Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com coordenadores e ex-coordenadores de projetos de parceria universitária financiados por meio do Programa CAPES/Brafitec (Brasil-France Ingénieur Technologie). Um dos programas mais consolidados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), o Brafitec viabiliza a formação de redes de cooperação entre Escolas de Engenharia do Brasil e da França. O Programa é resultado da parceria da CAPES com a CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) e, desde sua criação em 2002, já beneficiou 5.220 alunos brasileiros e 2.273 franceses por meio de 204 projetos financiados. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a contribuição do Brafitec para: a internacionalização dos cursos de engenharia no Brasil; o reconhecimento recíproco de créditos; e a geração de oportunidades de prática profissional por meio de estágios em laboratórios e empresas no Brasil e na França. / This study is based on a survey conducted with coordinators and former coordinators of university partnership projects funded within the CAPES/Brafitec Program (Brazil-France Engineer Technology). One of the most successful programs of the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES), Brafitec enables the creation of cooperation networks among Brazilian and French Engineering Schools. The Program resulted from the agreement between CAPES and CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) and, since its establishment in 2002, it has benefited 5.220 Brazilian and 2.273 French students within 204 financed projects. This research aims to evaluate Brafitec’s contribution to: the internationalization of engineering courses in Brazil; the mutual recognition/transfer of credits; and the establishment of work experience opportunities through internships at laboratories and companies in Brazil and France.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com coordenadores e ex-coordenadores de projetos de parceria universitária financiados por meio do Programa CAPES/Brafitec (Brasil-France Ingénieur Technologie). Um dos programas mais consolidados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), o Brafitec viabiliza a formação de redes de cooperação entre Escolas de Engenharia do Brasil e da França. O Programa é resultado da parceria da CAPES com a CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) e, desde sua criação em 2002, já beneficiou 5.220 alunos brasileiros e 2.273 franceses por meio de 204 projetos financiados. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a contribuição do Brafitec para: a internacionalização dos cursos de engenharia no Brasil; o reconhecimento recíproco de créditos; e a geração de oportunidades de prática profissional por meio de estágios em laboratórios e empresas no Brasil e na França. / This study is based on a survey conducted with coordinators and former coordinators of university partnership projects funded within the CAPES/Brafitec Program (Brazil-France Engineer Technology). One of the most successful programs of the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES), Brafitec enables the creation of cooperation networks among Brazilian and French Engineering Schools. The Program resulted from the agreement between CAPES and CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) and, since its establishment in 2002, it has benefited 5.220 Brazilian and 2.273 French students within 204 financed projects. This research aims to evaluate Brafitec’s contribution to: the internationalization of engineering courses in Brazil; the mutual recognition/transfer of credits; and the establishment of work experience opportunities through internships at laboratories and companies in Brazil and France.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com coordenadores e ex-coordenadores de projetos de parceria universitária financiados por meio do Programa CAPES/Brafitec (Brasil-France Ingénieur Technologie). Um dos programas mais consolidados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), o Brafitec viabiliza a formação de redes de cooperação entre Escolas de Engenharia do Brasil e da França. O Programa é resultado da parceria da CAPES com a CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) e, desde sua criação em 2002, já beneficiou 5.220 alunos brasileiros e 2.273 franceses por meio de 204 projetos financiados. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a contribuição do Brafitec para: a internacionalização dos cursos de engenharia no Brasil; o reconhecimento recíproco de créditos; e a geração de oportunidades de prática profissional por meio de estágios em laboratórios e empresas no Brasil e na França. / This study is based on a survey conducted with coordinators and former coordinators of university partnership projects funded within the CAPES/Brafitec Program (Brazil-France Engineer Technology). One of the most successful programs of the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES), Brafitec enables the creation of cooperation networks among Brazilian and French Engineering Schools. The Program resulted from the agreement between CAPES and CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) and, since its establishment in 2002, it has benefited 5.220 Brazilian and 2.273 French students within 204 financed projects. This research aims to evaluate Brafitec’s contribution to: the internationalization of engineering courses in Brazil; the mutual recognition/transfer of credits; and the establishment of work experience opportunities through internships at laboratories and companies in Brazil and France.

