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Gravure printing is a conventional printing process used for printing graphics on products ranging from magazines and packaging to wallpaper and floor coverings. It is a versatile process that can be used to deposit a variety of fluid materials onto many different surfaces. It is also capable of very high speed deposition, with speeds up to 60 m/min being reported. Because of its versatility and high throughput capability, gravure is an attractive platform for the manufacture of devices composed of relatively thin layers of functional, electronic materials deposited onto flexible substrates. In many cases, these materials can be deposited in liquid form, in which case gravure printing can potentially be used. One such material that is commonly used is Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), a transparent, conducting ceramic material. It is commonly deposited onto flexible, transparent polyethylene terapthalate (PET) films that can be used in flexible displays, solar cells, and other devices requiring a transparent, conducting layer. This thesis examines the effect of key process parameters on the physical and functional characteristics of a printed ITO nanoparticle layer. ITO layers were successfully printed that were between 300 and 1300 nm thick, with roughness Ra generally less than a few hundred nm. The sheet resistance values were relatively high, in the hundreds of kohms/square. The transparency was relatively low, although the films were generally transparent. Several parameters were found to be significant in affecting the several different physical and performance measures, specifically solvent and ITO content, as well as cell geometry.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_mc_me_ia.pdf: 1765927 bytes, checksum: 9b85ab73869c40bb0a116bced37220f6 (MD5) / O presente estudo buscou utlizar o policarbonato, polímero plástico, como matriz de gravura em côncavo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo tomar a gravura em côncavo sob o ponto de vista de sua prática, experimentando técnicas de gravação diretas, indiretas e aditivas, pesquisando também outros procedimentos passíveis de aplicação no policarbonato, explorando desta forma suas possibilidades expressivas. Foram pesquisadas as relações decorrentes da prática da gravura, entre a mão, a ferramenta e a matriz, assim como os aspectos físicos e químicos do policarbonato relacionados a essa prática. Os processos de gravação e impressão descritos nesta pesquisa ressaltam os momentos de aproximação e afastamento dos resultados obtidos na gravura em côncavo tradicional. Ao final, são apresentadas vinte e três estampas produzidas a partir de matrizes em policarbonato. / This research investigated the use of polycarbonate, a plastic polymer, as a plate to intaglio printing. The main objective of this research was the approach of intaglio printing from the point of view of its practice, trying on direct, indirect and additive engraving techniques, also searching for other procedures to use on polycarbonate, therefore exploring its expression possibilities. The relation concerning the hand, the tool and the plate on the results of intaglio practice was also researched, as well as the chemical and material aspects of polycarbonate linked to this practice, The engraving and printing process described here shows results obtained from moments of approximation and spacing on traditional intaglio printing. At the end, twenty three stamps made of polycarbonate plates are presented.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Graphic Design in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / This study investigates the application and use of the latest graphic design software technologies to help plan and ideate the intaglio printmaking process. This is significant as intaglio is a 600 year old process which has evolved little, if any, in the last few hundred years although it was born from technology. Furthermore, the intaglio process relies on mental visualisation of the final artwork, making the real outcome and the planned outcome dissimilar. Students of intaglio printmaking are often surprised or disappointed by the printed result due to the lack of efficient planning. There are several ways in which software influences the creative process, including enhancing visualisation and communication, premature fixation, circumscribed thinking and bounded ideation. In this research, computer software is used as a simulator to facilitate the planning process in order to minimise the disconnect between visualisation and outcome, and serve as learning instrument. The use of digital computer technologies has been a highly debated issue in printmaking as there exists a rift between printmakers; those who embrace and explore new technologies and those who reject new methods in favour of traditional means. New technologies in printmaking offer exciting opportunities, both innovative and creative, but these new technologies are often seen as alternative or auxiliary methods of printmaking compared to traditional ways. Since these debates have been buried but not necessarily resolved, this study reinvigorates some of these perspectives and seeks a common middle ground. This study does not argue for, or against computer technology, but rather for a third paradigm: technology can coexist with intaglio without compromising the beauty and authenticity of hand processes. Computer technologies, therefore, serve as a facilitator to amplify the traditional intaglio hand process. However, the issue of discussion in this thesis is not hybrid printmaking but rather a hybrid mode of thinking in the printmaking discipline. This iterative design experiment consists of a written dissertation and intaglio printed artworks which inform and complement each other. The theoretical foundation of the art practice is found in the Bauhaus slogan: “Art and technology: a new unity”. Art and technology form the basis of the theory and the theme of entropy – the process of degeneration – is illustrated in the design artefacts. This theme shows process and illustrates the idea of a positive agent: the interference of computer in intaglio to instil new energy and value not only to keep it alive, but position it as an important skill necessary for growth in the knowledge-based economy. Furthermore, this study contributes to the scholarly discussion of design’s conceptual skills (ways of thinking) in order to enhance production capabilities (ways of making).

