L'objet de cette thèse est de pointer les difficultés rencontrées par le droit de la consommation lorsqu'il est confronté aux déséquilibres nés de l'usage des technologies de l'information, et de proposer des solutions cohérentes juridiquement et rationnelles sur le plan économique. Les terminaux connectés à l'internet deviennent de plus en plus nombreux. Le consommateur est amené à conclure régulièrement des contrats souvent très denses, aux enjeux difficiles à appréhender et presque systématiquement à dimension internationale. La matière de cette thèse est composée de tous les contrats conclus par le biais de l'internet à partir d'un terminal connecté, dont l'objet est une exécution totalement dématérialisée via les technologies de l'information. Ceci constitue l'économie numérique. Par le biais notamment de la règlementation relative aux clauses abusives, cette thèse s'intéressera particulièrement au sort des données à caractère personnel, à la géolocalisation, aux contenus protégés par la propriété intellectuelle et aux nombreuses restrictions d'utilisation dont ils font l'objet. Au travers de cette thèse, les insuffisances des différents corps de règles applicables aux contenus numériques (protection des données à caractère personnel, droit de la propriété intellectuelle, droit de la consommation) seront mises en évidence. Plusieurs propositions et synthèses seront envisagées au sein de cette thèse afin de remédier au mieux aux déséquilibres propres de l'économie numérique. / The aim of this Ph.D. is to highlight the difficulties encountered by Consumer law when it meets the use of information technologies, and to propose operating solutions in Law which might be rational under economy requirements. Connected devices become more and more common. The consumer is frequently asked to conclude very thick contracts, with stakes hard to comprehend and almost consistently with an international overture. The material of this Ph.D. is composed by all the contracts concluded through the internet from a connected device, whose object is a totally dematerialised execution via information technologies. This constitutes the digital economy. Thanks to the unfair terms regulation, this Ph.D. will focus on the becoming of personal data, the geolocation, the contents protected by Intellectual property and all the restrictions of use those contents are subjected to. Among this work, the deficiencies of the different rules applicable to digital contents (personal data protection, Intellectual property, Consumer law) will be emphasized. Many suggestions and reviews will be envisaged into this Ph.D. in order to solve to the best the specific unbalances of the digital economy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Mendes Dias.pdf: 659325 bytes, checksum: 8cc75023786bc1f2c176d3f050ca4bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / This paper aims to demonstrate that class actions are legal instruments able to accomplished intellectual property rights effectiveness. In chapter one the goal is to "navigate" in the universe of intellectual property rights, highlighting; concepts, principles, Brazilian national historic of legal protection and, also, key laws related. It aims also to let the reader aware regarding the current social context, in which the main characteristic feature are the production and the consumption on a large scale. Chapter two describes how Brazilian national law´s disciplines the infringements on intellectual property rights and how such infringements cause damages that transcend the individual sphere. It also shows that the high rate of violations of intellectual property rights is reality on the streets and it is being catalyzed by the current scenario of hyper consume in such a way, either by physical commerce either by e-commerce, that collective damages are inevitable. Chapter three begins with a brief study of the principles of the collective´s rights, so, in advance, its able to shows their legal concepts and, above all, to emphasize the fact that the intellectual property rights infringements, described in the previous chapter, causes collective´s rights ineffectiveness, in such a way, that that they should be target by class actions. After all this approach path between the damage on intellectual property rights and, the correspond, ineffectiveness of collective rights, the last chapter begins with the presentation of the Brazilian collective microsystem procedural of legal protection and it is, followed by, how the class actions can be used as an appropriate legal instrument in order to protect the intellectual property rights. At last, once the assumptions intended are established, it is concluded, in such a way, that the class actions are and should be used as legal procedures aiming intellectual