O tema da presente dissertação são as políticas imigratórias, voltadas para a mão-de-obra qualificada, dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá na atualidade. Pretendese apresentar e discutir as causas e as conseqüências atreladas ao fenômeno do aumento no nível de exigência, no que tange à qualificação dos migrantes para a concessão de vistos de trabalho, das políticas imigratórias nos países supracitados, ao longo do século XX. Procura-se, também, expor e analisar o interesse oficial do governo do Québec pela mão-de-obra qualificada brasileira, bem como as estratégias adotadas pelo escritório de imigração do governo quebequense aqui instalado, no recrutamento desta mão-de-obra, a partir de 2008. / The theme of this work consists of the current American and Canadian immigration policies for high-skilled workers. One intends to present and discuss the causes and the effects related to the increasing demands for higher skills and educational levels in the granting of work visas to potential immigrants with destination to these countries throughout the 20th century. This work also aims at describing and analyzing the official interest of the Quebec province in Brazils highskilled workforce, as well as the strategies and criteria used by this governments immigration office, established in São Paulo, for the recruiting of Brazilian nationals, since 2008

O tema da presente dissertação são as políticas imigratórias, voltadas para a mão-de-obra qualificada, dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá na atualidade. Pretendese apresentar e discutir as causas e as conseqüências atreladas ao fenômeno do aumento no nível de exigência, no que tange à qualificação dos migrantes para a concessão de vistos de trabalho, das políticas imigratórias nos países supracitados, ao longo do século XX. Procura-se, também, expor e analisar o interesse oficial do governo do Québec pela mão-de-obra qualificada brasileira, bem como as estratégias adotadas pelo escritório de imigração do governo quebequense aqui instalado, no recrutamento desta mão-de-obra, a partir de 2008. / The theme of this work consists of the current American and Canadian immigration policies for high-skilled workers. One intends to present and discuss the causes and the effects related to the increasing demands for higher skills and educational levels in the granting of work visas to potential immigrants with destination to these countries throughout the 20th century. This work also aims at describing and analyzing the official interest of the Quebec province in Brazils highskilled workforce, as well as the strategies and criteria used by this governments immigration office, established in São Paulo, for the recruiting of Brazilian nationals, since 2008

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discutir as características das avaliações de conhecimentos em língua francesa presentes nos processos seletivos para a mobilidade de estudantes de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Com base nas pesquisas e estudos na área de avaliação (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) e certificação em língua francesa (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), realizamos uma pesquisa documental referente à identificação dos requisitos exigidos em língua francesa quando da publicação dos editais que definem os critérios das seleções para a candidatura a mobilidade internacional para a França. Além disso, investigamos do ponto de vista dos responsáveis diretos e indiretos pelos processos seletivos, qual o lugar da certificação em francês língua estrangeira na política de internacionalização da USP. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste em editais publicados pela USP no período de 2008 a 2012, nos editais do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras entre 2011 e 2014 e, por último, em entrevistas com representantes institucionais implicados na seleção direta de candidatos e também nas políticas oficiais do governo francês no que se refere à certificação na língua. Para as análises, além do referencial teórico mencionado sobre avaliação, consideramos os trabalhos na área do francês para objetivos universitários (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises indicam que há uma diversidade de entendimentos sobre o nível exigido em relação à língua francesa para a seleção do estudante que integrará o sistema universitário francês, assim como o valor social atribuído ao documento que atesta os conhecimentos na língua, com o objetivo de validar a candidatura. Além disso, constatamos a ausência de uma política linguística adequada ao contexto de internacionalização da USP, que se expressa na falta de clareza de dispositivos de formação e de avaliação para a preparação dos estudantes que vão realizar estudos em meio universitário na França. Esta pesquisa nos ajudou a compreender a complexidade das relações entre formação, avaliação e certificação em contexto específico de mobilidade internacional. Nosso trabalho contribui com uma visão crítica que pode vir a colaborar no desenvolvimento de ações concretas para a reformulação de critérios de avaliação de competências linguísticas em francês língua estrangeira que sejam mais condizentes com as necessidades especificas às quais um estudante de graduação da USP será confrontado. / This dissertation aims to discuss the characteristics of knowledge evaluation in the French language that is current on selective processes for the mobility of undergraduate students in the University of São Paulo (USP). Based on the researches and studies in the area of evaluation (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) and French language certification (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), weve performed a documentary research for the identification of the requirements of the French language when the publication of the notices the define the criteria of selection for applying for international mobility to France. Furthermore weve delved the point of view of those directly and indirectly responsible for selective processes which is the place of French certification, an international language, on the internationalization policy of USP. The corpus of this research consists on notices published by USP between 2008 and 2012, in the notices of the Science Without Frontiers between 2011 and 2014 and, at last, on interviews with institutional representatives involved on the direct selection of the candidates and also on the official policy of the French government with regard in certification in language. For the analysis, beyond the theoretical framework mentioned about evaluation, weve regarded the work in the area of French for college goals (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Our analysis results indicate that there is diversity of understanding about the level required in relation to French language for the selection of the students that will integrate the French college system, as well as the social value assigned to the document attesting knowledge in the language, in order to validate the candidacy. Moreover, weve noticed the lack of a linguistic policy that adequate to the context of internationalization of USP, which is expressed in the lack of clarity of training and evaluation devices for the preparation of students who will conduct studies in the French Academy. This research helped us to understand the complexity of the relations between training, assessment and certification in the specific context of international mobility. Our work contributes with a more critical vision that might cooperate with the development of concrete actions to reformulate the evaluation criteria of linguistic proficiency in French, foreign language, that are more consistent with the specific needs to which an USP undergraduate shall be confronted.

