A dissertação tem como objetivo estudar a participação minoritária de Instituições Científicas, Tecnológicas e de Inovação (ICTs) públicas no capital social de empresas como forma de remuneração pela transferência de tecnologia e pelo licenciamento para outorga de direito de uso ou de exploração de criação, nos termos do artigo 5º, §6º da Lei de Inovação (Lei nº 10.973/2004). Políticas públicas de incentivo à inovação têm cada vez mais importância para o desenvolvimento dos países, tanto desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. A intervenção direta do Estado na economia como impulsionador da inovação é indiscutivelmente relevante, tanto do ponto de vista histórico quanto na atualidade. A promoção da cooperação e interação entre os diferentes entes participantes do sistema nacional de inovação, sejam públicos ou privados, é um dos meios de estímulo à inovação que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico do país, com vistas ao interesse social. A participação societária que é objeto da presente pesquisa é uma das formas de incentivo à interação entre as ICTs e o setor produtivo previstas na Lei de Inovação, e claro mecanismo de intervenção do Estado na economia. Para que o instrumento de participação possa ser aplicado, é necessário analisar em profundidade a natureza jurídica e características das ICTs públicas brasileiras, os requisitos jurídicos para que a participação minoritária seja implementada, bem como as consequências jurídicas e socioeconômicas para ambas as partes. / The dissertation has the purpose to study the minority interest of public research institutions in companies as a form of remuneration for the transferring and licencing of technology, according to the article 5th, §6th of the Brazilian Innovation Law (Lei nº 10.973/2004). Public policies to stimulate innovation are increasingly more important worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. The State intervention in the economy as a driver of innovation in inarguably relevant, either from the historical point of view or nowadays. The promotion of cooperation and interaction between the different entities participating in the national innovation system, both public and private, is one of the means of stimulating innovation that can contribute to the country\'s economic and technological development, as well as the public interest. The equity interest, which is the object of the present research, is one of the forms of incentivising the interaction between research institutions and the productive sector, foreseen in the Brazilian Innovation Law, and a clear mechanism of State intervention in the economy. For that minority interest to be applied, it is necessary to analyse in depth the legal nature and characteristics of Brazilian public research institutions, the legal requirements for minority interest to be implemented, as well as the legal and socioeconomic consequences for both parties.

This thesis demonstrates that, while generally seen as a non-democratic activity, lobbying should in fact be viewed as an important part of democratic policymaking, providing valuable input into law and policy, particularly in areas where expertise is at a premium. Constructing a theoretical model of democracy and using the field of intellectual property as a focal point, the role of private actors is examined across a series of case studies: the 2011 Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, the 2010 Digital Economy Act, and the proposed 2002 EU Computer Implemented Inventions Directive. Each case study is based upon a combination of secondary sources and the first-hand experiences of certain actors involved and in each case the lobbying activity is critically evaluated in light of the features and normative conditions of the democratic model. This study ultimately shows both the positive aspects and negative aspects of lobbying from a democratic viewpoint, noting that the importance of stakeholder input into the law and policy that will affect those stakeholders is essential. It also shows, however, that equality of access to, and influence over, policymakers is far from satisfactory and that until such inequalities can be resolved, lobbying cannot be fully justified under my model of democracy.

Le système de la propriété littéraire dans la France de l’Ancien Régime est souvent examiné de manière rétrospective à l’aune du droit d’auteur contemporain : tout se passe comme si la librairie d’Ancien Régime devait être nécessairement le laboratoire d’un dispositif juridique et idéologique en pleine formation, encore mal adapté aux réalités littéraires. Cette thèse propose d’examiner la question de cette propriété à nouveaux frais, en considérant le système de librairie comme un ensemble d’acteurs, de logiques et d’outils opératoire, sur le temps long, des années 1650 jusqu’aux années 1780. À travers l’étude des logiques institutionnelles de la propriété économique et de la responsabilité juridique, des dispositifs bibliographiques des dictionnaires, des journaux et des recueils d’ana et des opérations éditoriales imaginées par les auteurs eux-mêmes, elle met en évidence les rapports de force qui agitent la librairie et le monde littéraire de l’époque. En empruntant à l’histoire littéraire, à l’histoire du droit et à l’histoire du livre, ce travail entreprend de montrer de quelle manière la propriété littéraire se construit à l’encontre des intérêts des auteurs et en faveur de la constitution d’un monde de la librairie où l’État joue de moins en moins son rôle de régulateur des pratiques. À travers le prisme de l’attribution littéraire, la démonstration est menée avec un intérêt particulier pour l’analyse précise des paratextes littéraires. / Literary property rights in early modern France are often understood through the prism of the contemporary droit d’auteur. Many studies see the early modern period as a laboratory for an on-going experiment in law and ideology, still ill-fitted to the literary practices of the authors. This thesis offers a fresh start in the examination of the question of literary property, taking the whole library system from the 1650s to the 1780s to be an effective articulation of agents, tools, and discursives practices. Through the study of institutional policies in the domain of literary property as well as judicial responsibility, through a careful reading of the bibliographical discourse with dictionaries, anas, and periodicals, and through the description of editorial endeavors undertaken by authors themselves, it shows the dynamics of the early modern library and literary world. With roots in literary history, history of law, and book history, this dissertation seeks to understand how the concept of literary property is aggregated, against the very interests of the authors, to consolidate a commercial book-trade where the State slowly delegates its regulatory powers. Through the study of literary attribution, this work follows its demonstrations with an acute interest in a close-reading of literary paratexts.