property right´s effectiveness / O presente trabalho visa demonstrar que as Ações coletivas são instrumentos jurídicos aptos a efetivar direitos de propriedade intelectual. Busca-se no capítulo um navegar pelo universo dos direitos a propriedade intelectual, destacando; conceitos, fundamentos, histórico nacional de proteção jurídica e marcos legislativos. Busca-se, igualmente, situar o leitor quanto ao atual contexto social cujo traço característico é a produção e consumo em larga escala. O capítulo dois relata como o ordenamento jurídico nacional disciplina as lesões aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e como tais lesões repercutem danos que transcendem a esfera individual. Mostra-se que a alta taxa de violações a direitos de propriedade intelectual é realidade nas ruas e é catalisada pelo cenário atual de hiperconsumo, seja via comércio físico seja via comércio virtual, de tal modo que os danos coletivos são inevitáveis. O capítulo três inicia com um breve estudo sobre os princípios do direito material coletivo para, em seguida, apresentar seus conceitos jurídicos e, sobretudo, enfatizar o fato de que o conjunto de lesões a direitos de propriedade intelectual, apresentados no capítulo anterior, acarretam inefetividade a direitos materiais coletivos de tal monta que devem ser alvo das ações coletivas. Percorrido esse trajeto de aproximação entre os danos aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e, correspondente, inefetividade a direitos materiais coletivos pertinentes, inicia-se o último capítulo com a apresentação do microssistema processual coletivo de proteção e, ato contínuo, de que forma as ações em defesa de direitos coletivos podem ser utilizadas como um instrumento de proteção jurídica adequada a direitos de propriedade intelectual. Por fim, estabelecidas as premissas pretendidas, conclui-se no sentido de que as ações coletivas são e devem ser meios aptos a efetivar direitos de propriedade intelectual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Lucas de Menezes Silva.pdf: 1492980 bytes, checksum: c577565f5b3d8f245ebe4d2528a18042 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-10 / This dissertation intends to study the doctrine of franchising under special perspectives. It aims to give an overview of the historical and structural development of this precept since its remote origins, in Brazil and in other countries, to better understand its legal forms of materialization and its legal implications, during the times and in the contemporary era. Using philosophical conceptions, such as the doctrine named Culturalismo and the Three-dimensional Law Theory of the author Miguel Reale, as well as the entailed theories of the Intellectual Property knowledge; Contract Law; and the Theory of the Company , this study aspires to apprehend the way the 3rd generation s franchising principle, known as the Business Format Franchising main object of this dissertation - is related with the present consumer society, the economic field and, specially, with other related legal precepts, such as the know-how, the goodwill, and, particularly, the business establishment. It is determined to understand the Dasein of franchising in the contemporary world / A presente investigação tem por propósito o estudo do instituto do franchising segundo perspectivas singulares. Procura-se dar conta do desenvolvimento histórico e estrutural do instituto desde suas mais remotas origens, no Brasil e no mundo, para melhor compreender suas formas de manifestação e suas implicações jurídicas, ao longo do tempo e no mundo contemporâneo. Partindo de concepções filosóficas tais como o culturalismo e a Teoria Tridimensional do Direito formulada por Miguel Reale, bem como, as teorias vinculadas ao universo da Propriedade Intelectual, do Direito Obrigacional e da Teoria da Empresa, este estudo intenta apreender de que modo o instituto do franchising de terceira geração, isto é, o Business Format Franchising objeto fulcral deste trabalho se relaciona com a atual sociedade de consumo, as esferas econômicas e, especialmente, com outros institutos jurídicos a ele relacionados, tais como o know-how, o Aviamento, e, particularmente, o Estabelecimento Empresarial, com o fito de precisar o seu Dasein no mundo contemporâneo

