This study was conducted to: i) determine the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) on first parity fertility and subsequent lifetime productivity of 820 females ranked as low, medium, and high RFI in western Canada and ii) investigate the relationship between RFI measured as a heifer and re-measured as a mature cow. No significant correlations were found between RFI and fertility/productivity traits. A negative trend (P < 0.10) was observed between RFI, RFIfat and MPPAbw, however, this trend was no longer apparent when RFI was adjusted for back fat and feeding event frequency (RFIfat&activity). No significant (P < 0.05) relationship was found between heifer RFI and cow RFI. These results suggest that selection for feed efficient, low RFI heifers i) has no impact on their fertility and productivity as cows, and ii) may not lead to superior feed efficiency as a mature cow as measured by RFI and Cow DMI. / February 2017

The current study evaluated the development and acceptability of a social marketing campaign to improve emerging adults’ fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. A social marketing campaign was developed through focus groups with 24 college students. Materials were implemented in two dining locations at Virginia Commonwealth University. Sales of carrots, apples, and chips were collected in three phases: baseline, implementation of the campaign, and washout. In addition, surveys were collected from 303 diners across all phases and locations. Results indicated an increase in carrot sales, decrease in sales of chips sold with a meal, and mixed findings regarding sales of apples and chips sold alone. Intercept surveys indicated the marketing materials were perceived positively, and clearly understood. Statistical analysis of self-report measures revealed that perceptions of one’s health status and autonomy were associated with fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and overall nutrition knowledge. The implementation of a social marketing campaign to encourage FV intake appeared to influence sales of both healthy and non-healthy food items. It is vital for future campaigns and policies to highlight autonomy for health behavior decision-making.

Human (h) growth hormone (GH) levels decline rapidly in response to excess caloric intake before there is any evidence of obesity. In this thesis, the mechanism underlying this response was examined by manipulating levels of caloric intake and physical activity at the levels of gene expression and chromosomal structure. Transgenic mice containing the intact hGH locus were used as a model system. Briefly, the findings are: (I) High caloric intake (high fat diet) for three days resulted in hyperinsulinemia and a decrease in both hGH synthesis and secretion. (II) Incorporation of physical activity (swim) muted the effects of excess caloric intake on insulin levels as well as hGH production. (III) Human GH RNA accumulation was shown for the first time to be negatively regulated by insulin in pituitary cultures, and (IV) an enhancer box (E-box) DNA element was implicated in this response. (V) Induction of the E-box associated transcription factor HIF-1α with insulin significantly decreased hGH RNA levels, and was accompanied by recruitment of HIF-1α to the hGH gene (hGH) promoter in situ. (VI) Both a reduction in HIF-1α synthesis and HIF-1 DNA binding blunted the negative effect of insulin on hGH RNA levels. (VII) The hGH response to insulin was associated with a decrease in histone H3/H4 hyperacetylation in the proximal hGH promoter region. The same pattern of chromatin remodelling was observed in pituitary cells in vivo in response to excess caloric intake. (IX) Increased recruitment of nuclear receptor co-repressor and decreased association of RNA polymerase II were also observed. Collectively, these effects are consistent with reduced hGH promoter function. (X) This reduction by excess caloric intake was also consistent with changes in the three dimensional-structure of the hGH locus including detected loss of physical interaction between hGH enhancer and promoter regions. (XI) By contrast, physical activity combined with the high caloric intake preserved the chromosomal structure of the hGH locus. These observations are discussed in relation to a physiological requirement for rapid control of hGH levels in response to energy homeostasis, as well as the molecular basis governing this process. / May 2015

Magister Public Health - MPH / South Africa is undergoing epidemiological transition characterised by large shifts in dietary patterns. Modern societies seem to have adopted a ―Western diet‖ which is high in saturated fats, sugar, salt, refined foods and low in fibre. Poor dietary intake practices are closely linked to the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are the leading causes of death globally. Among the prevalent NCDs is diabetes, which is closely associated with obesity. South Africa is not spared the widespread increase in diabetes and obesity, in both rural and urban settings. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and the risk factors of diabetes and obesity, with special focus on dietary intake practices, among black urban South Africans residing in Cape Town, Western Cape, and black rural South Africans residing in Mount Frere, Eastern Cape. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study design was utilised which involved the analysis of baseline data collected in 2009 and 2010 from the Cape Town cohort of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. The study included a total of 2038 black South Africans, men and women, rural and urban, who were from the ages 35 to70 years. The PURE adult questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, anthropometric and medical history data. Dietary intake data was also collected using a standardised food frequency questionnaire from the PURE study. Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 25.0) and Stata (version 14.0) statistical programmes. Data on nutrient intake was summarised as means and standard deviations. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between dietary intake practices, diabetes, and obesity, and to predict risk.

