Esta tese estuda a perspectiva integradora de território associado aos Consórcios de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local – CONSADs. Para compreender as implicações teóricas e práticas desta abordagem, escolheu-se a experiência do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar, Atenção à Sanidade Agropecuária e Desenvolvimento Local do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, por preservar ainda uma característica essencialmente rural, com forte presença da agricultura familiar e, ao mesmo tempo, uma desarticulação do processo de produção e distribuição de alimentos, que começou a ser revertido a partir de 2004, com as políticas do CONSAD. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender a experiência CONSAD Extremo enquanto política de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, dentro de uma perspectiva integradora de território. O território, na perspectiva integradora, é entendido como a capacidade do consórcio desenvolver políticas de segurança alimentar de forma intermunicipal e, ao mesmo tempo, construir projetos e ações que integrem as dimensões políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para atingir este objetivo, buscou-se: compreender o processo de territorialização do CONSAD Extremo enquanto Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local; compreender a economia solidária como instrumento necessário para reduzir a pobreza e garantir a soberania alimentar no território; destacar o processo de cooperação intermunicipal para agenciar as políticas públicas de segurança alimentar, de forma integrada, no território, na perspectiva dos agentes sociais; identificar a percepção dos agentes sociais sobre as estratégias de inclusão alimentar para construir processos de transformação territorial de forma integrada. Os sujeitos pesquisados foram pessoas do poder público municipal e da sociedade civil (movimentos sociais, sindicatos rurais, entidades de apoio à agricultura familiar, grupos agroecológicos) dos 19 municípios do Extremo Oeste Catarinense. Para tanto, escolheu-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas com questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, aplicados junto aos agentes sociais do território. Também foram consultados documentos de constituição do consórcio e registros escritos sobre a execução dos projetos, bem como o acompanhamento das atividades do consórcio. Neste sentido, ocorreu uma nova dinâmica, com intervenção, através de projetos de cooperação intermunicipais, que resultou na construção das redes de comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar e economia solidária, tornando o consórcio uma referência para o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, com caráter intermunicipal. / This thesis studies the integrative perspective of territory consortia associated with food security and local development - CONSADs. To understand the theoretical and practical implications of this approach was chosen to experience the Consortium for Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Health Care and Local Development in the Far West of Santa Catarina, for preserving a feature still essentially rural, with a strong presence of family farming and while a disarticulation of the process of production and distribution of food, which began to be reversed by 2004 with policies CONSAD. The objective of the research is to understand the experience Consad Far as food security policy and local development within an integrative perspective of territory. The territory, the integrative perspective, is understood as the ability of the consortium to develop food safety policies so intermunicipal and at the same time, building projects and actions that integrate the political, economic, social and environmental. To achieve this goal we seek to understand the process of territorialization CONSAD Far intermunicipal consortium as food security and local development; understand the solidarity economy as a necessary tool to reduce poverty and ensure food sovereignty in the territory; Highlight the process of intermunicipal cooperation to broker public policy of food security in an integrated manner within the perspective of social agents; identify the perception of social agents on inclusion strategies to build food territorial transformation processes seamlessly. Study subjects were persons of municipal government and civil society (social movements, rural unions, entities that support family farmers, agroecological groups), the 19 municipalities of the Far West Catarinense. Therefore, we chose a qualitative approach by interviewing questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions, applied together social actors of the territory. Were also consulted constitutional documents of the consortium and written records on project execution and monitoring of the activities of the consortium. In this sense, there was a new dynamic intermunicipal with intervention through intermunicipal cooperation projects, which resulted in the construction of network marketing of family farming and solidarity economy, the consortium making a reference to the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Agrarian Development in developing and implementing public policies for food security and local development of intermunicipal character.