O artigo analisa os capítulos sobre propriedade intelectual dos acordos preferenciais de comércio firmados pelos Estados Unidos com países da América Latina na década de 2000, discutindo tanto as motivações do país para a assinatura dos mesmos (e inserindo tal discussão em um framework teórico) quanto as implicações dos acordos para os direitos de propriedade intelectual de seus signatários. Nesse sentido, apresenta algumas teorias acerca das características intrínsecas a instituições internacionais multilaterais, em contraste com as bilaterais e regionais; tais teorias afirmam que os estados, ao lidarem com resultados indesejados de características institucionais, modificam instituições (ou criam novas instituições) de acordo com seus objetivos. Em seguida, apresenta o resultado de um levantamento bibliográfico acerca das motivações estadunidenses para a assinatura dos mencionados acordos preferenciais de comércio, com ênfase nas relacionadas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual; tal resultado é complementado com a análise dos documentos primários pertinentes. Por fim, compara o conteúdo dos mencionados capítulos entre si; também os compara com o Acordo TRIPS da OMC. O artigo conclui que as motivações estadunidenses coincidem com as expectativas teóricas; que os capítulos analisados são substancialmente diferentes do Acordo TRIPS; que eles contêm diversas diferenças entre si (as quais são, em parte, decorrentes de exigências do legislativo estadunidense); e que ainda há espaço para pesquisas sobre a política comercial estadunidense praticada no período, no que tange à sua interface com os direitos de propriedade intelectual. / The article analyzes the intellectual property rights chapters of the preferential trade agreements signed by the United States with Latin American countries during the 2000s, discussing both the country\'s reasons for signing such agreements (and inserting such discussion in a theoretical framework) and their implications to the intellectual property rights of its signatories. In this regard, it presents some theories about the features intrinsic to the multilateral international institutions, when contrasted with the bilateral and regional ones; such theories claim that states, when dealing with undesired effects of institutional features, modify institutions (or create new ones), in accordance with their objectives. Then, the article presents the findings of a literature review about the U.S. reasons for signing the aforementioned preferential trade agreements, emphasizing those reasons related to intellectual property rights; such findings are complemented by the analysis of the pertinent primary documents. Finally, it compares the content of the chapters with each other; it also compares them with the WTO TRIPS Agreement. It concludes that the U.S. reasons presented coincide with the theoretical expectations; that the analyzed chapters are substantially different from the TRIPS Agreement; that the chapters have many differences with each other (which are, in part, due to U.S. Congress requirements); and that there is still room for new researches on the U.S. trade policy practiced during the analyzed period, when it comes to its interface with intellectual property rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNA CASTANHEIRA DE FREITAS.pdf: 3686133 bytes, checksum: 0e11fb62e9737a140ce2a4ce454e6ec9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / This paper aims to map how 3D printing is already affecting and will affect intellectual property. In Chapter 1, we trace the historical development of intellectual property as well as the philosophical justifications for this related to the development of technologies that work with content (music and movies) such as the internet. Therefore, we make analogies with this case in order to capture insights that can guide the analysis regarding the relation intellectual property and 3D printer . Chapter 2 lends itself to analyze the 3D printer and its development in the market; there are also reflections on the Maker Movement, Open Source Hardware licenses and the environmental effects of this technology. Chapter 3 analyzes cases that have already occurred involving 3D printers and intellectual property, analyzing how this technology further enhances the problem of the performance of intellectual property in the XXI century. / O presente trabalho objetiva mapear de que forma a impressão 3D já afeta e afetará a propriedade intelectual. No Capítulo 1, traça-se o desenvolvimento histórico da propriedade intelectual, bem como as justificativas filosóficas para esta em face do desenvolvimento de tecnologias que trabalham com conteúdos (músicas e filmes) como a interent. São feitas assim analogias com este caso de forma a capturar insights que possam nortear análises a respeito da relação propriedade intelectual e impressora 3D . O Capítulo 2 se presta a analisar a impressora 3D e o seu desenvolvimento no mercado; há também reflexões a respeito do Movimento Maker, licenças Open Source Hardware e os efeitos ambientais desta tecnologia. O Capítulo 3 analisa casos que já ocorreram envolvendo a impressora 3D e propriedade intelectual, analisando-se de que forma esta tecnologia problematiza ainda mais o desempenho da propriedade intelectual no século XXI.