Orientador: Pedro Peixoto Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-19T11:49:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caminati_FranciscoAntunes_D.pdf: 4831780 bytes, checksum: 01766e5791772b45139a83e1ecc9c547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta Tese apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de Sociologia da Tecnologia que aborda as inovações tecnológicas, as implicações geopolíticas e as possibilidades ecológicas do Software Livre. A pesquisa explorou o papel operatório das ideias e das práticas de liberdade e de abertura associadas, respectivamente, aos conceitos de Free Software e de Open Source. O objetivo foi analisar a ambivalência da relação que, ao longo de sua evolução histórica, o Software Livre estabeleceu com o Mercado: num primeiro momento, confrontou-o para garantir a possibilidade de liberdade, posteriormente, aliou-se para fortalecer e expandir essa liberdade. O objetivo era investigar até que ponto a liberdade pode se expandir através dessa aliança com o mercado, e quais as consequências para expansão ou retração do meio técnico e informacional compartilhado através dela. Com o intuito de demarcar conflitos e limites precipitados pela conciliação do Software Livre com tecnologias que restringem liberdades e com regimes de apropriação que remetem a relações de espoliação, e de proporcionar o entendimento da característica que está por trás da aparente convergência sinergética entre uma nova forma de liberdade inaugurada pelo SL e uma nova forma de apropriação praticada por um capitalismo open source, a Tese apresenta o conceito de Terra Incognita. Foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre a NOKIA e o modo como constituiu e mobilizou uma comunidade de trabalho em rede para desenvolver de maneira colaborativa o sistema operacional e os programas de uma linhagem de smartphones através dos projetos Maemo e MeeGo. Além disso, através de pesquisa de campo realizada no Equador; da memória da participação na elaboração e na implementação de políticas públicas no Brasil; e de uma experiência de colaboração tecnológica com o Povo Xavante da Aldeia Wederã (T.I. Pimentel Barbosa, MT) na instalação de um laboratório de processamento audiovisual em Software Livre na escola da Aldeia, são analisadas as implicações geopolíticas da "liberdade de não pagar" - uma consequência e não um imperativo do modo de distribuição do Software Livre - que permite que países de Terceiro Mundo, no caso, da América do Sul, se apropriem do Software Livre em projetos de "Soberania Tecnológica". Os resultados alcançados apontam para a descrição de técnicas que mobilizam o open source como uma linguagem para a prática de uma apropriação sem propriedade; e da radicalização política do Software Livre pelo encontro de sua liberdade com as realidades e problemas locais nas experiências sul-americanas, encontro este que permite uma extrapolação de seu sentido político para além de uma questão tecnológica, comportando uma concepção de meio comum que remete a informação a terra e é, portanto, ecológica / Abstract: This thesis presents the results of a Sociology of Technology research encompassing technological innovation, geopolitical implications and the ecological possibilities of Free Software. The examination explores the operational aspect of ideas and material practices regarding freedom and openness related, respectively, to the concepts of Free Software and Open Source. This effort was made in order to analyze the ambivalent relation between Free Software and the Market, built on a contradictory basis: at first Free Software confronted the Market to defend freedom; but later was able to forge an alliance with the same Market, to build up and expand freedom. The objective is to investigate how far freedom can be expanded within such an alliance and which consequences the expansion of technical and informational environment shared through a Market-controlled freedom might suffer. It is presented the concept of Terra Incognita, as a way of bounding the limits and conflicts arising from conciliating Free Software and freedom restrictive technologies, as well as collaborative communities with appropriation regimes based on spoliation relations. Terra Incognita serves also as way of understanding what lies behind the apparent synergistic convergence between new kinds of freedom, launched by Free Software, and a new kind of appropriation, and practiced by an Open Source Capitalism. A case study on NOKIA's mobilization of a networked community to foster collaborative