Thesis advisor: Gorica D. Petrovich / Thesis advisor: Christina Reppucci / We are interested in exploring the instances in which environmental controls can override physiologic or homeostatic cues, and additionally the areas of the brain that might be implicated in such behavioral effects. For this study, we replicated a previously established behavioral finding in which male and female rats show fear-cue induced inhibition of eating, and that female rats take longer than male rats to extinguish this behavior. We assessed brain activation via Fos-expression in the NTS and DMX in the brainstem and found that males had higher brainstem activation than females during extinction of fear-cue induced inhibition of eating. Additionally, female experimental rats had suppressed activity in the caudal NTS compared to female control rats. The data from this study support our hypotheses that there are distinct activation patterns in the brainstem during the extinguishing of inhibition of eating, and that there are sex differences in these activation patterns. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

Thesis advisor: Gorica Petrovich / Thesis advisor: Christina Reppucci / In order to understand the neurobiological basis for the phenomenon in which environmental cues override physiological cues to influence the behavioral control of feeding, we utilized an animal model for fear-cue induced inhibition of eating. Female rats that had learned to associate a tone with foot-shocks showed inhibition of eating across three extinction tests, whereas male rats that had received tone-shock pairings extinguished their inhibition of eating after the first test day. We assessed activation of orexin (ORX), a neuropeptide involved in eating and arousal, in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the brains of male and female control and experimental rats during the final test day. Female rats exhibited greater recruitment of ORX neurons in the LHA than male rats; there was no difference in ORX activation between control and experimental groups of either sex, indicating that ORX is involved in sex differences in fear-cue induced inhibition of eating. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de enzimas sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, comportamento alimentar, produção de CH4 entérico e os parâmetros fermentativos, além da produção de metano nas fezes de bovinos, utilizando biodigestores. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brasil. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas, com peso médio de 923,04 ± 86,76 kg, canuladas no rúmen, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos utilizando delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 5x5: 1) Controle: dieta sem adição de enzimas; 2) Amilase: dieta com 7,5 g de amilase/animal/dia (Amaize, ALLTECH); 3) Xilanase: dieta com 15 g de xilanase/animal/dia (Fibrozyme, ALLTECH); 4) Celulase + protease: dieta com 7,5 g celulase + protease/animal/dia (Allzyme VegPro PO, ALLTECH); 5) Pool: dieta com 30 g de mistura de enzimas (amilase, xilanase e celulase + protease)/animal/dia. Cada período experimental consistiu de 21 dias (os primeiros 15 dias foram utilizados para adaptação da dieta e os últimos 5 dias para a coleta de dados). Nos dias 10 e 20, foi avaliada a digestibilidade utilizando o marcador de óxido crômico e coleta de fezes. No dia 17, foi avaliada o comportamento ingestivo por 24 horas, através de monitoramento visual a cada 5 minutos. No dia 19, foi mensurado o pH ruminal a cada 10 minutos, utilizando-se probes de mensuração contínua. Para quantificar os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), metano, concentração de N-NH3 e protozoários, coletou-se conteúdo ruminal antes, 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas após a alimentação matinal. A técnica de fermentação consistiu na incubação de conteúdo de rúmen líquido e sólido em frascos em banho-maria 39 ºC durante 30 minutos. Na subsequente medição da produção de metano usou-se cromatografia gasosa. Nos dias 20 e 21, foi avaliada a dinâmica ruminal. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS, através do procedimento PROC MIXED. O modelo, o efeito de tratamento como fator fixo e os efeitos de animal e período como fatores aleatórios, considerado nível de significância de 5%. A adição de enzimas não mostrou diferença significativa em relação ao consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade, comportamento ingestivo, produção de CH4, N-NH3, protozoários ou dinâmica ruminal. A associação de enzimas (tratamento Pool) aumentou a produção de acético, propiônico e AGCC totais em relação à dieta controle. As variáveis pH mínimo, médio e máximo, tempo de pH abaixo de 5,8, 6,0, 6,2 e 6,5, assim como área de pH abaixo de 5,8, 6,0, 6,2 e 6,5 não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos. Não foram verificadas diferenças para a produção de biogás ou teores sólidos do efluente. Concluiu-se que a utilização destes aditivos, nas proporções usadas, não afetou as variáveis de CMS, digestibilidade, comportamento ingestivo, produção de CH4, pH, protozoários, N-NH3 ou dinâmica ruminal. A associação de enzimas apresentou melhora na produção de AGCC ruminal sem aumentar a emissão de CH4. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enzymes on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, production of enteric CH4 and fermentative parameters, as well as the production of methane in bovine feces using digester. The experiment was conducted at the University of São Paulo, Pirassununga/SP, Brazil. Five cows were used, with a mean weight of 923.04 ± 86.76 kg, cannulated in the rumen, distributed in five treatments using 5x5 Latin square experimental design: 1) Control: diet without addition of enzymes; 2) Amylase: diet with 7.5 g of amylase/animal.day(Amaize,Alltech); 3) Xylanase: diet with 15 g of xylanase/animal.day(Fibrozyme, Alltech); 4) Cellulase + protease: diet with 7.5 g of cellulase + protease/animal.day (Allzyme VegPro PO, Alltech); 5) Pool: diet with 30 g of enzymes pool (amylase, xylanase and cellulase + protease)/animal.day. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days (first 15 days were used for diet adaptation and the last 5 days for data collection). On days 10th and 20th, digestibility was evaluated using the chromic oxide marker and fecal collection. On the 17th day, ingestive behavior was evaluated for 24 hours, through visual monitoring every 5 minutes. On day 19th, ruminal pH was measured every 10 minutes, using a continuous measurement device. In order to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane, concentration of NH3-N and protozoa, rumen contents were sampled prior to and 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after morning feeding. The fermentation technique consisted of incubation of liquid and solid rumen contents in bottles in a water bath 39 ºC for 30 minutes. Subsequent measurement of methane production using gas chromatography On days 20th and 21th, ruminal dynamic was evaluated by emptying this organ. Data were analyzed using SAS, through the PROC MIXED procedure. The model included the effect of treatment as fixed factor, animal and period effects as random factors, considered level of significance of 5%. The addition of enzymes showed no significant difference in relation to dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, ingestive behavior, CH4 production, NH3-N, protozoa or ruminal dynamics parameters. The association of enzymes (pool treatment) increased acetic, propionic and total SCFA production in relation to the control diet. Not significant differences were observed for the pH variables, as minimum, average and maximum pH, as well as time and area which pH was below to 5.8, 6.0, 6.2 and 6.5. No differences were verified for biogas production or solid effluent contents. It is concluded that these additives, in the proportions used, did not affect the variables of DMI, digestibility, ingestive behavior, CH4 production, pH, protozoa, NH3-N or ruminal dynamic. The association of the enzymes showed improvement in the production of rumen SCFA without increasing the CH4 emission.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-02-23T17:48:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS PICÃO.pdf: 1451406 bytes, checksum: b3d821582fccdf2cf2fd9e4d0c796781 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T17:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS PICÃO.pdf: 1451406 bytes, checksum: b3d821582fccdf2cf2fd9e4d0c796781 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / In Brazil, policies concerning women’s health are relatively new in Brazil, and in many states a program called Rede Cegonha is only gradually being realized. The present dissertation focuses the experience of obstetric intake at a service in hinterland of the state of Bahia. Objective: to investigate the experience of women in an obstetric unit during the moments immediately before childbirth. Method: Grounded Theory (GT) was chosen as theoretical and methodological reference for this study. Eleven women who had recently given birth were interviewed about their perception, feelings and experiences about the intake in the unit. Results: The analysis suggests three axes: Starting point, the Person in her context and e the Physical environment. These were constructed based on nine categories. The “Starting point” unites experiences and difficulties of transport to the unit. Many reported troubles in getting to the unit. The “Person in her context” describes vulnerabilities of the intake process, feeling cared for or not, valued or neglected. The recent mothers were sensitive to the interpersonal relation with the team, and to the rejection of their request to have a partner accompany them. However, most of them valued the service and the help they received. The axis “Physical environment” contains important ambient elements that positively or negatively influence the experience of the intake. Conclusion: Policies of personcentered care in obstetrics still have not been able to meet women’s real needs. Failure to meet the needs of women giving birth in the obstetric context leads to maladjustment in the process of delivery and birth. The perspectives analyzed in this study show that women are sensible to aspects like the personal relationship with the health professionals, care centered on the person with her vulnerabilities and the adequacy of the physical environment. Such factors can impact positively or negatively, depending on the experience of the woman giving birth. The same factors, when linked to the nursing practice, can also, aid or hinder adequate patient care. / As políticas de atenção à saúde da mulher no Brasil são relativamente novas e em muitos estados a Rede Cegonha ainda se encontra em fase de implantação. Esta dissertação enfoca a vivência do acolhimento à parturiente num serviço de obstetrícia no interior do