The direct chill (DC) casting technique to produce billets for extrusion and ingots for rollingwas developed in the 1930s. The principle, which is still valid, is a two-stage cooling with a primary cooling at a mould surface followed by water spraying directly on the surface. Improvements of this technique have mainly focused on changes to the primary cooling, where a water-cooled metal mould has been replaced by different techniques to minimize cooling at this stage. The drive for development comes from the extrusion industry, which can increase the productivity and quality of extruded profiles by improving the billet surface appearance and structure. Hot top casting supported by airflow against the casting surface during the primary cooling is currently the standard procedure to achieve acceptable billet surfaces. The goal is to minimize the depth of the surface segregation zone, which is the governing factor for the appearance of different phases in the surface region. Billet surface quality is evaluated by quantifying surface appearance, segregation zone thickness, and  occurrence of large Mg2Si and β-particles near the surface. The β-Al5FeSi intermetallic phase and coarse Mg2Si particles have negative effects on extrudability and workability of 6xxx Al alloys billets. To achieve extruded products with a high surface quality the as-cast billets are  heat-treated before extrusion. During heat treatment the undesired intermetallic particles, i.e., β-AlFeSi platelets are transformed to rounded α-Al(FeMn)Si intermetallic phases. In this  research the formation of the surface segregation for smooth defect-free surfaces in both as-cast and homogenized billets was studied. In addition, the surfaces with defects such as wavy, spot and vertical drag defects were investigated and possible mechanisms for initiation of those defects were explained. Moreover, for a better understanding of the homogenization process in-situ studies of the heat treatment of 6082, 6005, 6060 and 6063 Al alloys were carried out by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Based on the observations, an explanation of the probable mechanisms taking place during transformation from β-to α-phase was presented. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 manuskript, delarbete 6 inskickat och delarbete 7 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 manuscript, paper 6 submitted, paper 7 submitted.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scachetti_tp_me_bauru.pdf: 1191066 bytes, checksum: 5b80315fb832aa7768b76bd2966dd871 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fases intermetálicas ordenadas de platina e de alguns metais de transição, Pt-M (M = Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb e Sn), são propostas como materiais eletrocatalisadores para serem utilizadas em células a combustível de oxidação direta de etanol pela possibilidade de unir, nestes materiais, a excelente capacidade de adsorção dos combustíveis orgânicos pelos sítios de platina e a menor susceptibilidade de bloqueio dos sítios dos metais de transição por intermediários e produtos de reação. O procedimento experimental usado na obtenção das fases intermetálicas ordenadas foi a fusão dos metais puros em um forno a arco voltaico, sob atmosfera de argônio, pesados em proporção estequiométrica 1:1, com posterior re-fusão dos materiais em um forno de indução térmica e tratamento térmico por 24h na temperatura de estabilização da fase. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Energia Dispersiva de Fluorescência de Raios-X (MEV-EDX) e Espectroscopia Fotoeletrônica de Raios-X (XPS), cujos resultados indicaram que a metodologia utilizada levou a obtenção de materiais com excelentes características de compactação e homogeneidade, não apresentando segregação de fases e variação desprezível de composição. A avaliação da atividade eletrocatalítica destes materiais para a reação do etanol foi realizada empregando... / Ordered intermetallic platinum phases with several transition metals, Pt-M (M = Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb e Sn), have been proposed as electrocatalytic materials to be used in direct ethanol fuel cells, as they combine an excellent capacity to adsorb organic fuels at the platinum sites with the low susceptibility to being poisoned by intermediates and reaction products at the transition-metal sites. The experimental procedure used to obtain the ordered intermetallic phases was the melting of the pure metals weighed in 1:1 molar stoichiometric proportion in an electric-arc furnace, under an argon atmosphere, afterwards the materials were re-melted in a thermal induction furnace and annealed for 24h at the temperature at which the desired phase is stable. The phases thus produced were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with surface analysis by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and these results showed that the methodology used was succeeded in obtaining ordered intermetallic platinum phases with a high level of homogeneity, no detectable phase segregation and no significant composition variation. The evaluation of the electrocatalytic activity of these materials for the ethanol oxidation