[pt] Há evidência - Petersen e Rajan (1997) - que fornecedores têm uma vantagem informacional sobre o risco de seus clientes. Entretanto, Elliehausen e Wolken (1993) reportam que taxas de crédito comercial são freqüentemente padronizadas. Por que os fornecedores não usam sua vantagem informacional para adequar taxas de juros a risco? Este trabalho demonstra que se a demanda por insumos for suficientemente inelástica, a competição com os bancos faz com que a taxa de crédito comercial seja invariante e cole na taxa bancária. Se, ao contrário, a demanda for suficientemente elástica, a taxa invariante de crédito comercial é zero, como usualmente acontece nos E.U.A. em créditos de fornecedor até 10 dias. / [en] There is evidence - Petersen and Rajan (1997) - that suppliers have superior information on their clients capacity of repayment. However, Elliehausen and Wolken (1993) report that trade credit rates are frequently standardized. Why do not suppliers use their informational advantage to make the interest rate reflect the risk? This work shows that, if the demand for imputs is sufficiently inelastic, competition among banks leads the trade credit rate to be invariant and very close to banking rate. On the contrary, if the demand is sufficiently elastic, the trade credit rate is invariant and equal to zero, as usually occurs with suppliers credit with maturity until 10 days in USA.

In Korea, an inflation targeting (IT) regime was adopted in the aftermath of the Korean currency crisis of 1997–1998. At that time, the Bank of Korea (BOK) shifted the instrument of monetary policy from monetary aggregates to interest rates. Recently, central bank policymakers have confronted more uncertainties than ever before when deciding their policy interest rates. In this monetary policy environment, it is worth exploring whether the BOK has kept a conservative posture in moving the Korean call rate target, the equivalent of the US Federal Funds rate target since the implementation of an interest rate-oriented monetary policy. Together with this, the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009 provoked by the US sub-prime mortgage market recalls the following question: should central banks pre-emptively react to a sharp increase in asset prices? Historical episodes indicate that boom-bust cycles in asset prices, in particular, house prices, can be damaging to the economy. In Korea, house prices have been evolving under uncertainties, and in the process house-price bubbles have been formed. Therefore, in recent years, central bankers and academia in Korea have paid great attention to fluctuations in asset prices. In this context, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to set up theoretical and empirical models of monetary policy under uncertainty; (ii) to examine the effect of uncertainty on the operation of monetary policy since the adoption of interest rate-oriented policy; and (iii) to investigate whether gradual adjustment in policy rates can be explained by uncertainty in Korea. Another important aim is (iv) to examine whether house-price fluctuations be taken into account in formulating monetary policy. The main findings of this thesis are summarised as follows. Firstly, as in advanced countries, the four stylised facts regarding the policy interest rate path are found in Korea: infrequent changes in policy rates; successive changes in the same direction; asymmetric adjustments in terms of the size of interest-rate changes for continuation and reversal periods; and a long pause before reversals in policy rates. These patterns of policy rates (i.e., interest-rate smoothing) characterised the central bank‘s reaction to inflation and the output gap as being less aggressive than the optimising central bank behavior would predict (Chapter 3). Secondly, uncertainty may provide a rationale for a smoother path of the policy interest rate in Korea. In particular, since the introduction of the interest rate-oriented monetary policy, the actual call money rates have shown to be similar to the optimal rate path under parameter uncertainty. Gradual movements in the policy rates do not necessarily indicate that the central bank has an interest-rate smoothing incentive. Uncertainty about the dynamic structure of the economy, which is dubbed ‗parameter uncertainty‘, could account for a considerable portion of the observed gradual movements in policy interest rates (Chapter 4). Thirdly, it is found that the greater the output-gap uncertainty, the smaller the output-gap response coefficients in the optimal policy rules, and in a similar vein, the greater inflation uncertainty, the smaller the inflation response coefficients. The optimal policy rules derived by using data without errors showed the large size of the output-gap and inflation response coefficients. This finding confirms that data uncertainty can be one of sources explaining the reasons why monetary policymakers react less aggressively in setting their interest rate instrument (Chapter 5). Finally, we found that house prices conveyed some useful information on conditions such as possible financial instability and future inflation in Korea, and the house-price shock differed from other shocks to the macroeconomy in that it had persistent impacts on the economy, consequently provoking much larger economic volatility. Empirical simulations showed that the central bank could reduce its loss values in terms of economic volatility, resulting in promoting overall economic stability when it responds more directly to fluctuations in house prices. This finding provides the reason why the central bank should give more attention to house-price fluctuations when conducting monetary policy (Chapter 6).