estado de Bahia. Objetivo: investigar a vivência da parturiente em uma unidade obstétrica até os momentos que antecedem o parto. Método: a Grounded Theory (GT) ou Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD) foi escolhida como referencial teórico e metodológico para a realização deste estudo. Onze puérperas foram entrevistadas e as entrevistas concerniram à sua percepção, sentimentos e vivências acerca do acolhimento na unidade. Resultados: da análise das entrevistas surgiram três eixos norteadores, a saber: Ponto de partida, A pessoa no seu contexto e Ambiente físico; estes foram construídos a partir de nove categorias. O “Ponto de partida” abarcou vivências e complicações do deslocamento. Grande parte das parturientes apresentou dificuldade no transporte. “A pessoa no seu contexto” descreveu as fragilidades do processo, de sentir-se ou não assistida, valorizada ou negligenciada. As parturientes mostraram-se sensíveis à relação interpessoal com a equipe e à não permissão de acompanhante; contudo, quase todas valorizaram o serviço e o atendimento prestado, mesmo quando o percebiam de forma incompleta. O eixo “Ambiente físico” abarcou elementos importantes da ambiência que influenciam a vivência do acolhimento, positiva ou negativamente. Conclusão: as políticas e os programas de humanização na área obstétrica ainda não atendem às necessidades das parturientes. Falha em atender às necessidades das parturientes no contexto parto culmina em desajustes no processo de parto e nascimento. As perspectivas analisadas neste estudo mostram que as mulheres são sensíveis a aspectos como relacionamento com os profissionais, cuidados centrados na pessoa com suas fragilidades e adequação do ambiente físico. Tais fatores podem implicar positiva e/ou negativamente, a depender da vivência da parturiente. Essas mesmas vertentes, quando relacionadas à prática do enfermeiro, podem também, facilitar ou dificultar a assistência de enfermagem.

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de doses crescentes de enzima fibrolítica exógena na alimentação de vacas leiteiras e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, cinética ruminal, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, produção e composição do leite, perfil metabólico e balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, com 646,75 &#177; 77,54 kg de peso corporal, 3,02 &#177; 0,56 de escore de condição corporal, com 176 &#177; 82,27 dias em lactação e produção de leite de 33,72 &#177; 7,63 kg/dia, no início do estudo. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle (0), composta por dieta basal sem a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica; 2) com inclusão de 8 g/vaca/dia de enzima fibrolítica; 3) com inclusão de 16 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica; 4) com inclusão de 24 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica (Fibrozyme&reg; - Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY). A utilização de enzima fibrolítica nas dietas resultou em aumento linear no consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e da fibra em detergente neutro. Foi detectado aumento linear no consumo de partículas longas com a suplementação de enzima. Houve efeito quadrático na ruminação e na atividade mastigatória. O aumento no consumo de matéria seca refletiu no aumento linear de consumo de energia líquida e no balanço de energia líquida. Houve efeito quadrático na concentração de N-NH3 ruminal e aumento linear na quantidade de ácido acético, propiônico e butírico com o aumento da dose de enzima suplementada. Houve efeito quadrático na síntese de proteína microbiana com a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de leite e na produção de seus componentes, entretanto houve aumento linear no ganho de peso corporal com utilização de enzima fibrolítica. Houve efeito quadrático positivo na excreção via urina e efeito quadrático negativo no balanço de nitrogênio mostrando maior retenção de nitrogênio com a suplementação intermediária de enzimas fibrolíticas. Conclui-se que a enzima fibrolítica exógena é efetiva em aumentar o consumo de matéria seca e FDN e também melhorar a eficiência fermentativa de vacas leiteiras melhorando o balanço energético, entretanto não foi efetiva em aumentar a produção de leite de vacas da raça holandesa no terço médio da lactação / The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme in lactating cows diets and their effect on intake and total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, fermentation and synthesis of ruminal microbial protein, milk yield and composition, metabolic profile and energy and nitrogen balance. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in 4x4 Latin Square design, with 646.75 &#177; 77.54 kg of body weight, 3.02 &#177; 0.56 of body condition score, 176 &#177; 82.27 days in milk and 33.72 &#177; 7.63 kg/day of milk yield at the start of the study. Animals were randomized to receive the following treatments: 1) Control (0), comprises basal diet without the addition of fibrolytic enzyme; 2) with addition of 8 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme; 3) with the inclusion of 16 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme; 4) with inclusion of 24 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme (Fibrozyme&reg; - Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY). Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in feed resulted in increased of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber intake. Long particles intake increased linearly with fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in the diet. Cows supplemented with fibrolytic enzyme showed quadratic effect on the rumination and chewing activities. The increase in dry matter intake reflected in the linear increase in net energy intake and net energy balance. There was quadratic effect on the concentration of ruminal NH3-N and a linear increase in the amount of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the rumen. There was quadratic effect in the ruminal microbial synthesis. There were no differences in milk yield and components production. There was a linear increase in the body weight gain with use of fibrolytic enzyme. There was quadratic effect in nitrogen urine excretion with quadratic effect on the nitrogen balance. Thus, exogenous fibrolytic enzyme is effective in increasing dry matter and NDF intake and improve the fermentation efficiency of dairy cows increase energy balance, but was not effective in increase the milk yield of Holstein cows in the third of lactation

Introdução - A densidade energética (DE), definida como a quantidade de energia por unidade de peso, é um importante fator na ingestão de alimentos e no valor calórico total da alimentação. Dessa forma, é uma característica da dieta que pode estar envolvida na qualidade da alimentação e no controle de peso. Objetivo - Analisar a relação entre a DE da dieta com variáveis demográficas, de estilo de vida, nutricionais e socioeconômicas em amostra representativa da população adulta do Município de São Paulo. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados secundários do projeto em Políticas Públicas, intitulado \"Inquérito de Saúde no Município de São Paulo - ISA-Capital\". Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional. O grupo de estudo foi composto por adultos, de ambos os sexos (N=710). O consumo alimentar foi medido através do método Recordatório de 24 horas. O consumo relatado foi transformado em energia e nutrientes com a utilização do software Nutrition Data System (NDS). A DE da dieta foi estimada através de três métodos: 1- inclusão de todos os alimentos e bebidas; 2- inclusão de todos os alimentos e bebidas calóricas que contenham, no mínimo, 5 Kcal/100g; 3- inclusão de todos os alimentos e exclusão de todas as bebidas. Para avaliar as relações entre a densidade energética da dieta e as variáveis demográficas, de estilo de vida, e socioeconômicas de interesse, foi utilizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: A população estudada foi composta por 56,7% de mulheres, 61,1% da etnia branca e 60,1% com situação conjugal unida/casada. A idade mínima foi de 20 anos e a idade máxima de 59 anos, com média de 36,2 anos. Os valores médios encontrados para a DE1, DE2 e DE3 foram 1,32 kcal/g (EP=0,01), 1,35 kcal/g (EP=0,01) e 1,95 kcal/g (EP=0,02), respectivamente. No modelo múltiplo, a escolaridade do indivíduo e a situação de trabalho \"em atividade\" associaram-se inversamente, ajustado por etnia para DE1 e DE2. Para DE3, foi verificada associação direta para etnia \"outras\" e inversa para hábito de fumar \"ex-fumante\". Conclusões: As médias de densidade energética encontradas no estudo mostraram-se superiores aos poucos estudos populacionais Resumo disponíveis. Os resultados apontados pelos diferentes métodos de cálculo da densidade energética sugerem que a contribuição dos líquidos não pode ser subestimada. / Introduction: Energy density (ED), defined as the amount of energy per unit weight, is a major factor related to food intake and total dietary energy. It is a dietary component that may be involved with diet quality and weight control. Objective: To assess the association between dietary ED and demographic, lifestyle, nutritional and socioeconomic variables in a representative sample of adult population in the city of São Paulo. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data from the Public Policies project, \"Health Survey in the City of São Paulo - ISA-Capital\". The study sample comprised both male and female adults (N=710). Food intake was measured using a 24-hour food recall. The reported intake was converted into energy and nutrients by the Nutrition Data System (NDS) program. Dietary ED was estimated through three different approaches: 1- inclusion of all foods and beverages; 2- inclusion of all energetic foods and beverages with a calorie content of at least 5 kcal/100 g; 3- inclusion of all foods and exclusion of all beverages. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the associations between dietary ED and the study variables. Results: In the sample studied, 56.7% were women, 61.1% were White and 60.1% were either married or living with a partner. Mean age was 36.2 years, ranging between 20 and 59 years. Mean ED1, ED2 and ED3 were 1.32 kcal/g (SE=0.01), 1.35 kcal/g (SE=0.01) and 1.95 kcal/g (SE=0.02), respectively. In the multiple regression analysis, schooling and \"active\" working status were inversely associated, after adjusting for ethnicity, with ED1 and ED2. For ED3, there was found a direct association with \"other\" ethnicity and an inverse association with \"former smoking\". Conclusions: Mean energy densities found in the study were higher than those reported in few other population-based studies available. The results obtained through the different approaches for ED estimation indicate that the contribution of liquids should not be underestimated.