依最大誠信原則之告知義務、理賠程序之告知義務、告知義務之限制與範圍、告知義務與特殊解釋規則之關聯、迅速理賠之義務等。英國海上保險法就此少有論及，美國與歐陸法律對此於非海上保險加以強調。本文認為保險人於理賠程序之告知與迅速理賠之義務，亦應於海上保險加以適用，方可顯現海上保險為基於最大誠信原則之本質。第六章則綜合前揭數章之討論，對於我國海上保險法制提出修法之建議，以供未來修法之參考。

Le traitement juridique de l’évolution du risque tend à pallier le déséquilibre né de l’influence du temps sur le contrat d’assurance. Les règles applicables aux relations entre les parties elles-mêmes s’y attèlent en priorité en recherchant le rééquilibrage du contrat d’assurance. Cet équilibre est restauré automatiquement, lorsque l’évolution atteint l’assiette ou la valeur du risque. La prime et l’indemnité sont directement ajustées par rapport au risque. En revanche, si l’évolution, à la hausse comme à la baisse, affecte l’ampleur du risque entendu comme la probabilité et/ou l’intensité de sa réalisation, l’adaptation du contrat devra être négociée. C’est de l’attitude des parties que dépendra l’issue de ces négociations. Le contrat qui ne peut être adapté est anéanti afin de contenir les conséquences de l’évolution du risque. C’est ainsi que son annulation sanctionne l’assuré qui manifeste sa mauvaise foi à l’occasion de l’aggravation du risque. C’est que la couverture du risque aggravé sans adaptation des conditions de la garantie met à mal l’équilibre de la mutualité. En revanche, la caducité s’avère être la seule issue du contrat en cas de disparition totale du risque. L’assureur n’assumant plus aucune obligation, il en résulte la restitution prorata temporis de la prime pour la période non couverte.La remise en cause des obligations initialement convenues n’est pas toujours offerte aux parties. Les variations procédant de l’insécurité juridique ou affectant certains risques spécifiques à l’assurance de personnes ne se prêtent pas à la reconsidération du lien contractuel. L’inadaptabilité du contrat est alors absolue. Elle devient relative lorsque, comme c’est le cas en assurance de dommages, l’assureur perd, postérieurement à l’évolution, le droit d’invoquer ses prérogatives légales, alors même que le contrat aurait normalement pu être adapté. Face à l’impossibilité de remédier au plan contractuel aux conséquences de l’évolution du risque, il convient de rechercher le rétablissement de l’équilibre financier de l’opération d’assurance elle-même, tant dans l’intérêt de l’assureur que dans celui de la mutualité. Le droit des entreprises d’assurance est d’un grand secours, qui permet à l’assureur de faire face à ses engagements quand évolue le risque. Le provisionnement des variations de risque et le respect des exigences de solvabilité lui assurent, en toutes circonstances, la disponibilité des fonds suffisants pour garantir ses engagements vis-à-vis des assurés. Pour les sociétés à forme mutualiste, le rajustement des cotisations constitue, en outre, un atout majeur permettant d’équilibrer les cotisations des adhérents en fonction des charges de sinistre. / The legal treatment of the evolution of the risk tends to alleviate the imbalance arisen from the influence of time on the insurance contract. Rules related to party’s relationship try in priority to address this issue by looking for the restoration of a balance in the insurance contract. This balance is restored automatically when the evolution reaches the base or the value of the risk. The premium and the allowance are directly adjusted in relation to the risk. When the evolution, upward or downward, affects the scale of the risk, that is the probability or intensity of its occurrence, the adaptation of the contract will be negotiated. It is from the attitude of the parties that depends the issue of the negotiations. The contract which cannot be adapted is destroyed in order to contain the misdeeds of the evolution of the risk. That is the reason why its cancellation sanctioned the bad faith of the insured on the occasion of the worsening of the risk. This is because the coverage of the aggravated risk without adaptation of the conditions of the warranty puts in danger the balance of the mutuality. On the other hand, the sunsetting appears to be the only solution to the contract in case of total disappearance of the risk. The insurer not assuming anymore its obligations, this results on the refund prorata temporis of the advanced premium.The breach of contract is not always offered to the parties. Variations proceeding of the legal uncertainty and specific risks in the insurance of persons do not lend parties to the questioning of their relationship. The unsuitability of the contract is therefore absolute. It becomes relative when, in the case of insurance of damages, the insurer loses, subsequently to the evolution of risk, his right to invoke its legal prerogatives, although the contract could have normally been adapted. Giving that contractual impossibility to control the consequences of the evolution of the risk, it is necessary to reach the balance of the insurance technique of mutualizing, both in the interest of insurer and that of mutuality. Insurance company Law allows the insurer to meet its commitments when the risk evolves. The provisioning of all risk variations and the respect of the solvency requirements ensure, in any circumstance, the availability of sufficient funds to ensure its commitments towards policyholders. For mutual insurance companies, the adjustment of premium constitutes, in addition, a major asset to balance, at the end of a year, the contributions of their members on the basis of the charge of disaster.

This article addresses the issue referred to the remedies of the insurance contract for the non-payment of the premium. t hrough an analysis of the previous and current legislation, the author examines the consequences of the non-payment of the insurance premium in the contractual relationship. By recognizing the protective nature of the legislation in favor of the insured as the weak party, three specific contractual remedies are identified: The suspension of coverage, the termination of the contract and the the extinction of the contractual relationship by inaction of the parties. / El presente artículo aborda la temática referida a los remedios del contrato de seguro ante el incumplimiento del pago de la prima. r ealizando un análisis de los remedios que planteaba la anterior legislación así como la vigente, el autor examina las consecuencias que tiene el incumplimiento del pago de la prima en la relación contractual. Reconociendo el carácter tuitivo de la legislación en favor del asegurado como parte débil, se identifica tres remedios contractuales específicos: la suspensión de la cobertura, la resolución del contrato y la extinción del contrato por inacción de las partes.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

In this article, the authors tell us about great risk insurances and describe its regulation in foreign law. Then, they point out the protective role of State in the consumption relationship is to reduce information asymmetries, but there is no total disclosure obligation in the market. Therefore, information asymmetry ceases to be relevant when the user of the service has negotiating capacity and necessary resources to make an informed decision. They conclude it is pertinent to equate the application of the Peruvian Insurance Contract Law to international standards. / En el presente artículo, los autores nos hablan de los seguros de grandes riesgos y describen su tratamiento en la legislación extranjera. Luego, señalan que el rol protector del Estado en la relación de consumo es reducir las asimetrías informativas, pero no existe una obligación total de divulgación de información en el mercado. Por lo tanto, la asimetría informativa deja de ser relevante cuando el usuario del servicio tenga capacidad de negociación y recursos suficientes para tomar una decisión informada. Concluyen que es pertinente equiparar la aplicación de la Ley del Contrato de Seguro peruana a estándares internacionales.