reaction was performed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_brl_me_bauru.pdf: 1866198 bytes, checksum: 6cb837c9d2ac03ec4728070b23227b74 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Atualmente, as mudanças climáticas e a questão energética tem sido tema de grande interesse e discussões mundiais. Assim, um número crescente de novas tecnologias verdes tem sido propostas para transformar o modo como a energia é produzida, distribuída e consumida. Neste contexto, as células a combustível surgem como sistemas alternativos para a geração de energia elétrica. Porém, alguns desafios ainda precisam ser vencidos para sua utilização. Um dos principais desafios refere-se ao desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores que favoreçam a oxidação direta do combustível a 'CO IND. 2' e que sejam menos susceptíveis ao envenenamento por intermediários/produtos provenientes desta reação. Neste contexto, as fases intermetálicas ordenadas tem sido propostas como promissores materiais para aplicações em eletrocatálise, pois apresentam estabilidade físico-química, excelente capacidade de adsorção de combustíveis orgânicos e menor susceptibilidade ao bloqueio por intermediários e produtos de reação. O presente trabalho propõe o uso das fases intermetálicas ordenadas PtSn e AuSn como materiais eletrocatalisadores para a reação de oxidação do glicerol, em meio ácido e alcalino. As fases intermetálicas ordenadas foram sintetizadas a partir da fusão dos metais puros em um forno a arco voltaico, sob atmosfera de argônio, e posteriormente refundidos em um forno de indução térmica. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados fisicamente pelas técncas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (MEV-EDX), cujos resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada levou a obtenção dos materiais desejados. A avaliação da atividade eletrocatalítica das fases intermetálicas PtSn e AuSn frente a reação de oxidação do glicerol em eletrólito de 'H IND... / Currently, the climatic changes and the energy question have been subject of great interest and world-wide discussions. Thus, an increasing number of new green technologies has been proposed to transform the way as the energy is produced, distributed and consumed. In this context, the fuel cells appear as alternative systems for electric energy generation. One of the main challenges is in the eletrocatalysts development that favor the direct oxidation of 'CO IND. 2' fuel and that products proceeding from this reaction are less likely to the poisoning for intermediate products from this reaction. In this context, the ordered intermetallic phases have been proposed as promising materials for applications in electrocatalysis, therefore they present physicochemical stability, excellent organic fuels adsorption capacity and minor susceptibility to intermediate blocking and reaction products. In this direction, the present work considers the use of PtSn and AuSn ordered intermetallic phases as electrocatalysts material for glycerol oxidation reaction, in acid and alkaline medium. The ordered intermetallic phases have been synthecized from pure metals fusing in an electric-arc furnace, under argon atmosphere, and later melted in an induction furnace. The gotten materials have been physically characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (DRX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with surface analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (MEV-EDX) techniques, which results have shown that the used methodology led to obtaining the desired materials. The electrocatalytic activity evaluation of the PtSn and AuSn intermetallic phases facing the reaction of glycerol oxidation in electrolyte 0,15 'H IND. 2''SO IND. 4' mol 'L POT. -1' and 0,15 NaOH mol 'L POT. -1' and 0,15 NaOh mol 'L POT. -1', was made using the cyclic voltammetry and cronoamperometry techniques. Through these assays, a catalytic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_lmc_me_bauru.pdf: 3368770 bytes, checksum: 3eea6b86b88292db626794855037e7c0 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A utilização das fases intermetálicas ordenadas como eletrocatalisadores em células a combustível já pode ser considerada como uma solução iminente para os problemas que envolvem a eficiência e as questões econoômicas. Para assegurar que as propriedades geométricas e eletrônicas destes materiais sejam realmente as almejadas para atender a todas as exigências na eletrocatálise das reações de oxidação das moléculas é necessário um estudo aprofundado de caracterização das fases intermetálicas, comumente realizado por criteriosas técnicas experimentais. Entretanto, experimentalmente, a caracterização destes materiais não fornece informações precisas que permitam correlacionar as propriedades dos materiais com o seu desempenho frente a uma dada reação eletrostática. Desta forma, uma estratégia metodológica para se obter um conhecimento mais adequado no estudo das fases intermetálicas é a utilização de métodos computacionais, baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). A metodologia empregada neste trabalho aborda uma sistemática para a otimização das propriedades geométricas