Resumo: Considerando a importância da compreensão da dinâmica espaço temporal dos componentes do balanço de energia (BE) em escala regional para o gerenciamento de recursos hídrico e o manejo agrícola, o objetivo principal desta tese foi construir e analisar uma série temporal dos componentes do BE adequada às condições de clima subtropical úmido do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, inicialmente foi avaliada a adequação de modelos de estimativa de BE para o Estado. Nesta etapa foram utilizados produtos MODIS e dados de referência medidos em uma torre micrometeorológica instalada em Cruz Alta – RS, usando valores instantâneos para um período de estudo de 2009 a 2011. Na sequência foi avaliada a adequação dos modelos em representar a variabilidade espacial dos componentes do BE. Nesta etapa foram usados produtos MODIS, dados de reanálise ERA Interim, dados de referência da torre micrometeorológica e dados de estações meteorológicas do INMET, para o mesmo período de estudo. Na última etapa do trabalho foi construída a série temporal dos componentes do BE usando o modelo METRIC, a qual abrangeu um período de 14 anos, de 2002 a 2016. Os resultados demonstraram que os três modelos analisados apresentam coerência com as medidas de referência, sendo as maiores limitações apresentadas pelo modelo SEBAL, as quais se atribui principalmente às condições ecoclimáticas do Estado e a baixa resolução espacial das imagens. Na análise da variabilidade espacial, o modelo METRIC apresentou maior consistência nos resultados e proporcionou maior número de dias com resultados válidos, sendo assim apontado como o mais apto para realização do restante do estudo. A série temporal construída possibilitou a compreensão dos padrões de distribuição espaço temporal dos componentes do BE no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Há uma marcada sazonalidade nos componentes do BE, com maiores valores no verão e menores no inverno. G (fluxo de calor no solo) é o componente de menor magnitude e sua distribuição espacial e temporal é determinada pela distribuição de Rn (saldo de radiação). Já os componentes LE (fluxo de calor latente) e H (fluxo de calor sensível), são os que mostram magnitude maior e apresentam padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal coerentes com as condições climáticas e com os tipos de uso e cobertura na área de estudo. Observase um padrão inverso, com um gradiente de LE no sentido noroeste para sudeste e para o componente H, no sentido sudeste para noroeste. Sendo estas informações de grande importância para gerenciamento de recursos hídricos em escala regional, para estudos de zoneamento agrícola. / Abstract: Given the importance of understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of of the energy balance (EB) components in a regional scale for the management of water resources and agricultural, the main objective of this thesis was to construct and analyze a time series of the components of BE appropriate to the subtropical humid climate conditions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to reach the objective initially, the adequacy of the models for the humid climate conditions was evaluated, in this step we used MODIS data and reference data measured in a micrometeorological tower installed in Cruz Alta - RS. The analyzes performed with instantaneous values and the study period was from 2009 to 2011. The next step evaluate the spatial variability of the BE components, the data used were the MODIS products, ERA Interim reanalysis data, reference data of the micrometeorological tower and INMET meteorological stations, for the same study period. In the last stage the time series of the BE components was constructed from the METRIC model. The period series was 14 years from 2002 to 2016.The results showed that the three models analyzed were consistent with the reference measurements, with the greatest limitations presented by the SEBAL model, which are mainly attributed to the state's eco-climatic conditions and the low spatial resolution of the images In the analysis of the spatial variability, the METRIC model presented greater consistency in the results and provided greater number of days with valid results, this model thus indicated as the most suitable for the rest of the study. The time series constructed allowed us to understand the temporal distribution patterns of BE components in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. There is a marked seasonality in the BE components, with higher values in summer and lower in winter. G is the smallest magnitude component and its spatial and temporal distribution is determined by the Rn distribution. On the other hand, the LE and H components are those that show higher magnitude and present spatial and temporal distribution patterns consistent with the climatic conditions and the types of use and coverage in the study area. An inverse pattern is observed, with a LE gradient from north-west to south-east and for H-component, from southeast to northwest.