Esta tese estuda a perspectiva integradora de território associado aos Consórcios de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local – CONSADs. Para compreender as implicações teóricas e práticas desta abordagem, escolheu-se a experiência do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar, Atenção à Sanidade Agropecuária e Desenvolvimento Local do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, por preservar ainda uma característica essencialmente rural, com forte presença da agricultura familiar e, ao mesmo tempo, uma desarticulação do processo de produção e distribuição de alimentos, que começou a ser revertido a partir de 2004, com as políticas do CONSAD. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender a experiência CONSAD Extremo enquanto política de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, dentro de uma perspectiva integradora de território. O território, na perspectiva integradora, é entendido como a capacidade do consórcio desenvolver políticas de segurança alimentar de forma intermunicipal e, ao mesmo tempo, construir projetos e ações que integrem as dimensões políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para atingir este objetivo, buscou-se: compreender o processo de territorialização do CONSAD Extremo enquanto Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local; compreender a economia solidária como instrumento necessário para reduzir a pobreza e garantir a soberania alimentar no território; destacar o processo de cooperação intermunicipal para agenciar as políticas públicas de segurança alimentar, de forma integrada, no território, na perspectiva dos agentes sociais; identificar a percepção dos agentes sociais sobre as estratégias de inclusão alimentar para construir processos de transformação territorial de forma integrada. Os sujeitos pesquisados foram pessoas do poder público municipal e da sociedade civil (movimentos sociais, sindicatos rurais, entidades de apoio à agricultura familiar, grupos agroecológicos) dos 19 municípios do Extremo Oeste Catarinense. Para tanto, escolheu-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas com questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, aplicados junto aos agentes sociais do território. Também foram consultados documentos de constituição do consórcio e registros escritos sobre a execução dos projetos, bem como o acompanhamento das atividades do consórcio. Neste sentido, ocorreu uma nova dinâmica, com intervenção, através de projetos de cooperação intermunicipais, que resultou na construção das redes de comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar e economia solidária, tornando o consórcio uma referência para o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, com caráter intermunicipal. / This thesis studies the integrative perspective of territory consortia associated with food security and local development - CONSADs. To understand the theoretical and practical implications of this approach was chosen to experience the Consortium for Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Health Care and Local Development in the Far West of Santa Catarina, for preserving a feature still essentially rural, with a strong presence of family farming and while a disarticulation of the process of production and distribution of food, which began to be reversed by 2004 with policies CONSAD. The objective of the research is to understand the experience Consad Far as food security policy and local development within an integrative perspective of territory. The territory, the integrative perspective, is understood as the ability of the consortium to develop food safety policies so intermunicipal and at the same time, building projects and actions that integrate the political, economic, social and environmental. To achieve this goal we seek to understand the process of territorialization CONSAD Far intermunicipal consortium as food security and local development; understand the solidarity economy as a necessary tool to reduce poverty and ensure food sovereignty in the territory; Highlight the process of intermunicipal cooperation to broker public policy of food security in an integrated manner within the perspective of social agents; identify the perception of social agents on inclusion strategies to build food territorial transformation processes seamlessly. Study subjects were persons of municipal government and civil society (social movements, rural unions, entities that support family farmers, agroecological groups), the 19 municipalities of the Far West Catarinense. Therefore, we chose a qualitative approach by interviewing questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions, applied together social actors of the territory. Were also consulted constitutional documents of the consortium and written records on project execution and monitoring of the activities of the consortium. In this sense, there was a new dynamic intermunicipal with intervention through intermunicipal cooperation projects, which resulted in the construction of network marketing of family farming and solidarity economy, the consortium making a reference to the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Agrarian Development in developing and implementing public policies for food security and local development of intermunicipal character.