através da minimização da energia total do sistema, bem como uma avaliação da estrutura eletrônica para estes materiais por meio de projeções sobre os orbitais atômicos na densidade de estados e de mapas de densidade de carga. O processo de otimização é feito por cálculos de campo auto-consistente sucessivos que variam o parâmetro de rede até encontrar uma estrutura que possua energia mínima, este processo pode ser realizado de duas formas, manual e automaticamente pelo código computacional, os resultados obtidos mostram que ambas as formas possuem a mesma precisão, levando a valores quase idênticos e que permitem reproduzir bem os cristais para os materiais estudados. A análise comparativa entre os dados cristalográficos da literatura e os resultados... / The use of ordered intermetallic phases as electrocatalysts in fuel cells can now be regarded as an imminent solution for the problems concerning the efficiency of the device and for economic issue. To ensure that the geometric and electronic properties of these materials are actually suitable for the requirements in the electrocatalysis of melecules oxidation reactions need a meticulous characterization of the intermetallic phases, in general done by standard experimental techniques. However, the characterization of these materials performed solely experimentally does not provide accurate information to enable correlation of the properties of the materials with their performance against a given electrocatalytic reaction. Thus, a methodological strategy for obtaining a better knowledge in the study of ordered intermetallic phases is the use of computational methods, based on the Density Functional Theory. The methodology used in in thius research presents a sytematic optimization of the geometric properties by minimizing the total energy of the system and an evaluation of the electronic structure for these materials by means of the density of states projected onto atomic orbital and charge density maps. The optimization process is done by successively self-consistent field calculations that very the lattice parameter to find a structure that has a minimum energy, this process can be accomplished in two ways, manually and automatically by the computer code, the results show that both forms have the same precision, leading to almost identical identical values and allow to reproduce well the crystals of the studied materials. A comparative analysis of the crystallographic data from the literature and the results presented here show very small errors (in the order of 2-3% for most of the materials), which can be attributed exclusively to the various mathematical approaches applied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Dias Ângelo / Banca: Hamilton Brandão Varela de Albuquerque / Banca: Aguinaldo Robinson de Souza / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Fases intermetálicas ordenadas de platina e de alguns metais de transição, Pt-M (M = Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb e Sn), são propostas como materiais eletrocatalisadores para serem utilizadas em células a combustível de oxidação direta de etanol pela possibilidade de unir, nestes materiais, a excelente capacidade de adsorção dos combustíveis orgânicos pelos sítios de platina e a menor susceptibilidade de bloqueio dos sítios dos metais de transição por intermediários e produtos de reação. O procedimento experimental usado na obtenção das fases intermetálicas ordenadas foi a fusão dos metais puros em um forno a arco voltaico, sob atmosfera de argônio, pesados em proporção estequiométrica 1:1, com posterior re-fusão dos materiais em um forno de indução térmica e tratamento térmico por 24h na temperatura de estabilização da fase. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Energia Dispersiva de Fluorescência de Raios-X (MEV-EDX) e Espectroscopia Fotoeletrônica de Raios-X (XPS), cujos resultados indicaram que a metodologia utilizada levou a obtenção de materiais com excelentes características de compactação e homogeneidade, não apresentando segregação de fases e variação desprezível de composição. A avaliação da atividade eletrocatalítica destes materiais para a reação do etanol foi realizada empregando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Ordered intermetallic platinum phases with several transition metals, Pt-M (M = Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb e Sn), have been proposed as electrocatalytic materials to be used in direct ethanol fuel cells, as they combine an excellent capacity to adsorb organic fuels at the platinum sites with the low susceptibility to being poisoned by intermediates and reaction products at the transition-metal sites. The experimental procedure used to obtain the ordered intermetallic phases was the melting of the pure metals weighed in 1:1 molar stoichiometric proportion in an electric-arc furnace, under an argon atmosphere, afterwards the materials were re-melted in a thermal induction furnace and annealed for 24h at the temperature at which the desired phase is stable. The phases thus produced were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with surface analysis by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and these