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Securato.pdf: 3132118 bytes, checksum: 5f76d8e04af69fc3e0e9b479773cffff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / The migration of Brazilian financial statements to international standards has been a major challenge due to cultural change of the two models. It is the migration of a model that has always suffered strong regulatory influence and is based on defined rules for a model based on principles, judgment and economic substance of transactions. In Brazil the CPC is the committee responsible for directing the Brazilian accounting standards to international standards set by the IASB through IFRS. Given the recommendations of the technical pronouncement CPC 12, which deals with the adjustment to present value, we seek to address in this thesis the concept of fair value and market value, understanding that we can define a hierarchy for fair value calculus, where we prioritize observable market values. When we don t have an available market, it is recommended to use a model for the definition of the risk premium that can generate information, to the extent possible, to replicate the market behavior. In this way, this study assessed based on the risk premium initially defined, the use of a model that can provide this award during the life of the transaction, thus allowing the creation of a interest rate structure that will help in assessing the fair value of financial fixed income assets and liabilities when there is no active market / A migração das demonstrações contábeis brasileiras para os padrões internacionais tem sido um grande desafio devido à mudança cultural que os dois modelos provocam. Trata-se da migração de um modelo que sempre sofreu forte influência regulatória e é baseado em regras definidas para um modelo apoiado em princípios, no julgamento e no fundamento econômico das operações. No Brasil o CPC é o comitê responsável por direcionar as normas da contabilidade brasileira aos padrões internacionais definidos pelo IASB, por meio dos IFRS. Diante das recomendações do pronunciamento técnico 12 do CPC, que trata o ajuste a valor presente, procuramos neste trabalho abordar o conceito de valor justo e valor de mercado, entendendo que podemos definir uma hierarquia para o cálculo do valor justo, em que priorizamos os valores observáveis no mercado. Quando não temos um mercado disponível, no entanto, é recomendada a utilização de um modelo para a definição do prêmio pelo risco que possa gerar uma informação, na medida do possível, que replique o comportamento do mercado. Nesse sentido, este trabalho procura avaliar, com base no prêmio pelo risco definido inicialmente, a utilização de um modelo que possa fornecer esse prêmio no decorrer da vida da operação, permitindo, dessa forma, a criação de uma estrutura temporal de taxa de juros que possa contribuir na avaliação a valor justo de ativos e passivos financeiros de renda fixa, quando não há um mercado ativo

Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar a relação causal entre um conjunto de variáveis macroeconômicas e o mercado acionário brasileiro, aqui representado pelo Ibovespa, e para tal utilizará o enfoque multivariado VAR. Buscou-se analisar o efeito dos choques inesperados nas variáveis macroeconômicas sobre o índice da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. O período analisado compreendeu os meses de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2003. O modelo proposto, visando à análise, foi implementado utilizando-se os testes de raiz unitária de Dickey e Fuller Aumentado (ADF) e Perron, de co-integração de Johansen e o método de Auto Regressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro (VEC). Primeiramente empregou-se o VEC convencional seguindo a proposição de Gjerde & Sættem (1999) e Burgstaller (2002). Os resultados obtidos deixaram claro a sua instabilidade. Buscando eliminar esta instabilidade empregou-se o procedimento de Bernanke (1986). Os resultados dos três modelos analisados mostram-se semelhantes. Nas matrizes de relações contemporâneas observam-se relações significativas entre a taxa de câmbio real e a taxa de juros de curto prazo com o Ibovespa. Por sua vez, o preço do petróleo no mercado internacional não explica contemporaneamente o Ibovespa. Nas decomposições das variâncias dos erros de previsão os resultados deixam claro o