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Depuis plusieurs décennies, on reconnaît l’existence d’une complémentarité des rôles père et mère dans le développement de l’attachement de l’enfant. La mère étant davantage impliquée dans les soins, le père se spécialise dans la sphère exploration, le jeu et le respect des règles. Les études démontrent une association entre la qualité d’attachement des parents et de l’enfant avec un effet plus fort chez les mères, un phénomène discuté sous le vocable transmission intergénérationnelle de l’attachement. De nos jours, on assiste à un plus grand partage des tâches liées à l’enfant et le père peut être perçu comme une figure de soin. Cette étude a été menée à partir d’un échantillon normatif de familles biparentales hétérosexuelles (N = 182) à proximité de Montréal. Le premier objectif était d’examiner l’association entre l’attachement des parents évalué avec le Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ) et celui de l’enfant évalué lors de la Procédure de la Situation Étrangère (SSP). Le second objectif était d’examiner le rôle modérateur du temps passé par les parents avec l’enfant. Contrairement à nos prédictions, les résultats ne démontrent aucune association significative entre le RSQ maternel et la SSP mère-enfant. Toutefois, les pères avec qui l’enfant a développé un attachement sécurisé se distinguaient par un score de sécurité significativement supérieur au RSQ. Ensuite, le temps père-enfant n’était pas associé à l’attachement père-enfant, mais l’était avec l’attachement mère-enfant. Concernant cette association, le temps total passé par le père avec l’enfant était négativement associé à la résistance au contact mère-enfant, positivement associé au type Sécurisé et négativement associé au type Résistant. Enfin, la quantité de temps que les deux conjoints passent ensemble avec l’enfant était positivement associée au type Sécurisé et négativement associée au type Désorganisé lors de la SSP mère-enfant. Au terme de cette étude, nous croyons que le RSQ évalue des dimensions différentes de celles habituellement associées avec la SSP, ce qui en fait un choix moins recommandé pour examiner l’association entre l’attachement du parent et de l’enfant. La quantité de temps passé par le père avec l’enfant ne semble pas déterminante dans le développement de l’attachement père-enfant. Toutefois, nos données suggèrent des bénéfices directs et indirects associés au temps passé par le père avec la dyade mère-enfant sur le lien d’attachement mère-enfant. / Since a few decades, researchers have acknowledged the evidence of a complementarity between the roles of the father and the mother in the development of infant attachment. While the mother plays a main role in caregiving, the father tends to promote exploratory behavior, respect of rules and frequently act has a playmate. Numerous studies have shown an association between caregiver’s attachment and infant’s attachment with a stronger effect for mothers, which is widely discussed in terms of intergenerational attachment transmission. Nowadays, between the two parents, there is a less hermetic division of tasks associated with caregiving and there is a growing agreement that the father can be perceived as a secure figure. We studied a normative sample of 182 heterosexual biparental families living in the Montreal area. The first objective was to examine the association between parent’s attachment assessed with the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ) and infant-parent attachment measured with the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). Our second objective was to look at the role of time spent by the parent with his child as a moderator of the above-mentioned association. Unlike our predictions, no significative association was found between the maternal RSQ and the infant-mother SSP. Nevertheless, fathers with whom a secured attachment is developed distinguish themselves by a significantly higher security score on the RSQ. Furthermore, while the time spent by the father with the infant hasn’t been linked with father-infant attachment, it was, however, associated with mother-infant attachment. Concerning this association, the time spent by the father with his child was negatively associated with resistance during the mother-infant SSP, positively associated with Secure type and negatively associated with Resistant type. Finally, the time the parents spent together with the child was positively associated with the Secure type and negatively associated with Disorganize attachment. At this study’s conclusion, we believe the RSQ might assess dimensions other than the ones usually associated with the SSP, which would make this instrument less recommended in future research on attachment transmission. The time the father spends with his child doesn’t seem to influence his attachment. However, our results suggest the time spend by the father with the mother-infant dyad might have direct and indirect benefices on the mother-infant attachment.

The quality of the processes involved in language regeneration strategy formation is critical to the creation of an effective language regeneration strategy and this, in turn, is critical to the achievement of successful language regeneration outcomes. The overall aim of this research project was to evaluate, using a range of effectiveness criteria, the processes involved in the creation of a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration strategy in the hope that others involved in similar projects in the future would benefit and in the hope that the Whakamārama whānau will themselves derive benefit from it in reviewing what has already been achieved. In Chapter 1, the background to the research project and its rationale are outlined and the research questions and research methods are introduced. Chapter 2 provides a critical review of selected literature in the area of strategic planning aspects of language regeneration and relevant aspects of mātauranga Māori. Using an ethnographic approach, the processes and immediate outcomes (in terms of a survey report and a regeneration plan for Whakamārama marae) of the language regeneration project are outlined in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, effectiveness criteria are derived on the basis of the literature review in Chapter 2. These include criteria relating to leadership, participation, Kaupapa Māori values, environmental analysis and outcomes. The criteria are then applied to the analysis and evaluation of the processes and outcomes outlined in Chapter 3 in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The overall conclusion is that Whakamārama's language regeneration activities to date can be regarded as successful in many ways, including the fact that they have resulted in the production of high quality documentation that is widely appreciated by the whānau in the form of a maraebased language survey and a marae-based te reo Māori regeneration plan. Working voluntarily and often under difficult circumstances, core group members demonstrated that they possessed the essential characteristics of commitment, motivation and determination, in addition to the willingness and ability to use existing skills and knowledge effectively and to develop further skills and knowledge as the project proceeded. Perhaps most important, they developed a caring and effective working culture. However, the weaknesses of the project included a lack of preparation and planning prior to the commencement of the project which resulted in a build up of work at a number of stages. This, in turn, lead to delays in producing outcomes and some loss of momentum. It also led, indirectly, to the views of two or three members of the core group being overrepresented in the reo plan goals. The information and analysis provided here have relevance to any language community involved in micro-level language regeneration activities of a similar type. It is hoped therefore that this thesis may help others to not only avoid the problems experienced by the Whakamārama whānau but also to benefit from their successes.