results showed that the methodology used was succeeded in obtaining ordered intermetallic platinum phases with a high level of homogeneity, no detectable phase segregation and no significant composition variation. The evaluation of the electrocatalytic activity of these materials for the ethanol oxidation reaction was performed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Dias Angelo / Banca: Hamilton Brandão Varela de Albuquerque / Banca: Nelson Henrique Morgon / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: A utilização das fases intermetálicas ordenadas como eletrocatalisadores em células a combustível já pode ser considerada como uma solução iminente para os problemas que envolvem a eficiência e as questões econoômicas. Para assegurar que as propriedades geométricas e eletrônicas destes materiais sejam realmente as almejadas para atender a todas as exigências na eletrocatálise das reações de oxidação das moléculas é necessário um estudo aprofundado de caracterização das fases intermetálicas, comumente realizado por criteriosas técnicas experimentais. Entretanto, experimentalmente, a caracterização destes materiais não fornece informações precisas que permitam correlacionar as propriedades dos materiais com o seu desempenho frente a uma dada reação eletrostática. Desta forma, uma estratégia metodológica para se obter um conhecimento mais adequado no estudo das fases intermetálicas é a utilização de métodos computacionais, baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). A metodologia empregada neste trabalho aborda uma sistemática para a otimização das propriedades geométricas através da minimização da energia total do sistema, bem como uma avaliação da estrutura eletrônica para estes materiais por meio de projeções sobre os orbitais atômicos na densidade de estados e de mapas de densidade de carga. O processo de otimização é feito por cálculos de campo auto-consistente sucessivos que variam o parâmetro de rede até encontrar uma estrutura que possua energia mínima, este processo pode ser realizado de duas formas, manual e automaticamente pelo código computacional, os resultados obtidos mostram que ambas as formas possuem a mesma precisão, levando a valores quase idênticos e que permitem reproduzir bem os cristais para os materiais estudados. A análise comparativa entre os dados cristalográficos da literatura e os resultados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of ordered intermetallic phases as electrocatalysts in fuel cells can now be regarded as an imminent solution for the problems concerning the efficiency of the device and for economic issue. To ensure that the geometric and electronic properties of these materials are actually suitable for the requirements in the electrocatalysis of melecules oxidation reactions need a meticulous characterization of the intermetallic phases, in general done by standard experimental techniques. However, the characterization of these materials performed solely experimentally does not provide accurate information to enable correlation of the properties of the materials with their performance against a given electrocatalytic reaction. Thus, a methodological strategy for obtaining a better knowledge in the study of ordered intermetallic phases is the use of computational methods, based on the Density Functional Theory. The methodology used in in thius research presents a sytematic optimization of the geometric properties by minimizing the total energy of the system and an evaluation of the electronic structure for these materials by means of the density of states projected onto atomic orbital and charge density maps. The optimization process is done by successively self-consistent field calculations that very the lattice parameter to find a structure that has a minimum energy, this process can be accomplished in two ways, manually and automatically by the computer code, the results show that both forms have the same precision, leading to almost identical identical values and allow to reproduce well the crystals of the studied materials. A comparative analysis of the crystallographic data from the literature and the results presented here show very small errors (in the order of 2-3% for most of the materials), which can be attributed exclusively to the various mathematical approaches applied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The introduction of gas-driven Otto engine and the corresponding usage of bio-fuels in heavy-duty engines will render the exhaust atmosphere more corrosive and bring a higher working temperature to exhaust manifolds. The current service material, a ferritic ductile cast iron called SiMo51, will soon meet its upper temperature limit set by the ferrite-austenite transformation at 860ºC. Three alternative materials, as well as SiMo51 serving as reference, are investigated in the present thesis emphasizing on high-temperature corrosion fatigue.  The first aim of this study is to obtain material data and give a quantitative ranking of the materials’ performance. Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests at 800ºC in a synthetic exhaust gas (5%O2-10%CO2-5%H2O-1ppmSO2-N2 bal.) are conducted to evaluate the materials’ performance in simulated real working scenarios, where high-temperature, corrosive atmosphere and fatigue conditions during testings are similar to the conditions experienced by the exhaust manifolds. To evaluate the individual effect from high-temperature fatigue and isolate the impact from corrosion, the materials are tested under the same settings but in an argon atmosphere. To evaluate the individual effect from high-temperature corrosion and isolate the impact from mechanical deformation, oxidation tests are carried out at 800ºC in the same synthetic exhaust gas. The second aim is to identify and understand different oxidation behavior and failure mechanisms in the materials, realized by considerable characterizations of the tested specimens. From the fatigue tests, it is found that the austenitic stainless steel HK30 has the highest fatigue resistance, followed by the austenitic cast iron Ni-resist D5S, and the ferritic ductile cast irons SiMo1000 and SiMo51, a ranking valid in both atmospheres. In the exhaust atmosphere, for instance, the improvement in fatigue strength at 15,000 cycles relative to SiMo51 are 260%, 194% and 26%, respectively. Different crack initiation and propagation mechanisms are found for the various combinations of materials and atmospheres. In the exhaust atmosphere, for instance, crack initiation is assisted by oxide intrusion in SiMo51 and crack propagation is affected by crack branching in HK30, mechanisms not observed in argon. By comparing the S-N fatigue curves in the two atmospheres, the influence of oxidation on fatigue life is evaluated. The fatigue life of the cast irons are surprisingly found to be higher in the exhaust atmosphere. Several explanations are suggested for this, considering their very different oxidation behaviors.  This study provides accurate test data that can be used to help industry avoid over-dimensioned design. The investigation of the failure mechanisms promotes better understanding of the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties. Moreover, the combination of fatigue tests in argon, fatigue tests in exhaust and oxidation tests in exhaust, shows how corrosion and fatigue individually and synergistically affect the materials’ performance at high temperature. / <p>QC 20180917</p>

Hochleistungsfähige Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind insbesondere von der hohen spezifischen Kapazität ihrer Elektrodenmaterialien abhängig. Intermetallische Phasen sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für alternative Anodenmaterialien mit verbesserten spezifischen Kapazitäten (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) gegenüber den derzeit vielfach verwendeten Kohlenstoff-Materialien (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass die kristallinen Phasenumwandlungen während der Lade-Entlade-Prozesse Volumenänderungen von 100-300% verursachen. Durch die Sprödigkeit der intermetallischen Phasen führt dies zum Zerbrechen des Elektrodenmaterials und damit zum Kontaktverlust. Um Lithiierungs- und Delithiierunsprozesse ohne kristalline Phasenumwandlungen zu realisieren und somit große Volumenänderungen zu vermeiden, wurden amorphe Al-Legierungen untersucht. In amorphe, mittels Schmelzspinnen hergestellte Legierungen (Al86Ni8La6 und Al86Ni8Y6) kann beim galvanostatischen Zyklieren nur sehr wenig Li eingelagert werden. Da kristalline Phasenumwandlungen im amorphen Zustand nicht möglich sind, wird für die Diffusion und Einlagerung von Li-Ionen ein ausreichendes freies Volumen im amorphen Atomgerüst benötigt. Die Dichtemessung der Legierungen zeigt, dass dieses freie Volumen für eine signifikante Lithiierung nicht ausreichend ist. Wird Li bereits in die amorphe Ausgangslegierung integriert, können Li-Ionen auf elektrochemischem Wege aus ihr entfernt und auch wieder eingebaut werden. Die neuartige Legierung Al43Li43Ni8Y6, die Li bereits im Ausgangszustand enthält, konnte mittels Hochenergiemahlung als amorphes Pulver hergestellt werden. Verglichen mit den Li-freien amorphen Legierungen Al86Ni8La6 bzw. Al86Ni8Y6 und ihren kristallisierten Pendants zeigt diese neu entwickelte, amorphe Legierung eine signifikant höhere Lithiierungsfähigkeit und erreicht damit eine spezifische Kapazität von ca. 800 Ah/kg bezogen auf den Al-Anteil. Durch den Abrieb des Stahlmahlbechers enthält das Pulver Al43Li43Ni8Y6 einen Fe-Anteil von ca. 15 Masse%. Dieses mit Fe verunreinigte Material zeigt besonders bei niedrigen Laderaten eine bessere Zyklenstabilität als ein im abriebfesten Siliziumnitrid-Becher gemahlenes Pulver der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Mittels Mössbauerspektroskopie wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Pulver z.T. oxidisches Fe enthält. Dieses kann über Konversionsmechanismen einen Beitrag zur spezifischen Kapazität leisten. / High-energy Li-ion batteries exceedingly depend on the high specific capacity of electrode materials. Intermetallic alloys are promising candidates to be alternative anode materials with enhanced specific capacities (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) in contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, dominated by carbon materials (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Disadvantageously