Notre thèse s’attache à comprendre comment les salariés trouvent le poste qu’ils occupent au retour d’une expatriation traditionnelle. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de considérer ce poste comme un moment dans une carrière. La littérature en sciences de gestion sur les carrières oppose classiquement deux modèles : le modèle de la carrière organisationnelle et le modèle des nouvelles carrières. Dans la lignée des auteurs qui appellent à dépasser cette opposition, nous analysons l’influence conjointe de l’organisation et de l’expatrié dans la construction de ce moment de carrière. Nous utilisons pour cela la théorie des scripts de carrière de Barley (1989). En nous appuyant sur la réalisation de soixante-cinq entretiens ainsi que sur l’étude de données secondaires, notre thèse montre que les entreprises multinationales encodent quatre scripts organisationnels de carrière des expatriés. Chacun de ces scripts propose une combinaison spécifique de ressources, normes et schèmes interprétatifs qui d’une part renseigne sur l’articulation faite par l’organisation entre l’expatriation et la carrière et d’autre part contraint plus ou moins fortement l’action individuelle. Notre thèse montre aussi que les expatriés peuvent agir sur leur organisation et ce à travers l’enactment de leur script. Au final, notre thèse permet de remettre en cause le mythe d’un Generic Expatriate, d’inscrire le poste trouvé au retour d’expatriation dans la littérature sur les carrières et de montrer comment le comportement des expatriés est influencé par les scripts organisationnels de carrière mais aussi, comment, en retour, les expatriés, par leurs comportements transforment leur organisation. / Our thesis focuses on understanding how employees find their position when they come back from traditional expatriation. In this thesis, we propose to consider this position as a moment in a career. The management science literature regarding careers typically proposes two opposite models: the organizational career and the new careers. In line with authors who seek to overcome this opposition, we analyze the combined influence of the organization and the expatriate in shaping this moment of career. To do that, we use Barley's theory of career scripts (1989). Relying on sixty-five interviews and the study of secondary data, this thesis shows that multinational companies encode four organizational expatriate career scripts. Each of these scripts offers a specific combination of resources, interpretive schemes and norms which, on the one hand, informs about the articulation made by organization between expatriation and career and on the other hand, impacts more or less strongly individual action. Our thesis also shows that expatriates can influence their organization through the enactment of their script. Finally, our thesis questions the myth of the Generic Expatriate, includes the item of the position found after repatriation in the career literature and shows how expatriates' behaviour is influenced by organizational career scripts but also how, in return, expatriates transform their organization through their behaviour.