O artigo analisa os capítulos sobre propriedade intelectual dos acordos preferenciais de comércio firmados pelos Estados Unidos com países da América Latina na década de 2000, discutindo tanto as motivações do país para a assinatura dos mesmos (e inserindo tal discussão em um framework teórico) quanto as implicações dos acordos para os direitos de propriedade intelectual de seus signatários. Nesse sentido, apresenta algumas teorias acerca das características intrínsecas a instituições internacionais multilaterais, em contraste com as bilaterais e regionais; tais teorias afirmam que os estados, ao lidarem com resultados indesejados de características institucionais, modificam instituições (ou criam novas instituições) de acordo com seus objetivos. Em seguida, apresenta o resultado de um levantamento bibliográfico acerca das motivações estadunidenses para a assinatura dos mencionados acordos preferenciais de comércio, com ênfase nas relacionadas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual; tal resultado é complementado com a análise dos documentos primários pertinentes. Por fim, compara o conteúdo dos mencionados capítulos entre si; também os compara com o Acordo TRIPS da OMC. O artigo conclui que as motivações estadunidenses coincidem com as expectativas teóricas; que os capítulos analisados são substancialmente diferentes do Acordo TRIPS; que eles contêm diversas diferenças entre si (as quais são, em parte, decorrentes de exigências do legislativo estadunidense); e que ainda há espaço para pesquisas sobre a política comercial estadunidense praticada no período, no que tange à sua interface com os direitos de propriedade intelectual. / The article analyzes the intellectual property rights chapters of the preferential trade agreements signed by the United States with Latin American countries during the 2000s, discussing both the country\'s reasons for signing such agreements (and inserting such discussion in a theoretical framework) and their implications to the intellectual property rights of its signatories. In this regard, it presents some theories about the features intrinsic to the multilateral international institutions, when contrasted with the bilateral and regional ones; such theories claim that states, when dealing with undesired effects of institutional features, modify institutions (or create new ones), in accordance with their objectives. Then, the article presents the findings of a literature review about the U.S. reasons for signing the aforementioned preferential trade agreements, emphasizing those reasons related to intellectual property rights; such findings are complemented by the analysis of the pertinent primary documents. Finally, it compares the content of the chapters with each other; it also compares them with the WTO TRIPS Agreement. It concludes that the U.S. reasons presented coincide with the theoretical expectations; that the analyzed chapters are substantially different from the TRIPS Agreement; that the chapters have many differences with each other (which are, in part, due to U.S. Congress requirements); and that there is still room for new researches on the U.S. trade policy practiced during the analyzed period, when it comes to its interface with intellectual property rights.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-08-25T00:20:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ElisaThomas.pdf: 2569705 bytes, checksum: ecf5d45598c2ad9923b46e4cc9811fe4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-25T00:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElisaThomas.pdf: 2569705 bytes, checksum: ecf5d45598c2ad9923b46e4cc9811fe4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It has long been stated in the literature the effects of collaboration to innovation, especially regarding research and development (R&D) activities. However, these are dynamic empirical fields. Therefore theoretical approaches face constant challenges to understand and explain the new evidences. Due to the limited scope and scale of organizations to search and identify partners with complementary knowledge and resources, and to select those with potential to effectively cooperate for R&D, there is an increasing emergence of agents who provide these services in the market. Called intermediaries or brokers, they influence the interaction among organizations with the common goal of innovation. Still, the literature has reported that the intermediary may play an important set of functions for R&D projects not limited to the search of partners. This thesis is therefore mainly concerned with the influence of innovation intermediaries in the context of collaborative R&D projects, suggesting a conceptual framework on the role of intermediaries. The framework emphasises that R&D collaboration goes beyond dyadic relationships usually highlighted in the literature. The roles of intermediaries provide an important additional dimension in collaborative R&D projects. The empirical part of the thesis explored three case studies: Force for Elastomers, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; the Orange Service Call and Reward project undertaken by the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) for Orange; and the StarStream project from the University of Southampton, both in the United Kingdom. The results confirmed the influence of innovation intermediaries in most of the critical elements of a R&D project. The study advances the understanding of the influence of intermediaries for the beginning of a new project between partners. The analyses also show that intermediaries influence especially through the search for possible partners and the management of the relationship. However, the activities of research and knowledge production as well as activities of development and prototyping were not directly influenced by intermediaries. The stage after R&D, when the partners had reached positive results from activities, received a major influence from intermediaries who helped the firms to protect the inventions and to value and commercialize the new technology. Research outcomes still reveal that there is still a lack of measurements about intermediaries’ effectiveness and therefore firms involved in partnerships cannot fully evaluate their role.