Quando um país se torna auto-suficiente em uma parte do ciclo nuclear, quanto à produção de combustível que será usado em suas centrais nucleares para a geração de energia, precisa voltar sua atenção para a melhor forma de armazenar este combustível após a sua utilização. A armazenagem do combustível nuclear queimado é uma prática necessária e utilizada nos dias atuais em todo o mundo como temporária, tanto por países que não têm definido o plano de destinação final, isto é, o repositório definitivo, como também por aqueles que já o possuem. Existem dois aspectos principais que envolvem os combustíveis queimados: um referente à armazenagem do combustível nuclear queimado destinado ao reprocessamento e o outro ao que será enviado para deposição final quando o sítio de deposição definitiva estiver definido, corretamente localizado, adequadamente caracterizado quanto aos diversos aspectos técnicos, e licenciado. Este último aspecto pode envolver décadas de estudos por causa das definições técnicas e normativas em um dado país. No Brasil, o interesse está voltado para a armazenagem dos combustíveis queimados que não serão reprocessados. Este trabalho analisa os tipos possíveis de armazenagem, o panorama internacional e a possível proposta para a futura construção de um sítio de armazenagem temporária no país. / When a country becomes self-sufficient in part of the nuclear cycle, as production of fuel that will be used in nuclear power plants for energy generation, it is necessary to pay attention for the best method of storing the spent fuel. Temporary storage of spent nuclear fuel is a necessary practice and is applied nowadays all over the world, so much in countries that have not been defined their plan for a definitive repository, as well for those that already put in practice such storage form. There are two main aspects that involve the spent fuels: one regarding the spent nuclear fuel storage intended to reprocessing and the other in which the spent fuel will be sent for final deposition when the definitive place is defined, correctly located, appropriately characterized as to several technical aspects, and licentiate. This last aspect can involve decades of studies because of the technical and normative definitions at a given country. In Brazil, the interest is linked with the storage of spent fuels that won't be reprocessed. This work analyses possible types of storage, the international panorama and a proposal for future construction of a spent nuclear fuel temporary storage place in the country.

Research on variables that are related to student academic proficiency has intensified due to the increased emphasis on high achievement for all students. The purpose of this correlational study was to explore the relative strength of the relationship between the school's learning environment and student achievement, and a literacy benchmark assessment and student achievement. Schools in the state of Utah that administered the Indicators of School Quality (ISQ) survey during the 2010-2011 school year and the Dynamic Indicators of Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) assessments during the same school year were included in the study. The study examined a combination of measures to determine the extent to which an assessment of literacy skills and stakeholder reports regarding the school's learning environment predicted student learning. Results from the ISQ descriptive study showed that students' perceptions of the school climate were more favorable in all domains (parent support, teacher excellence, student commitment, school leadership, instructional quality, resource management domain, and school safety) than the perceptions of parents and teachers. ISQ scores were correlated with the DIBELS results to determine the predictive power of the ISQ and the DIBELS for the Utah Criterion-referenced Test (CRT), the end-of-level, summative assessment used to determine progress toward Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). The relationship between literacy skills and academic achievement was statistically significant at the p > .05 level. However, the strongest relationship was between the conditions for learning, a component of the school's learning environment, and academic achievement. This relationship was statistically significant and robust, remaining strong even when the influence of social and economic risk and literacy skills were statistically controlled. These findings suggest the importance of considering the school's learning environment, and possibly other factors, in the instruction and school improvement process.

Det är idag vanligt att företag löser sina tvister genom skiljeförfarande. De har här större möjlighet att kontrollera förfarandet och få ett snabbare avgörande än i en domstolsprocess. Förfarandet är dessutom konfidentiellt. Skiljeförfaranden sker ofta mellan parter från olika länder och det är vanligt att parter väljer forum i Sverige i internationella skiljeförfaranden. I vissa situationer kan en part befara att den framtida skiljedomen blir verkningslös på grund av att en motpart kommer att agera på ett sätt som tillfogar parten skada eller försvårar verkställigheten av domen. En part kan därför vara i behov av en säkerhetsåtgärd både före, under eller efter förfarandet. Enligt LSF, den svenska lagen om skiljeförfarande, kan en part antingen vända sig till skiljenämnd eller till domstol med en ansökan om en säkerhetsåtgärd. Dock är det enbart domstols beslut som kan verkställas exekutivt. Skiljemännens beslut om en säkerhetsåtgärd blir däremot en ”osanktionerad uppmaning” till en part att företa åtgärden. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda om LSF bör tillåta att skiljenämnds beslut om säkerhetsåtgärder ska kunna verkställas. I uppsatsen presenteras därför hur en part kan ansöka om en säkerhetsåtgärd enligt svensk rätt, om Sveriges position överensstämmer med den internationella synen och utvecklingen på skiljemannarättens område och om Sverige bör anta kapitel IV A i UNCITRAL:s modellag. Uppsatsen diskuterar också olika överväganden som bör göras i lagstiftningsarbetet och om LSF bör ändras. För att besvara syftet har den svenska inställningen till säkerhetsåtgärder i skiljeförfaranden utretts. Olika alternativ att reglera förhållandet mellan domstol och skiljenämnd gällande beslutsrätt om verkställbara säkerhetsåtgärder diskuteras också. Eftersom internationella förhållanden påverkar även den svenska lagstiftningen presenteras och kommenteras relevanta bestämmelser i modellagen. Även lagstiftning från England, Hong Kong, Schweiz och Tyskland har använts för att belysa hur vissa utländska rättsordningar behandlar säkerhetsåtgärder i skiljeförfaranden. Resultatet av utredningen visar att en part i ett skiljeförfarande i Sverige inte kan begära verkställbara säkerhetsåtgärder från en skiljenämnd. Den internationella synen och utvecklingen pekar dock i riktning mot att skiljenämnden bör ha denna möjlighet. LSF bör därför enligt denna författares åsikt ändras och tillåta verkställighet av skiljenämndens beslut om säkerhetsåtgärder. Alla modellagens bestämmelser gällande säkerhetsåtgärder bör dock inte införas i svensk lagstiftning. Att Sverige tar intryck av både modellagen och utländska rättsordningar har ansetts vara mest gynnsamt för LSF.