Esta tese estuda a perspectiva integradora de território associado aos Consórcios de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local – CONSADs. Para compreender as implicações teóricas e práticas desta abordagem, escolheu-se a experiência do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar, Atenção à Sanidade Agropecuária e Desenvolvimento Local do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, por preservar ainda uma característica essencialmente rural, com forte presença da agricultura familiar e, ao mesmo tempo, uma desarticulação do processo de produção e distribuição de alimentos, que começou a ser revertido a partir de 2004, com as políticas do CONSAD. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender a experiência CONSAD Extremo enquanto política de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, dentro de uma perspectiva integradora de território. O território, na perspectiva integradora, é entendido como a capacidade do consórcio desenvolver políticas de segurança alimentar de forma intermunicipal e, ao mesmo tempo, construir projetos e ações que integrem as dimensões políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para atingir este objetivo, buscou-se: compreender o processo de territorialização do CONSAD Extremo enquanto Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local; compreender a economia solidária como instrumento necessário para reduzir a pobreza e garantir a soberania alimentar no território; destacar o processo de cooperação intermunicipal para agenciar as políticas públicas de segurança alimentar, de forma integrada, no território, na perspectiva dos agentes sociais; identificar a percepção dos agentes sociais sobre as estratégias de inclusão alimentar para construir processos de transformação territorial de forma integrada. Os sujeitos pesquisados foram pessoas do poder público municipal e da sociedade civil (movimentos sociais, sindicatos rurais, entidades de apoio à agricultura familiar, grupos agroecológicos) dos 19 municípios do Extremo Oeste Catarinense. Para tanto, escolheu-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas com questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, aplicados junto aos agentes sociais do território. Também foram consultados documentos de constituição do consórcio e registros escritos sobre a execução dos projetos, bem como o acompanhamento das atividades do consórcio. Neste sentido, ocorreu uma nova dinâmica, com intervenção, através de projetos de cooperação intermunicipais, que resultou na construção das redes de comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar e economia solidária, tornando o consórcio uma referência para o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, com caráter intermunicipal. / This thesis studies the integrative perspective of territory consortia associated with food security and local development - CONSADs. To understand the theoretical and practical implications of this approach was chosen to experience the Consortium for Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Health Care and Local Development in the Far West of Santa Catarina, for preserving a feature still essentially rural, with a strong presence of family farming and while a disarticulation of the process of production and distribution of food, which began to be reversed by 2004 with policies CONSAD. The objective of the research is to understand the experience Consad Far as food security policy and local development within an integrative perspective of territory. The territory, the integrative perspective, is understood as the ability of the consortium to develop food safety policies so intermunicipal and at the same time, building projects and actions that integrate the political, economic, social and environmental. To achieve this goal we seek to understand the process of territorialization CONSAD Far intermunicipal consortium as food security and local development; understand the solidarity economy as a necessary tool to reduce poverty and ensure food sovereignty in the territory; Highlight the process of intermunicipal cooperation to broker public policy of food security in an integrated manner within the perspective of social agents; identify the perception of social agents on inclusion strategies to build food territorial transformation processes seamlessly. Study subjects were persons of municipal government and civil society (social movements, rural unions, entities that support family farmers, agroecological groups), the 19 municipalities of the Far West Catarinense. Therefore, we chose a qualitative approach by interviewing questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions, applied together social actors of the territory. Were also consulted constitutional documents of the consortium and written records on project execution and monitoring of the activities of the consortium. In this sense, there was a new dynamic intermunicipal with intervention through intermunicipal cooperation projects, which resulted in the construction of network marketing of family farming and solidarity economy, the consortium making a reference to the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Agrarian Development in developing and implementing public policies for food security and local development of intermunicipal character.

Presented dissertation on topic Reform of inter-municipal cooperation: Course to French model? deals with the question, to what extent, does, so far, the most elaborated motion to amendment of the form of inter-municipal cooperation, proposed by Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, follows the model of inter-municipal cooperation in France. From this point of view, the topic of inter-municipal cooperation in the Czech Republic is, as a matter of fact, unexplored phenomenon without existing research and comparative analysis. The objective of the research in my dissertation is to prove, according to definitional standards determined in advance, what particular adjustment in the field of financial, structural and legislative inter-municipal cooperation in France has this motion adopted and, on the contrary, what adjustment it has not and why. The research does not deal with all of the elaborated motions to constituent amendment of the current form of inter-municipal cooperation, but, in particular, with the motion to amendment of the general conception of inter-municipal cooperation in the Czech Republic.

This thesis deals with the inter-municipal cooperation in the Pilsen region. In the theoretical part there is the concept of inter-municipal cooperation defined and the reasons behind the cooperation among the municipalities explained. These include efforts to overcome the fragmented municipal structure, more efficient and cheaper providing of the services and savings. In this thesis there are also the risks and limits of the inter-municipal cooperation mentioned and the attention is paid to the possible democratic deficits. The cooperation of the municipalities is also compared to the amalgamation of municipalities. The next section contains case studies of inter-municipal cooperation in selected European countries. The following section regards the Czech Republic, in which there is the development of municipal structures explored, as well as the legislative basis of the inter-municipal cooperation issues and also the causes that lead to cooperation between municipalities are assessed. After that, the attention is given to the voluntary associations of municipalities and micro-regions in the Pilsen region.

Municipalities within their jurisdiction must provide their citizens with a range of services which are often very financial demanding for many of them and are a heavy burden on their local budgets. In addition, in this area municipalities are also imposed to a number of conditions and objectives defined by the basic documents for waste management in the Czech Republic. One possible solution to these problems is to provide services through intermunicipal-cooperation. In this thesis there are analyzed the possibilities of using this form of service provision in the area of waste management in the Czech Republic. The first part is an introduction to this topic, defining the fundamental objectives specified in the Waste Management Plan and other official documents, legal conditions for cooperation between municipalities and a summary of foreign experience with the cooperation of municipalities. In the practical part these findings are tested through a questionnaire survey on the real experiences of existing unions in the Czech Republic, which shows that inter-municipal cooperation is not in our circumstances sufficiently and comprehensively utilized; the municipalities leave most of the competencies on themselves. To improve this situation could help more effective state support and change of certain legal conditions.