Les travaux présentés consistent en une collection d’études consacrées au droit del’immatériel au sens le plus large. Ils visent à mettre en perspective sur une dizained’années la réglementation et la régulation des propriétés intellectuelles dans la sociétéde l’information d’une part, des techniques de surveillance et contrôle, d’autre part.Ces travaux appellent souvent une approche interdisciplinaire qui en fait lasingularité. Il s’agit, en effet, d’associer dans une certaine mesure l’analyse du droitpositif aux sciences sociales. Cette démarche à l’interface vise à mettre en évidence lesenjeux politiques et sociaux de la réglementation-régulation pour favoriser unemeilleure compréhension de l’élaboration de la norme dans un univers dématérialiséet l’éclairer d’un nouveau reflet. La première partie concerne l’acclimatation despropriétés intellectuelles à l’environnement numérique de la société de l’information.Elle s’attache notamment à penser leur réglementation-régulation dedans-dehors dudroit en convoquant les imaginaires sociaux et les controverses autour du droitd’auteur. Les enjeux liés à sa protection conduisent à étudier ses relations avec le droitdes données personnelles. Celles-ci sont au coeur de la seconde partie qui concerne lestechniques de contrôle et surveillance dans différents contextes et sous plusieursaspects, la liberté des communications électroniques et la régulation du commerce / These essays consist of a series of studies about digital law in a broad sense. Thesestudies aim at putting in prospect over the last decade the regulation and thelegislation on intellectual properties rights in the information society on the one hand,on monitoring and control technologies, on the other hand. This work often calls foran interdisciplinary approach, which makes it particular. This is an attempt to link theanalysis of the substantive law to social sciences to a certain extent. This thoughtprocess is at a crossroads in order to highlight social and political issues of theregulation-legislation and to promote a better comprehension of the law makingprocess in a dematerialized world with a new point of view. The first part relates toadaptation of intellectual properties to the new digital area of the information society.More precisely, it sticks to think their regulation-legislation inside-outside the lawinviting social imaginary and controversies about Author’s right. The issues relating tothe protection of intellectual property leads to study its relationships to personal datarights. These rights are in the heart of the second part that relates to control andmonitoring technologies in various contexts and from several angles, freedom ofelectronic communications, regulation of the e-business, and dubious contours of thedigital identity. In particular, it questions the role and the functions of the regulator aswell as the shift of legislation towards the firm from a resolutely critical point of view.

Na atual era pós-industrial, o conhecimento passa a ser o principal fator de produção da economia. De fato, ele confere à empresa seu maior diferencial competitivo no mercado globalizado: a inovação, ou seja, a capacidade de, continuamente, gerar novos produtos, processos e serviços ou aperfeiçoar os existentes. A organização da empresa em sociedade empresária possibilita a criação de conhecimento coletivo oriundo do trabalho profissional dos seus sócios, administradores e empregados, fato que originou a expressão capital intelectual, cunhada no âmbito econômico para designar o patrimônio empresarial de natureza intangível resultante de contribuições intelectuais. Como o Direito é precedido da evolução das sociedades e da Economia, nota-se a importância de sempre se buscarem soluções jurídicas às novas realidades socioeconômicas que surgem ao longo da história. Diante disso, a análise da natureza jurídica e das formas de tutela do capital intelectual torna-se imperativa para a identificação e apropriação privada desse patrimônio pela sociedade empresária, seja por meio do exercício de direitos de exclusivo, seja pela implementação de mecanismos de governança capazes de assegurar a diferenciação da atividade empresarial no mercado e a necessária coibição de práticas de concorrência desleal. / In the current post-industrial age, knowledge becomes the main production factor of the economy. Indeed, it provides the company with its main competitive advantage in the globalized market: the innovation, that is, the capacity of continuously generating new products, processes and services or enhance the existing ones. The companys organization as business company allows the creation of collective knowledge arising from the professional work of its partners, officers and employees, which fact originated the term intellectual capital, created in the economic scope to designate the corporate equity of intangible nature resulting from intellectual contributions. As the Law came after the evolution of the companies and of the Economics, it is noted the importance of the constant search for legal solutions, the new socioeconomic realities that appear along the history. In view of that, the analysis of the legal nature and of the forms of protection of the intellectual capital becomes critical for the identification and private appropriation of such equity by the business company, either by means of the exercising of exclusive rights or by the implementation of governance mechanisms capable of ensuring the differentiation of the corporate activity in the market and the required restraining of unfair competition practices.