<p>Det är idag vanligt att företag löser sina tvister genom skiljeförfarande. De har här större möjlighet att kontrollera förfarandet och få ett snabbare avgörande än i en domstolsprocess. Förfarandet är dessutom konfidentiellt. Skiljeförfaranden sker ofta mellan parter från olika länder och det är vanligt att parter väljer forum i Sverige i internationella skiljeförfaranden.</p><p>I vissa situationer kan en part befara att den framtida skiljedomen blir verkningslös på grund av att en motpart kommer att agera på ett sätt som tillfogar parten skada eller försvårar verkställigheten av domen. En part kan därför vara i behov av en säkerhetsåtgärd både före, under eller efter förfarandet. Enligt LSF, den svenska lagen om skiljeförfarande, kan en part antingen vända sig till skiljenämnd eller till domstol med en ansökan om en säkerhetsåtgärd. Dock är det enbart domstols beslut som kan verkställas exekutivt. Skiljemännens beslut om en säkerhetsåtgärd blir däremot en ”osanktionerad uppmaning” till en part att företa åtgärden.</p><p>Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda om LSF bör tillåta att skiljenämnds beslut om säkerhetsåtgärder ska kunna verkställas. I uppsatsen presenteras därför hur en part kan ansöka om en säkerhetsåtgärd enligt svensk rätt, om Sveriges position överensstämmer med den internationella synen och utvecklingen på skiljemannarättens område och om Sverige bör anta kapitel IV A i UNCITRAL:s modellag. Uppsatsen diskuterar också olika överväganden som bör göras i lagstiftningsarbetet och om LSF bör ändras.</p><p>För att besvara syftet har den svenska inställningen till säkerhetsåtgärder i skiljeförfaranden utretts. Olika alternativ att reglera förhållandet mellan domstol och skiljenämnd gällande beslutsrätt om verkställbara säkerhetsåtgärder diskuteras också. Eftersom internationella förhållanden påverkar även den svenska lagstiftningen presenteras och kommenteras relevanta bestämmelser i modellagen. Även lagstiftning från England, Hong Kong, Schweiz och Tyskland har använts för att belysa hur vissa utländska rättsordningar behandlar säkerhetsåtgärder i skiljeförfaranden.</p><p>Resultatet av utredningen visar att en part i ett skiljeförfarande i Sverige inte kan begära verkställbara säkerhetsåtgärder från en skiljenämnd. Den internationella synen och utvecklingen pekar dock i riktning mot att skiljenämnden bör ha denna möjlighet. LSF bör därför enligt denna författares åsikt ändras och tillåta verkställighet av skiljenämndens beslut om säkerhetsåtgärder. Alla modellagens bestämmelser gällande säkerhetsåtgärder bör dock inte införas i svensk lagstiftning. Att Sverige tar intryck av både modellagen och utländska rättsordningar har ansetts vara mest gynnsamt för LSF.</p>

Clear-sky top-of-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes are important in estimating the impact of clouds on our climate. In this study, we quantitatively compare the clear-sky fluxes measurements of the Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument to clear-sky fluxes from two reanalysis, NASA's Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Application (MERRA), and the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast Interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim). In the first comparison, we compare observed fluxes from individual cloud-free field-of- views to the reanalyses. In the second comparison, we compare monthly averaged observed clear-sky fluxes to those from the reanalyses. Monthly clear-sky fluxes are calculated by averaging fluxes from cloud-free regions. In both comparisons, the fluxes generally agree within +/- 10 W/m^2. Finally, we show that, while the differences between the fluxes of observations and the reanalyses are several W/m2, the inter-annual anomalies agree much better, with zonal and global average inter-annual anomalies typically agreeing within 1 W/m^2. The longwave clear-sky anomalies show excellent agreement even when comparing individual grid points, whereas the shortwave clear-sky anomalies are generally smaller at individual grid points.