poder explanatório da taxa de juros de curto prazo sobre o índice da Bolsa de São Paulo. O próprio índice também tem um grande poder explicativo, importância essa não observada quando da análise das outras variáveis empregadas. Conforme verificado na matriz de relações contemporâneas, um choque inesperado na taxa de câmbio real e a taxa de juros de curto prazo leva a uma redução no Ibovespa já no primeiro momento. Os resultados obtidos deixam claro a elevada sensibilidade do Ibovespa frente à taxa de juros real de curto prazo (SELIC), tanto no tocante a decomposição do erro de previsão quanto da função de resposta a impulsos elasticidade. Dentre as variáveis empregadas no presente estudo, a taxa básica de juros da economia é a que mais impacta no índice da BOVESPA. Esse resultado mostra a importância exercida pela taxa de juros na economia brasileira, sugerindo, assim, que os agentes econômicos que investem no mercado acionário brasileiro vêem o investimento em renda fixa como sendo grande substituto das aplicações em ações. / The main objective of this study was to investigate the casual relationship among a sort of macroeconomic variables and the Brazilian stock market, represented here by Ibovespa, using multivariate VAR focus. This meant to analyze the effect of unexpected shocks in macroeconomic variables on São Paulo Stock Exchange index. The period of study was from January 1995, to December 2003. The present model was implemented using augmented Dickey-Fuller test for unit root (ADF) and Perron, Johansen co-integration in VAR models and the method of Vector Auto-Regression with error correction (VEC). First of all, conventional VEC was used according to Gjerde & Saettem (1999) and Burgstaller (2002). Data showed clearly the instability of the process. Aiming to eliminate this instability, Bernanke (1986) procedure was used. Results of the three models analyzed were similar. In contemporaneous relation matrixes were observed significant relations between the real exchange rate and short run interest rate in comparison to Ibovespa. On the other hand, petroleum prices set in the international market do not explain Ibovespa contemporaneously. In variables decomposition of forecast error, data is clear in showing the explanation power of short term interest on São Paulo Stock Exchange index. Index per se explains itself conveniently, what was not observed when analyzed the other variables investigated. As noticed in contemporaneous relation matrix, an unexpected shock in the real exchange rate and the interest rate of short date leads to a reduction in Ibovespa at the first moment. Data obtained showed strong sensibility of Ibovespa in comparison to real short term interest rate (SELIC), when observed the decomposition of the forecast error and function of impulse response of elasticity. Among used variables in this present study, basic interest rate of the economy is the one that most shock in BOVESPA index. This result shows the importance exerted by interest rates in Brazilian economy, suggesting that economic agents that invest in Brazilian stock market are more interested in investment of fixed rent than in stock applications.

O fato de haver na economia brasileira um baixo volume de crédito ao setor privado, tornando mais difícil o acesso das empresas a financiamentos que lhes possibilitem aceitar projetos de investimentos que as faria maiores e mais lucrativas, desenvolvendo o setor empresarial e a sociedade como um todo, é a motivação deste trabalho que busca avaliar o impacto de três fatores específicos no nível de crédito ao setor privado existente em um país: (i) o nível de eficiência jurídica; (ii) o grau de instabilidade econômica; e (iii) o volume de poupança total. A importância de tais fatores é fundamentada na revisão da literatura e sua análise, através do uso de regressões simples e múltiplas do tipo cross-section envolvendo 207 países, confirmou em todas as especificações a hipótese de que quanto mais eficiente for o sistema jurídico de um país, maior será o volume de crédito nele disponível. O grau de instabilidade econômica e o nível de poupança se mostraram também fatores condicionantes do volume de crédito, mas não em todas as especificações e com um impacto menor ao verificado para o sistema jurídico. Estimativas mostraram que o volume de crédito ao setor privado no Brasil seria 43% superior ao observado caso houvesse uma melhoria de apenas meio desvio padrão nas medidas referentes às três variáveis independentes acima citadas. Fatores adicionais foram brevemente avaliados como o nível da taxa de juros real, o grau de participação nos fluxos internacionais de comércio e o nível de desenvolvimento. Esses fatores se mostraram também importantes e merecem estudos que os tenham como foco. Espera-se com este estudo contribuir para a compreensão do funcionamento do mercado de crédito e para a discussão a respeito de medidas e posturas que possam ser adotadas no Brasil e no mundo visando seu desenvolvimento, que se reflete no desenvolvimento das empresas e da