development of the operational system and several software's for smartphones in the projects Maemo and MeeGo. Besides, through field research in Ecuador; the memoir of the professional participation in public policy implementation in Brazil; and collaborative experience of installing a Free Software audiovisual lab with the Xavante people in the Wederã village (Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil), this thesis analyses the geopolitical implications of the "freedom of not to pay" - meaning that in Free Software distribution not paying is a consequence, not an essential attribute - which allows Third World countries to use Free Software as a means of enabling projects of "Technology Sovereignty". All the results combined point out to the usage of open source as a language to the practice of appropriation without property, also they bespeak the political radicalization of Free Software when its freedom meets reality and social issues sort out in the South American societies. By such an encounter, it is possible to extrapolate the whole meaning of Free Software beyond technology, to a new conception of common environment, comprising information, knowledge and land, hence being itself ecological / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

A tecnologia digital cria espaços diferenciados para a informação e coloca a Ciência da Informação frente a novas questões. O objetivo deste estudo exploratório e descritivo é abordar questões sobre o papel dos blogs, a influência da blogosfera na conformação das trocas de informações, relacionando novos formatos culturais e o estatuto do autor na blogosfera, assim como as questões de visibilidade e legitimidade que permeiam as relações mediadas pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Toma-se como ponto de partida o estudo de caso da campanha Usura não!, criada em 2007, que incentivava o uso do link como uma netiqueta para blogs. Buscou-se acompanhar os desdobramentos da campanha e as proposições de seus participantes, formulando questões e elencando referenciais teóricos capazes de explicar tais manifestações e as possibilidades de encontro com os interesses da Ciência da Informação. Estabelece-se uma relação entre as dinâmicas presentes na blogosfera e as teorias de campo e habitus de Pierre Bourdieu, indicando as correlações da campanha na incorporação do habitus para mudar a situação dos agentes dentro do campo da blogosfera de entretenimento brasileira. Estas reflexões remetem a questões como a legitimação e a apropriação da informação por parte dos atores (navegadores/usuários), trazendo subsídios para se refletir acerca dos processos de circulação da informação na internet. / Digital technology creates differentiated spaces for information, and puts the \"Information Science\" in the face of new issues. The aim of this exploratory and descriptive study is to address questions about the role of blogs and the blogosphere\'s influence in the configuration of information exchange, linking new formats and cultural status of the author in the blogosphere, as well as issues of visibility and legitimacy that permeate the relations mediated by information technology and communication. Take as a starting point of this case study the campaign \"Usura não!\", created in 2007, which encouraged the use of the link as a blogging netiquette. We tried to follow the developments of the campaign and the propositions of the participants, asking questions and selecting theoretical references able to explain these events and the possibilities of meeting the interests of the Information Science. Is established a link between dynamics present in blogosphere, and theories of field and habitus of Pierre Bourdieu, indicating the correlation of the campaign in the incorporation of habitus to change the situation of workers in the field of entertainment Brazilian blogosphere. These considerations refer issues such as legitimacy and appropriation of information by the actors (browsers/users), providing subsidies to reflect upon the process of circulating information in the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Romanini Subi.pdf: 1009215 bytes, checksum: 5ca95369df8dd46db7fb1f12851fa832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / Intellectual property rights have been object of expansion in recent decades, when they began to be recognized on things and innovations hitherto immune to private appropriation, like living organisms, business methods and even the human genome. We live, as well, a second "enclosure movement" of the