The purpose of this study was, amongst others, to determine the guidance needs of the standard ten pupils in the Potchefstroom area and to determine whether the interim core syllabus introduced in schools in 1995, provided in the guidance needs of the secondary school pupils. These aims were achieved by firstly conducting a literature study on the historical development of school guidance in the United States of America, Japan, Britain and in South Africa. The practice and status of guidance in South Africa were also discussed. Secondly, a questionnaire based on the interim core syllabus was devised and given to a sample of Standard ten pupils from the Potchefstroom area for completion. The literature study indicated that school guidance programmes introduced to the various education departments were not the same and did not adequately deal with the diversity of issues they needed to address nor had they kept abreast of current changes and developments relevant to the South African context. The empirical investigation indicated that the guidance needs of different population groups differed. The study also revealed that black pupils faced unique problems that could be ascribed to the education system's failure to provide enough guidance support for schools. White pupils were satisfied with the syllabus, while the Black, Coloured and Indian pupils did not agree with certain aspects of the interim core syllabus. The conclusions derived from both the theoretical and practical parts, that is, the literature study and the empirical investigations, provided the guidelines for educators to design a well-structured guidance programme that would be relevant to the needs and experience of all learners. This study recommends that further research should be undertaken in other provinces especially where there are reasonable numbers of Indians and Coloured pupils. Additionally, the study recommends an effective guidance programme that should have clear, well-articulated goals that are achievable, measurable and be tailored to suit the pupils' needs. / Thesis (MEd (Voorligting))--PU vir CHO, 1997

The purpose of this study was, amongst others, to determine the guidance needs of the standard ten pupils in the Potchefstroom area and to determine whether the interim core syllabus introduced in schools in 1995, provided in the guidance needs of the secondary school pupils. These aims were achieved by firstly conducting a literature study on the historical development of school guidance in the United States of America, Japan, Britain and in South Africa. The practice and status of guidance in South Africa were also discussed. Secondly, a questionnaire based on the interim core syllabus was devised and given to a sample of Standard ten pupils from the Potchefstroom area for completion. The literature study indicated that school guidance programmes introduced to the various education departments were not the same and did not adequately deal with the diversity of issues they needed to address nor had they kept abreast of current changes and developments relevant to the South African context. The empirical investigation indicated that the guidance needs of different population groups differed. The study also revealed that black pupils faced unique problems that could be ascribed to the education system's failure to provide enough guidance support for schools. White pupils were satisfied with the syllabus, while the Black, Coloured and Indian pupils did not agree with certain aspects of the interim core syllabus. The conclusions derived from both the theoretical and practical parts, that is, the literature study and the empirical investigations, provided the guidelines for educators to design a well-structured guidance programme that would be relevant to the needs and experience of all learners. This study recommends that further research should be undertaken in other provinces especially where there are reasonable numbers of Indians and Coloured pupils. Additionally, the study recommends an effective guidance programme that should have clear, well-articulated goals that are achievable, measurable and be tailored to suit the pupils' needs. / Thesis (MEd (Voorligting))--PU vir CHO, 1997

This paper puts forward a new approach to the revitalization of vacant and neglected buildings and spaces by introducing the use of temporary pop-up environments. The initial research establishes groundwork for pop-up environments and temporary use, while pointing to their potential. Records from specialists, Florian Haydn, Robert Temel, and Philipp Oswalt, exhibit various types of temporary uses and interim strategies. Strategies are displayed in their selection of sites and operation. These strategic approaches will support transitioning space and present interim projects, which have the prospect of utilizing space as a secondary means, while a more primary use of space is in development. The case studies will demonstrate the temporary use strategies and social factors, which may establish new meaning to facilitate change. By presenting possibilities of repurposing through temporary and interim uses, there is the opportunity for renewal and averting the dependence on massive (re)development, sustaining a city’s heritage.

Wind farm assessment is a costly and time consuming process when it is planned by traditional methods such as a met mast. Therefore, new models have been established and used for the wind farm assessment to ease the process of wind farm planning. These models are Global-regional models which add to cost efficiency and time saving. There are several types of these models in the market that have different accuracy. This thesis discusses and uses in simulations Global – regional model data outputs from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Weather Research Forecast WRF and ECMWF, which is currently producing ERA-Interim, global reanalysis of the data-rich period since 1989 .The goal of the master's thesis is to see whether it is useful and efficient to use Global – regional weather model data such as the Era Interim Global Reanalysis Model data for wind assessment by comparing it with the real data series (met mast) located in Maglarp, in the south of Sweden.The comparison shows that in that specific area (hindcast) at Maglarp, in the south of Sweden, very promising results for planning a wind farm for a 100m, 120m and 38m heights.