sociedade. / The fact that the Brazilian economy has a low volume of credit available to the private sector, making it difficult for the companies to have access to loans which would able them to accept investment projects and could make them larger and more profitable companies, developing the business sector and the society, is the motivation of this work that reaches to evaluate the impact of three specific factors in the credit volume existing in one country to the private sector: (i) the level of the legal system efficiency; (ii) the economic instability level; and (iii) the total volume of savings accounts. Those factors importance are based on the literature review and it’s analysis, by the use of simple and multiple cross-section regressions involving (two hundred and seven) 207 countries, have confirmed in all of the specifications that as more efficient is its legal system, higher will be the volume of credit available in such country. The economic instability level and the total volume of savings accounts have showed also to be factors related to the credit volume, but not in all specifications and with a lower impact compared to the impact verified by the legal system. Estimations have showed that the credit volume to the private sector in Brazil would be 43% higher than the actual in case an improvement of only half standard deviation in the measures referred to the 3 independent variables above mentioned. Additional factors were also briefly evaluated, like the real interest rate level, the participation on the international trade flow and the development level. Such factors have also showed importance and do deserve studies of their own. It is a purpose of this study to contribute for the understanding of the credit market and its performance and for the discussion of measures and postures, which could be adopted in Brazil and in the world objecting its development that reflects on the companies and the society development.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-15T19:22:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Roberto Batista de Jesus.pdf: 1381592 bytes, checksum: 08645a8e3bf8c854fdfb859723adc8ab (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br), reason: Bom dia, Joana! Solicito que verifique a ficha catalográfica, pois está com várias fontes. Atenciosamente, Catarina on 2017-09-18T13:47:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-19T14:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Roberto Batista de Jesus.pdf: 1383696 bytes, checksum: 8eff466f7c2895a30844efd6196ef7ec (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br), reason: Bom dia, Joana! Favor acertar o arquivo, pois o título do trabalho na folha de aprovação está diferente das demais partes do trabalho. Atenciosamente, Catarina on 2017-09-20T12:31:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-21T14:25:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Roberto Batista de Jesus.pdf: 1376400 bytes, checksum: 9b8a3f6e094ecdced9810254cb3fc728 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-22T13:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Roberto Batista de Jesus.pdf: 1376400 bytes, checksum: 9b8a3f6e094ecdced9810254cb3fc728 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T13:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Roberto Batista de Jesus.pdf: 1376400 bytes, checksum: 9b8a3f6e094ecdced9810254cb3fc728 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a efetividade da duration como hedge de uma carteira de títulos públicos que pagam cupons periódicos (NTN-F), no segundo semestre de 2011, e segundo trimestre de 2013, períodos marcados por elevada volatilidade e movimentos não paralelos na estrutura a termo de taxa de juros. A metodologia proposta consiste na realização do hedge utilizando contratos futuros de taxas de juros na Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F). O resultado da carteira é comparado ao resultado da operação de hedge. Constata-se a inadequação da duration para hedge, nesse novo cenário. Ao longo do trabalho, apresenta-se a mudança qualitativa na composição da dívida pública brasileira, bem como a evolução da teoria sobre hedge de portfólio de renda fixa / This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the use of the duration as hedge to a portfolio of sovereign bonds which pay periodic coupons (NTN-F), on the second half of 2011, and second quarter of 2013, periods that were marked by high volatility and non parallel movements on the interest rate term structure. The proposed methodology consists on effecting the hedge using interest rate future contracts on the Futures and Commodities Exchange - Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F). The result of portfolio is compared to the result of hedge. This assessment shows the inadequacy on the use of the duration as hedge under this new scenario. Along this work, it's presented a qualitative change on the public Brazilian debt's composition, as well as the evolution of the hedge theory for fixed income portfolios.