Por que a indústria editorial está empreendendo a difusão do livro digital quando esse padrão tecnológico perturba o regime de proteção e enforcement do copyright? Se a duplicação da criação intelectual e sua transmissão simultânea por meio de um arquivo digital inviabiliza o aparato coercitivo que ampara o enforcement do copyright, emerge daí um paradoxo. Por que precisamos dessa proteção jurídica? A questão central desta dissertação busca responder como a alocação de recursos na indústria editorial revela as escolhas estratégicas específicas para apropriação de lucros. Este trabalho é conduzido como uma pesquisa exploratória multidisciplinar por meio dos referenciais da economia histórica, economia do conhecimento, economia neoinstitucional, sociologia econômica e estratégia. Após a introdução, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em cinco partes. Os quatro capítulos iniciais desenvolvem quatro ensaios teóricos correlacionados em que, por diferentes perspectivas, busca-se elucidar o efeito resultante (positivo ou negativo) da proteção da propriedade intelectual sobre bem-estar social e sobre os mecanismos contratuais e estratégias empregados pelos agentes econômicos em reação ao delineamento jurídico copyright. O último capítulo encerra o trabalho com três pesquisas empíricas. Com o intuito de capturar os efeitos de diferentes ambientes institucionais é feita uma análise institucional comparativa entre quatro países (Brasil, Estados Unidos, França e Reino Unido) no período entre 1999 e 2010, buscando compreender como as organizações alocam recursos para apropriar lucros. A partir dos principais determinantes desta mudança tecnológica as características da regulação de copyright norte-americana e seu peso e influência no comércio internacional de bens intelectuais, na ação estratégica de dois agentes poderosos, a Amazon , Apple e Google e, finalmente, na existência de valor econômico representado pelas obras públicas existentes em domínio público que podem ser capturadas e ofertadas no formato digital - conclui-se que antes de almejar lucro, a indústria editorial busca acordar uma nova organização setorial para a criação e a distribuição de excedentes que vai impactar em uma nova forma de especialização e coordenação da produção. O presente estudo desenvolve uma abordagem de business history, colocando-se como uma interface entre a economia da propriedade intelectual, a análise institucional e a organização da firma e dos mercados / Why is the book business adopting and diffusing the digital book technology when this standard is supposed to disturb the enforcement of the copyright regime? If the digital reproduction of intellectual work is also followed by simultaneous and ubiquitous distribution and making it even harder to enforce the mechanisms that bounds the copyright a paradox emerges as a consequence. Why is this legal regulation necessary? We pursue to investigate the research question how the publishing business resource allocation strategy is correlated to profit appropriation. This dissertation is developed as a multidisciplinary effort based on the theoretical pillars within economic history, knowledge economy, neoinstitutional economics, sociology economics and strategy. After introduction, the work is divided in five chapters. The four initial chapters develop four correlated theoretical essays, with different lenses, aimed to search how the system of intellectual property rights affects, positively and negatively, the welfare and the strategic and contractual mechanisms carried by the economic agent as a reaction towards the copyright legal system. The final chapter concludes the research with three empirical investigations. Four different institutional environments - Brazil, France, United Kingdom and United States are comparatively evaluated in order to capture the effects of the industry resource allocation strategy and its relation to profit appropriation. The conclusion is that the main drivers of technology change - the special features of the North American regulation and its major importance on international trade, the strategic impact of major players, Amazon Apple and Google, and the large number of works available in the public domain to be captured - it is argued that the publishing business is not necessarily seeking to make a profit in the short term but gearing into a new production and distribution arrangement which is going to result in a new system of rent creation and distribution. This research is developed as a business history narrative, positioned within the fields of economics of intellectual property rights, institutional analysis and the study of firm and market organization.