property, led by high-tech industry rooted in developed countries and aims to ensure the highest possible financial return on their investments in R&D. The extension of these rights creates situations of abuse that, besides diverting their purpose, cause damage to other principles applicable to the market, such as free competition and free enterprise. International treaties play an important role in this reality, with the TRIPS Agreement as the main one and that, despite his attempt to prevent such abuses, turns out to be too open in their terms and indirectly empower them and give them legal lair. / Os direitos de propriedade intelectual vêm sendo objeto de ampliação nas últimas décadas, quando passaram a ser reconhecidos sobre coisas e inovações até então imunes à apropriação privada, como organismos vivos, processos de negócios e até o genoma humano. Vivemos, assim, um segundo movimento de cercamento da propriedade, capitaneado pela indústria de ponta radicada nos países desenvolvidos e que visa a garantir o maior retorno financeiro possível aos seus investimentos em pesquisa. O alargamento desses direitos gera situações de abuso que, além de desviarem sua finalidade, causam prejuízos a outros princípios caros ao mercado, como a livre concorrência e a livre iniciativa. Os tratados internacionais têm participação importante nessa realidade, sendo o Acordo TRIPS o principal deles e que, a despeito de sua tentativa de evitar tais abusos, acaba por ser demasiadamente aberto em suas cláusulas e indiretamente os autoriza e lhes dá guarida jurídica.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-06-10T14:27:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valberto Alves de Azevedo Filho.pdf: 400610 bytes, checksum: a29a0aa077dd8b49492d3ccf04175141 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-10T14:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valberto Alves de Azevedo Filho.pdf: 400610 bytes, checksum: a29a0aa077dd8b49492d3ccf04175141 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / The present paper intends to inquire the national policy behind trademarks on the ground of nonconventional symbols, from trademark history to a comparative analysis between Brazil¿s law system and the United States of America¿s, along side the international treatises which Brazil is bound by, such as the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Throughout this comparison, the work will show how Brazilian law system disrespects its own Constitution, and goes the other way from the international regulation of trademarks when restricts its protections only to symbols that are visual perceived, letting behind other kinds of symbols which accomplish the same goals. As a result, the paper proposes changes in Brazilian law to protect these nonconventional symbols (as to say, nonvisual symbols) in order to reach an harmony with the international law, no matter how these symbols can be perceived. By protecting such nonconventional symbols, fair trade will be assured and more consumers will be included in the market, as they have the right to be informed about the different products and services offered to them. / O presente estudo busca inquirir a política nacional de proteção jurídica das marcas, tendo em perspectiva os sinais não convencionais, partindo de sua evolução histórica à análise comparativa de regulamentação jurídica com os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e com importantes tratados internacionais do qual o Brasil é signatário, a exemplo da Convenção da União de Paris e o Acordo sobre aspectos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual relacionados ao comércio ¬¿ TRIPS. A partir desse cotejo, buscar-se-á destacar que a legislação brasileira, ao resumir o sinal protegido como marca apenas aos visualmente perceptíveis, olvida do tratamento constitucional e internacional dado a matéria, e com isso deixa órfão de proteção outros signos que possuem forma de apresentação distinta, mas não deixam de cumprir as funções axiais do instituto. Diante disso, mostrar-se-á a necessidade de reforma da legislação para, em harmonia com o direito constitucional e internacional, proteger outros sinais suficientemente distintivos, independente da sua forma de apresentação sensorial. Protegendo esses diferentes sinais, estar-se-á melhor tutelando a concorrência, promovendo maior inclusão e exaltando os direitos do consumidor, que, entre outras prerrogativas, possui o direito de ter acesso a informação suficiente e clara sobre os diferentes produtos e serviços colocados no mercado.