Orientador: Milton Terumitsu Sogabe / Banca: Percival Tirapeli / Banca: Ana Kalassa El Banat / Resumo: O presente estudo buscou utlizar o policarbonato, polímero plástico, como matriz de gravura em côncavo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo tomar a gravura em côncavo sob o ponto de vista de sua prática, experimentando técnicas de gravação diretas, indiretas e aditivas, pesquisando também outros procedimentos passíveis de aplicação no policarbonato, explorando desta forma suas possibilidades expressivas. Foram pesquisadas as relações decorrentes da prática da gravura, entre a mão, a ferramenta e a matriz, assim como os aspectos físicos e químicos do policarbonato relacionados a essa prática. Os processos de gravação e impressão descritos nesta pesquisa ressaltam os momentos de aproximação e afastamento dos resultados obtidos na gravura em côncavo tradicional. Ao final, são apresentadas vinte e três estampas produzidas a partir de matrizes em policarbonato. / Abstract: This research investigated the use of polycarbonate, a plastic polymer, as a plate to intaglio printing. The main objective of this research was the approach of intaglio printing from the point of view of its practice, trying on direct, indirect and additive engraving techniques, also searching for other procedures to use on polycarbonate, therefore exploring its expression possibilities. The relation concerning the hand, the tool and the plate on the results of intaglio practice was also researched, as well as the chemical and material aspects of polycarbonate linked to this practice, The engraving and printing process described here shows results obtained from moments of approximation and spacing on traditional intaglio printing. At the end, twenty three stamps made of polycarbonate plates are presented.

This dissertation reveals significant aspects of the use and understanding of prints in seventeenth-century Sicily by exploring their function in the realm of sacred images. It centers on three of the most substantial printmaking ventures carried out in Palermo and Messina: Ottavio Gaetani's Icons of Mary (Palermo, 1663), Placido Samperi's Iconology of the Virgin (Messina, 1644), and Giordano Cascini's St. Rosalia (Palermo, 1651). All three books treat religious subjects and feature intaglio prints claiming to reproduce the sacred images – paintings, sculptures, and mosaics – that constitute a crucial element of each narrative. The project examines the production of these works and the subsequent textual and visual responses made on the island and at farther distances. The three chapters treat each book both as a collection of prints and as an exchange between text and image that renders those prints as evidence for the value and flexibility of images. The first chapter focuses on Gaetani’s collection of icons of the Virgin from through the island and the utilization of prints as effective surrogates for those miraculous images. In the second chapter, the lines between devotional and art historical value are questioned in Samperi’s illustrated collection of paintings and sculptures depicting the Virgin. The third chapter unfolds the strategies by which prints were presented as evidence of a cult’s material history and continued to inform St. Rosalia’s legitimacy. In doing so, the chapters reveal a range of possible understandings of the relationship between prints and their sources, as well as active manipulations of that relationship to a range of ends. The dissertation identifies a Sicilian approach to generating historical, political, and sacred narratives that was inventive in both depending on and incorporating the reproduction of images in print.

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This report outlines the conceptual, procedural and formal descriptions of the artistic development I have acquired over the course of the past three years. The current violent events caused by the War on Drugs in México –my home country- led me to this research. Beginning with the idea of erasure as language, I concentrated on the use of processes that are reductive in nature to create the bodies of work mentioned in this report. Thousands of people die in drug-related violence every year in México; by using metaphors and visual metonymies to tie together process and subject matter I explore the idea of perception, memory and transformation. I believe my work is derived from a need to find meaning in these brutal events that repositions the corpse in our field of vision, reminding us that our physical existence is finite. / text

Nombreux sont les artistes plus ou moins reconnus qui travaillent pour le compte de l’administration postale depuis 1928, année d'émission du premier timbre-poste français gravé en taille-douce. Cette technique, devenue le procédé par excellence de création des timbres-poste en France, se développa et connut des temps forts avec les années 1930 et jusque dans les années 1970. Tous les timbres-poste, à quelques rares exceptions, sont alors gravés par des artistes. Peu à peu, l’apparition de nouveaux procédés de fabrication, tels que l’héliogravure, l’offset et la gravure assistée par ordinateur, s’impose à la taille-douce traditionnelle. Aussi, le poinçon, plaque en acier qui sert de support au graveur, est progressivement remplacé par des procédés électromécaniques et photochimiques permettant d’obtenir des délais d’exécution et des coûts de fabrication bien moindres et sans doute mieux adaptés à des productions industrielles. Cette étude présente une analyse de l’évolution de l’art de la gravure, de sa place et de son rôle dans le domaine de la philatélie durant une période précise, de 1928 à nos jours. Le statut de l’artiste graveur et sa reconnaissance artistique évoluent au même titre que changent le statut de l’administration postale, sa politique et ses besoins liés aux exigences économiques du marché. L’examen approfondi des créations philatéliques, commandes régies par un cahier des charges strict ainsi que des conditions de travail et de l’investissement des graveurs de timbres face à leur métier, a permis de présenter les particularités esthétiques et plastiques de leurs travaux et de leur attribuer une place dans le domaine de l’art. / Many artists, some more famous than others, have worked for the postal administration since 1928, the year of the first issue of an engraved French postage stamp . This technique, which became the most important method of creating postage stamps in France, developed and reached a peak in the 1930s and continued until the 1970s. During this time all postage stamps, with few exceptions, were engraved by artists. Gradually, however, the emergence of new manufacturing processes, such as heliogravure, offset printing and computer-aided engraving, replaced traditional engraving. Also, the stamping device, a steel plate that served as a support for the engraver, was gradually replaced by electromechanical and photochemical processes making it possible to obtain much lower turnaround times and manufacturing costs and was probably better suited to industrial production. This study presents an analysis of the development of the art of engraving, its place and its role in Philately during a specific period, from 1928 to the present day. The status of the engraver and his artistic recognition changed along with the status of the postal administration, its policy and its needs in response to the economic demands of the market. The in-depth review of philatelic creations, orders governed by strict specifications, working conditions and the investment of stamp engravers in their craft, has made it possible to show the aesthetic and plastic features of their work and secure them a place in the art world.