This study investigates the impact of Family Language Policy (FLP) on the conservation of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Family language policy is a newly emerging sub field of language planning and policy which focuses on the explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home among family members. The study is therefore predicated on the view that the conservation of any minority language largely depends on intergenerational transmission of the particular language. Intergenerational transmission is dependent in part, on the language practices in the home and therefore on family language policy. To understand the nature, practice and negotiation of family language policy in the context of minority language conservation, the study focuses on the perspectives of a sample of 34 L1 Kalanga parents and 28 L1 Tonga parents, who form the main target population. In this study, parents are considered to be the ‘authorities’ within the family, who have the capacity to articulate and influence language use and language practices. Also included in this study are the perspectives of language and culture associations representing minority languages regarding their role in the conservation of minority languages at the micro community level. Representatives of Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA), Tonga Language and Culture Committee (TOLACCO) as well Zimbabwe Indigenous Languages Promotion Association (ZILPA) were targeted. This research takes on a qualitative approach. Methodologically, the study deployed the interview as the main data collection tool. Semi structured interviews were conducted with L1 Kalanga and L1 Tonga parents while unstructured interviews were conducted with the representatives of language and culture associations. This study deploys the language management theory and the reversing language shift theory as the analytical lenses that enable the study to understand the mechanics of family language policy and their impact on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Language management theory allows for the extendibility of the tenets of language policy into the family domain and specifically affords the study to explore the dialectics of parental language ideologies and family language practices in the context of minority language conservation in Zimbabwe. The reversing language shift theory also emphasises the importance of the home domain in facilitating intergenerational transmission of minority languages. Findings of the study demonstrate that family language policy is an important aspect in intergenerational transmission of minority languages, itself a nuanced and muddled process. The research demonstrates that there is a correlation between parental language ideologies and parental disposition to articulate and persue a particular kind of family language policy. In particular, the study identified a pro-minority home language and pro- bilingual family language policies as the major parental language ideologies driving family language policies. However, the research reveals that parental language ideologies and parental explicitly articulated family language polices alone do not guarantee intergenerational transmission of minority languages, although they are very pertinent. This, as the study argues, is because family language policy is not immune to external language practices such as the school language policy or the wider language policy at the macro state level. Despite parents being the main articulators of family language policy, the study found out that in some instances, parental ideologies do not usually coincide with children’s practices. The mismatch between parental preferences and their children’s language practices at home are a reproduction, in the home, of extra familial language practices. This impacts family language practices by informing the child resistant agency to parental family language policy, leading to a renegotiation of family language policy. The research also demonstrates that parents, especially those with high impact beliefs are disposed to take active steps, or to employ language management strategies to realise their desired language practices in the home. The study demonstrates that these parental strategies may succeed in part, particularly when complemented by an enabling sociolinguistic environment beyond the home. The articulation of a pro-Tonga only family language policy was reproduced in the children’s language practices, while the preference for a pro- bilingual family language policy by the majority L1 Kalanga parents was snubbed for a predominantly Ndebele-only practice by their children. In most cases, the research found out that language use in formal domains impacted on the success of FLP. Tonga is widely taught in Schools within Binga districts while Kalanga is not as widespread in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. Ndebele is the most widespread language in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. As such; children of L1 Kalanga parents tend to evaluate Kalanga negatively while having positive associations with Ndebele. All these language practices are deemed to impact on family language policy and therefore on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. The desire by parents for the upward mobility of children results in them capitulating to the wider socio political reality and therefore to the demands of their children in terms of language use in the home. The study therefore concludes that family language policy is an important frontier in the fight against language shift and language endangerment, given the importance of the home in intergenerational transmission of minority languages. The study therefore implores future research to focus on this very important but largely unresearched sub field of language policy. The study observes that most researches have focused on the activities of larger state institutions and organisations and how they impact on minority language conservation, to the detriment of the uncontestable fact that the survival of any language depends on the active use of the language by the speakers. The research also recommends that future practice of language policy should not attempt to promote minority languages by discouraging the use of other majority languages, but rather, speakers should embrace bilingualism as a benefit and a resource and not as a liability. The interaction between the top down state language policy and the bottom up micro family language policy should be acknowledged and exploited, in such a way that the two can be deployed as complementary approaches in minority language conservation. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)