the phase transitions during the charge-discharge processes, induced by the lithiation process, cause volume changes of 100-300 %. Due to the brittleness of intermetallic phases, the fracturing of the electrode material leads to the loss of the electrical contact. In order to overcome the huge volume changes amorphous Al-based alloys were investigated with the intension to realize the lithiation process without a phase transformation. Amorphous powders (Al86Ni8La6 and Al86Ni8Y6) produced via melt spinning and subsequent ball milling only show a minor lithiation during the electrochemical cycling process. This is mainly caused by the insufficient free volume, which is necessary to transfer and store Li-ions, since phase transitions are impossible in the amorphous state. If Li is already integrated into the amorphous alloy, Li-ions can easily be removed and inserted electrochemically. The new alloy Al43Li43Ni8Y6 contains Li already in its initial state and could be prepared by high energy milling as an amorphous powder. Compared with the Li-free amorphous alloys Al86Ni8La6 or Al86Ni8Y6 and their crystalline counterparts, this newly developed amorphous alloy achieves a significantly higher lithiation and therefore reaches a specific capacity of 800 Ah/kg, based on the Al-content. By the abrasion of the steel milling vials the powder contains a wear debris of 15 mass% Fe. This contaminated material shows a better cycling stability than a powder of the same composition, milled in a non-abrasive silicon nitride vial. By means of Mössbauer spectroscopy has been shown that the wear debris contains Fe oxides. This may contribute to the enhancement of the specific capacity about conversion mechanisms.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Dias Ângelo / Banca: Luiz Henrique Dall'Antonia / Banca: Joelma Perez / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Atualmente, as mudanças climáticas e a questão energética tem sido tema de grande interesse e discussões mundiais. Assim, um número crescente de novas tecnologias verdes tem sido propostas para transformar o modo como a energia é produzida, distribuída e consumida. Neste contexto, as células a combustível surgem como sistemas alternativos para a geração de energia elétrica. Porém, alguns desafios ainda precisam ser vencidos para sua utilização. Um dos principais desafios refere-se ao desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores que favoreçam a oxidação direta do combustível a 'CO IND. 2' e que sejam menos susceptíveis ao envenenamento por intermediários/produtos provenientes desta reação. Neste contexto, as fases intermetálicas ordenadas tem sido propostas como promissores materiais para aplicações em eletrocatálise, pois apresentam estabilidade físico-química, excelente capacidade de adsorção de combustíveis orgânicos e menor susceptibilidade ao bloqueio por intermediários e produtos de reação. O presente trabalho propõe o uso das fases intermetálicas ordenadas PtSn e AuSn como materiais eletrocatalisadores para a reação de oxidação do glicerol, em meio ácido e alcalino. As fases intermetálicas ordenadas foram sintetizadas a partir da fusão dos metais puros em um forno a arco voltaico, sob atmosfera de argônio, e posteriormente refundidos em um forno de indução térmica. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados fisicamente pelas técncas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (MEV-EDX), cujos resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada levou a obtenção dos materiais desejados. A avaliação da atividade eletrocatalítica das fases intermetálicas PtSn e AuSn frente a reação de oxidação do glicerol em eletrólito de 'H IND... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Currently, the climatic changes and the energy question have been subject of great interest and world-wide discussions. Thus, an increasing number of new green technologies has been proposed to transform the way as the energy is produced, distributed and consumed. In this context, the fuel cells appear as alternative systems for electric energy generation. One of the main challenges is in the eletrocatalysts development that favor the direct oxidation of 'CO IND. 2' fuel and that products proceeding from this reaction are less likely to the poisoning for intermediate products from this reaction. In this context, the ordered intermetallic phases have been proposed as promising materials for applications in electrocatalysis, therefore they present physicochemical stability, excellent organic fuels adsorption capacity and minor susceptibility to intermediate blocking and reaction products. In this direction, the present work considers the use of PtSn and AuSn ordered intermetallic phases as electrocatalysts material for glycerol oxidation reaction, in acid and alkaline medium. The ordered intermetallic phases have been synthecized from pure metals fusing in an electric-arc furnace, under argon atmosphere, and later melted in an induction furnace. The gotten materials have been physically characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (DRX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with surface analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (MEV-EDX) techniques, which results have shown that the used methodology led to obtaining the desired materials. The electrocatalytic activity evaluation of the PtSn and AuSn intermetallic phases facing the reaction of glycerol oxidation in electrolyte 0,15 'H IND. 2''SO IND. 4' mol 'L POT. -1' and 0,15 NaOH mol 'L POT. -1' and 0,15 NaOh mol 'L POT. -1', was made using the cyclic voltammetry and cronoamperometry techniques. Through these assays, a catalytic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Hochleistungsfähige Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind insbesondere von der hohen spezifischen Kapazität ihrer Elektrodenmaterialien abhängig. Intermetallische Phasen sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für alternative Anodenmaterialien mit verbesserten spezifischen Kapazitäten (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) gegenüber den derzeit vielfach verwendeten Kohlenstoff-Materialien (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass die kristallinen Phasenumwandlungen während der Lade-Entlade-Prozesse Volumenänderungen von 100-300% verursachen. Durch die Sprödigkeit der intermetallischen Phasen führt dies zum Zerbrechen des Elektrodenmaterials und damit zum Kontaktverlust. Um Lithiierungs- und Delithiierunsprozesse ohne kristalline Phasenumwandlungen zu realisieren und somit große Volumenänderungen zu vermeiden, wurden amorphe Al-Legierungen untersucht. In amorphe, mittels Schmelzspinnen hergestellte Legierungen (Al86Ni8La6 und Al86Ni8Y6) kann beim galvanostatischen Zyklieren nur sehr wenig Li eingelagert werden. Da kristalline Phasenumwandlungen im amorphen Zustand nicht möglich sind, wird für die Diffusion und Einlagerung von Li-Ionen ein ausreichendes freies Volumen im amorphen Atomgerüst benötigt. Die Dichtemessung der Legierungen zeigt, dass dieses freie Volumen für eine signifikante Lithiierung nicht ausreichend ist. Wird Li bereits in die amorphe Ausgangslegierung integriert, können Li-Ionen auf elektrochemischem Wege aus ihr entfernt und auch wieder eingebaut werden. Die neuartige Legierung Al43Li43Ni8Y6, die Li bereits im Ausgangszustand enthält, konnte mittels Hochenergiemahlung als amorphes Pulver hergestellt werden. Verglichen mit den Li-freien amorphen Legierungen Al86Ni8La6 bzw. Al86Ni8Y6 und ihren kristallisierten Pendants zeigt diese neu entwickelte, amorphe Legierung eine signifikant höhere Lithiierungsfähigkeit und erreicht damit eine spezifische Kapazität von ca. 800 Ah/kg bezogen auf den Al-Anteil. Durch den Abrieb des Stahlmahlbechers enthält das Pulver Al43Li43Ni8Y6 einen Fe-Anteil von ca. 15 Masse%. Dieses mit Fe verunreinigte Material zeigt besonders bei niedrigen Laderaten eine bessere Zyklenstabilität als ein im abriebfesten Siliziumnitrid-Becher gemahlenes Pulver der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Mittels Mössbauerspektroskopie wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Pulver z.T. oxidisches Fe enthält. Dieses kann über Konversionsmechanismen einen Beitrag zur spezifischen Kapazität leisten. / High-energy Li-ion batteries exceedingly depend on the high specific capacity of electrode materials. Intermetallic alloys are promising candidates to be alternative anode materials with enhanced specific capacities (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) in contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, dominated by carbon materials (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Disadvantageously the phase transitions during the charge-discharge processes, induced by the lithiation process, cause volume changes of 100-300 %. Due to the brittleness of intermetallic phases, the fracturing of the electrode material leads to the loss of the electrical contact. In order to overcome the huge volume changes amorphous Al-based alloys were investigated with the intension to realize the lithiation process without a phase transformation. Amorphous powders (Al86Ni8La6 and Al86Ni8Y6) produced via melt spinning and subsequent ball milling only show a minor lithiation during the electrochemical cycling process. This is mainly caused by the insufficient free volume, which is necessary to transfer and store Li-ions, since phase transitions are impossible in the amorphous state. If Li is already integrated into the amorphous alloy, Li-ions can easily be removed and inserted electrochemically. The new alloy Al43Li43Ni8Y6 contains Li already in its initial state and could be prepared by high energy milling as an amorphous powder. Compared with the Li-free amorphous alloys Al86Ni8La6 or Al86Ni8Y6 and their crystalline counterparts, this newly developed amorphous alloy achieves a significantly higher lithiation and therefore reaches a specific capacity of 800 Ah/kg, based on the Al-content. By the abrasion of the steel milling vials the powder contains a wear debris of 15 mass% Fe. This contaminated material shows a better cycling stability than a powder of the same composition, milled in a non-abrasive silicon nitride vial. By means of Mössbauer spectroscopy has been shown that the wear debris contains Fe oxides. This may contribute to the enhancement of the specific capacity about conversion mechanisms.