En Algérie, la protection des marques est mise à l’épreuve par différentes formes d’atteintes, favorisant ainsi, un sentiment d’insécurité juridique très profond. Ce travail de recherche a vocation à effectuer une étude du droit positif algérien afin d’évaluer les dispositions relatives à la protection de la marque et d’en cerner les dispositions lacunaires pour tenter d’apporter des solutions. Nous allons analyser l’existence juridique de la marque afin de comprendre quand le titulaire bénéficie d’une protection sur sa marque, pour ensuite, exposer les instruments prévus dans la législation pour mettre en œuvre cette protection accordée à la marque avant et après son enregistrement. Tel est l’objet de la première partie. Nous allons ensuite dans la seconde partie étudier la protection de la marque au regard du droit comparé en analysant des notions et des principes prévus dans des droits étrangers, tels que l’acquisition de la protection de la marque par l’usage, la protection des marques non visuelles et le risque d’association dans l’esprit du public des consommateurs. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la recherche d’un système procédural plus complet que celui déjà adopté en droit algérien. Serait important un recours judiciaire contre le refus d’enregistrement et de la procédure d’opposition contre les demandes d’enregistrement de marques, deux procédures négligées en droit algérien. Pour à la fin tenter de chercher une meilleure protection de la marque notoire, afin de proposer ces notions et principes, après avoir tenté de les adapter à la situation en Algérie, comme solutions pour rendre le droit positif algérien plus efficace et complet / In Algeria, trademark protection is put to the test by various forms of infringement, thus favoring a very deep sense of legal uncertainty. This research is intended to carry out a study of Algerian positive law in order to evaluate the provisions relating to the protection of the brand and to identify the incomplete provisions to try to provide solutions. We will analyze the legal existence of the mark in order to understand when the holder benefits from a protection on his mark, then to expose the instruments envisaged in the legislation to implement the protection granted to the mark before and after its registration, which is the purpose of the first part. In the second part, we will study the protection of the brand with regard to comparative law by analyzing concepts and principles provided for in foreign rights, such as the acquisition of trademark protection by use, the protection of non-visual marks and the risk of association in the minds of the consumers. We are also interested in the search for a more complete procedural system than that already adopted in Algerian law. It would be important to have a judicial appeal against the refusal of registration and the opposition procedure against trademark applications ; two procedures neglected by the Algerian legislator. In the end, we try to seek a better protection of the well-known brand, to propose these concepts and principles, after trying to adapt them to the situation in Algeria, as solutions to make Algerian positive law more effective and complete

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of how formal and informal intellectual property may affect value generation of strategic and financial values within the nanotechnology start-up sector. Method – This study had an inductive approach through a qualitative multi-case study. The data collection was carried out through 23 interviews, including four exploratory interviews and 19 semi-structured interviews. The collected data was continuously analyzed in order to identify concepts, themes and aggregated dimensions. The collected data was analyzed through two categories, namely type of intellectual property and prioritized type of value desired. Findings – Through protecting innovations nanotechnology start-ups seek both strategic and financial values. The findings show nanotechnology start-ups seek strategic values in the form of trustworthiness through qualified recognition, ability to increase in market share, and having a competitive presence on the market. The findings further show nanotechnology start-ups seek financial values in the form of effective resource allocation, direct income from market transactions, and ability to attain investors. Furthermore, the findings suggest that for nanotechnology start-ups to effectively generate strategic and financial values it can be beneficial to combine formal and informal IP where a combination of trade secrets and patents can be valuable. Theoretical contributions – The analysis resulted in a grounded theory articulation in the form of a conceptual framework describing the relationships between the type of IP and how it may affect value generation for nanotechnology start-ups. This study adds to previous research that aspects fulfilling market demands can be effectively protected by patents, and aspects difficult to reverse engineer can be effectively protected by trade secrets in order to generate strategic and financial value. This study also adds to theory by identifying enablers describing how nanotechnology start-ups can generate strategic and financial values, and which type of IP is associated with each enabler. Practical implications – This study provide managers within the nanotechnology start-up sector with a framework suggesting how to generate different values from protecting innovations. The study further concludes that there are six important aspects to consider in creating effective IP strategies within the nanotechnology start-up sector. These aspects include; mapping the technological environment and the commercial market, determining which actual strategic and financial values are important for the start-up, protecting different aspects of an innovation with different types of IP, having trade secrets on aspects of an innovation that are hard to reverse engineer, to formally protect aspects of an innovation that fulfills market demand, and making a plan for how the rights attained can generate value.

The thesis is an exploration of how indigenous knowledge has emerged as a subject within Australian intellectual property law. It uses the context of copyright law to illustrate this development. The work presents an analysis of the political, social and cultural intersections that influence legal possibilities and effect practical expectations of the law in this area. The dilemma of protecting indigenous knowledge resonates with tensions that characterise intellectual property as a whole. The metaphysical dimensions of intellectual property have always been insecure but these difficulties come to the fore with the identification of boundaries and markers that establish property in indigenous subject matter. While intellectual property law is always managing difference, the politics of law are more transparent when managing indigenous concerns. Rather than assume the naturalness of the category of indigenous knowledge within law, this work interrogates the politics of its construction precisely as a ???special??? category. Employing a multidisciplinary methodology, engaging theories of governmental rationality that draws upon the scholarship of Michel Foucault to appreciate strategies of managing and directing knowledge, the thesis considers how the politics of law is infused by cultural, political, bureaucratic and individual factors. Key elements in Australia that have pushed the law to consider expressions of indigenous knowledge in intellectual property can be located in changing political environments, governmental intervention through strategic reports, cultural sensitivity articulated in case law and innovative instances of individual agency. The intersection of these elements reveals a dynamic that exerts influence in the shape the law takes.