Notre thèse porte sur les effets des limites administratives d'une communauté urbaine et s'intéresse particulièrement aux relations entre le Grand Lyon et les communes avoisinantes, ceci dans le contexte de réformes territoriales visant à rationaliser et renforcer les coopérations intercommunales. Quelles sont les possibilités de coopération ? Comment sont-elles reconfigurées ? Nous abordons ces questions, en premier lieu, à partir des modifications des limites du Grand Lyon, d’une part à suite à l’adhésion de nouvelles communes, d’autre part suite à la création de la Métropole de Lyon. En second lieu, nous étudions l'impact des limites du Grand Lyon sur les services urbains, avec des études de cas consacrées aux évolutions récentes du territoire d’intervention du syndicat des transports lyonnais (Nouveau Sytral). Notre recherche est effectuée en utilisant des documents juridiques divers, des revues de presse, des travaux d’étudiants qui sont analysés du point de vue de l’aménagement urbain en prenant appui sur les méthodes de la géographie et des sciences politiques. L’étude repose aussi sur des entretiens dans les communes examinées. Les analyses montrent que la définition du périmètre des regroupements intercommunaux lyonnais est un enjeu véritablement géopolitique, au sens que Philippe Subra donne à cette notion. En fonction des situations, des contextes politiques locaux, des projets communaux, les alliances entre les territoires se nouent ou se dénouent. / Our thesis is about the effect of the administrative border in an urban community and concerns particularly on the relations between Grand Lyon and its surrounding municipalities in the context of the territorial reform aiming at rationalizing and reinforcing the intermunicipal cooperation. What are the possibilities of the cooperation? How are the possibilities reconfigured? We reach the questions, in the first place, by the modification of the border of Grand Lyon, in one part following to new communes adhesion, in other part following to the creation of the Lyon metropolitan. In the second place, we study the impact of Grand Lyon border on the urban services, with study cases devoted to the recent territorial evolution of transport Lyonnais syndicate intervention (Nouveau Sytral).Our research was carried out by using various juridical documents, press reports, student works in which were analyzed in the point of view of urban planning leaning on geographical and political science methods. This study also focuses on interviews in the selected municipalities. The analysis reveals that the definition of intermunicipal Lyonnais grouping perimeter is completely a geopolitical issue, in the meaning that Phillipe Subra gives the notion. In terms of the situation, the local political context, the communal projects, the alliances between the territories are established or unraveled.

The topic of the thesis is Small towns such as peripheral centers of rural areas. There are analyzed tree sets of issues in the empirical part: Specific characteristics of the small town in the formation and activities of local self-government in Vodňany, involvement of Vodňany to the intermunicipal cooperation, the role of municipalities as a regional center and impact of the reform of the public administration in Vodňany. There are managed to prove specific characteristics in the number of person without political affiliation and unusual post-election coalition. By selected indicators were found that Vodňany fulfills role of peripheral centers and according to the SWOT analysis were found opportunities for future development in the monitored area. The objectives of the reform of local public administration were largely fulfilled in Vodňany.

Swedish local governments participate in different forms of intermunicipal cooperation in particular policy fields to achieve benefits of scale. This is often thought to improve efficiency and/or facilitate recruitment of experts and other competent personnel, aspects which are considered deficient in many municipalities as a consequence of demographical changes. Intermunicipal cooperation has become a widely used measure to face these challenges.However, there is little empirical evidence supporting that benefits of scale are realized – and the many forms of cooperation municipalities participate in is considered to affect local governments’ democratic anchorage negatively due to the principal-agent problem that arises. In this essay the effects of intermunicipal cooperation have been studied in an explorative way, with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, the effects on efficiency and need of additional personnel are examined with descriptive statistics from local government environmental inspection (food safety). Secondly, interviews have been conducted with local politicians and local government head officials exploring how the democratic deficit arising from intermunicipal cooperation is perceived from a transaction cost perspective. The interviewees represent a total of four municipalities (medium or small sized), two of which engage in a joint committee in local government environmental authority (which includes food control), the other two engage in a joint administration in the same policy field.The findings from the descriptive statistical analysis does not give solid evidence of improved efficiency or improved organizational competencies. However, the interviewees percieve these aspects as improved by intermunicipal cooperation. The findings from the qualitative approach is that the democratic deficit is perceived as problematic by the local politicians, but that several circumstances influence how problematic it really is. If the municipality needs cooperation to function, and the cooperation delivers satisfactory service, the principal-agent problem is more likely to be tolerated by the principal i.e. the citizens. Other factors seem to matter as well, factors such as: which policy field the cooperation is conducted, if the service is kept in the municipality’s vicinity, and if there is trust between the cooperating municipalities.