In financial markets, spread option is a derivative security with two underlying assets and the payoff of the spread option depends on the difference of these assets. We consider American style spread option which allows the owners to exercise it at any time before the maturity. The complexity of pricing American spread option is that the boundary of the corresponding partial differential equation which determines the option price is unknown and the model for the underlying assets is two-dimensional.In this dissertation, we incorporate the stochasticity to the interest rate and assume that it satisfies the Vasicek model or the CIR model. We derive the partial differential equations with terminal and boundary conditions which determine the American spread option with stochastic interest rate and formulate the associated free boundary problem. We convert the free boundary problem to the linear complimentarity conditions for the American spread option, so that we can go around the free boundary and compute the option price numerically. Alternatively, we approximate the option price using methods based on the Monte Carlo simulation, including the regression-based method, the Lonstaff and Schwartz method and the dual method. We make the comparisons among the option prices derived by the partial differential equation method and Monte Carlo methods to show the accuracy of the result.

Sweden’s central bank implemented a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in 2015, one year after adopting a zero-interest rate policy. Due to the monetary policy’s untested framework,experts are divided on the effectiveness of such a policy as well as its fortitude when faced with an economic recession. The lack of research on how the interest rate affects various economic metrics has left ample room for analysis and discussion on the subject. The aim ofthis thesis is to analyze how Sweden’s monetary policy has affected the flow of foreign directinvestments (FDI). Specifically, the paper will be focused on discovering the effect of theRiksbank’s negative repo rate policy on net FDI inflows between 2006 and 2017. Our quantitative analysis found no significant relationship between Sweden’s repo rate and itsFDI inflows. However, significance was found in the variables exchange rate, research and development expenditures, corporate taxes, and wages.

This work mainly studies modeling and existence issues for martingale models of option markets with one stock and a collection of European call options for one fixed maturity and infinetely many strikes. In particular, we study Dupire's and Schweizer-Wissel's models, especially the latter one. These two types of models have two completely different pricing approachs, one of which is martingale approach (in Dupire's model), and other one is a market approach (in Schweizer-Wissel's model). After arguing that Dupire's model suffers from the several lacks comparing to Schweizer-Wissel's model, we extend the latter one to get the variations for the case of options on interest rate indexes and futures options. Our models are based on the newly introduced definitions of local implied volatilities and a price level proposed by Schweizer and Wissel. We get explicit expressions of option prices as functions of the local implied volatilities and the price levels in our variations of models. Afterwards, the absence of the dynamic arbitrage in the market for such models can be described in terms of the drift restrictions on the models' coefficients. Finally we demonstrate the application of such models by a simple example of an investment portfolio to show how Schweizer-Wissel's model works generally.

Due to globalization investors have increasing opportunities to invest on international markets for diversification purposes. This thesis illustrates the added risks of investing internationally due to volatile exchange rates. The purpose is to analyze how a volatile exchange rate affect the risk and return of a portfolio invested in Sweden, when the investor is located in Japan, United Kingdom or the USA. To analyze the effect of exchange rate volatility the focus is on a portfolio consisting of Swedish stocks from the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE) O-list. First the risk and return to a hypothetical Swedish investor not exposed to exchange rate volatility is calculated. Then the effects the exchange rates had on the risk and return if a US investor, UK investor and a Japanese investor invested in the same portfolio is analyzed. For the historical period 2005 the portfolio generated a return of 34.36% and a risk of 7.7%. The empirical work showed that for the international investors the risk was increased with between 1.95% – 410.52% and that the actual return decreased due to weakening currencies against the Krona. In an attempt to predict future exchange rate movements the thesis analyses two financial relationships, PPP and IRP, to calculate equilibrium movements. Both PPP and IRP predicted a depreciation of the Dollar and Pound Sterling against the Krona over the next period, but an appreciation of the Yen against the Krona over the same period. The analytical discussion covers the importance of a well functioning financial system, the institutional effects on exchange rates and the confidence in government policies and their ability to succeed in doing what has been promised.