La liminalité est classiquement définie comme un état de transition entre et entre-deux positions sociales. Ce concept fondamental dans la recherche en marketing est utilisé pour explorer les transitions de vie des consommateurs, les rituels de consommation, et les expériences de marché extraordinaires. Cette thèse évalue la théorisation de la liminalité, identifie des hypothèses insuffisantes dans son traitement actuel et propose des outils conceptuels pour avancer sa théorisation à l’ère de la modernité liquide en étudiant deux modes de vie contemporains qui marient contingence, incertitude et ambiguïté. Le premier essai est un article conceptuel qui réexamine le traitement de la liminalité dans la recherche sur le comportement du consommateur. Contestant l’hypothèse d’unidimensionnalité, deux formes distinctes, la liminalité transformationnelle et la liminoïdité, sont identifiées. A l'inverse du traitement laudatif usuel, les dangers de la liminalité, lorsqu’elle fait partie d’une transition dépourvue de sens, sont soulignées. Cet essai contribue à la littérature en résolvant des ambiguïtés définitionnelles, en soulignant les limites du concept et en indiquant des directions de future recherche. Le deuxième essai étudie le mode de vie flexible, défini comme la tendance à embrasser à dessein l’instabilité, le changement et l’adaptabilité dans l’ensemble de sa vie via la précarité professionnelle. En mêlant entretiens longs, techniques projectives et observations participantes, cet essai interroge la façon dont les diverses et fréquentes transitions qui caractérisent le mode de vie flexible sont gérées par les consommateurs. S’écartant de la littérature existante, cet essai contribue à la recherche sur la liminalité des consommateurs en illustrant que la liminalité permanente est insoutenable pour les individus, qui ont besoin d’être libérés de la pression écrasante de sa poursuite. De plus, le capital de flexibilité est identifié comme ce qui leur permet d’accomplir avec succès ce mode de vie et ainsi de créer une échappatoire à la structure sociale qui, sinon, les contraindrait à des positions dominées. Le troisième essai étudie le parcours liminal des consommateurs qui traversent des transitions interculturelles répétées. Des entretiens en autodriving et longs explorent la mobilité ouverte, un type de mobilité internationale caractérisée par une forte incertitude quant à la durée du séjour à l’étranger et à la prochaine destination. Le parcours liminal des consommateurs les expose à un risque de déracinement et de perte de soi qui doivent être compensés par une consommation solide, ancrant le récit identitaire des consommateurs dans des expériences de consommation cristallisées, des objets matériels et des marques symboliques. / Consumer liminality is a vital concept in marketing research, usually defined as a transitional state of betwixt and between social positions. It enlightens life transitions, extraordinary experiences, and consumption rituals. This dissertation assesses the conceptualization of consumer liminality and advances its theorization in liquid modernity by exploring contemporary consumer lifestyles which embrace contingency, uncertainty, and ambiguity. The first essay conceptually reexamines the treatment of liminality in consumer research. I identify two distinct forms, transformational liminality and liminoidity, thus challenging the unidimensionality assumption. Countering its celebratory treatment, I highlight the dangers of liminality when it is part of a meaningless transition. This essay contributes to the literature by resolving definitional ambiguities, outlining the concept’s scope, and delineating research directions. The second essay explores the flexible consumer lifestyle, defined as purposefully embracing instability, change, and adaptability in every aspect of life through professional precariousness. Using a combination of long interviews, projective techniques, and participant observation, I question how the frequent life transitions which characterize the flexible lifestyle and could be conceptualized as an experience of permanent liminality, are handled by consumers. Departing from prior literature, this essay contributes to consumer research on liminality by illustrating that permanent liminality is unsustainable for individuals, who need a release from the overwhelming pressures of its pursuit. Further, I identify flexibility capital as what enables consumers to perform successfully this lifestyle and thus, create an escape from the social structure which otherwise compels them to dominated precarious positions. The third essay studies the liminal consumer journeys of consumers who experience repeated cross-cultural transitions. I combine autodriving and long interviews to explore open-ended mobility, a type of international mobility characterized by a high uncertainty regarding the duration of the stay abroad and the next destination. This essay contributes by emphasizing liminal dangers. I identify that liminal consumer journeys put consumers at risk of rootlessness and self-loss and must be compensated by solidifying consumption, which anchors consumers’ identity narratives in crystallized consumption experiences, material objects, and symbolic brands.

<p>Many Caribbean international students travel to Canada to complete their post-secondary education. Upon graduation, these students often remain in Canada to work as opposed to returning home. This study identifies the factors that influenced Caribbean international students’ decisions of whether to remain in Canada or to return home and evaluates the relative importance of their labour market perceptions in light of all of the factors influencing their decisions. Factors such as easy labour market entry, high wages, less stringent immigration policies, careers relevant to the students’ degrees, family ties and relationships with loved ones, discrimination in the labour market, lifestyle and attitudes of governing bodies and prominent community members can all act as push or pull factors in Canada, the host country, or the students’ countries of origin. These factors influence the students’ decisions of whether they should remain in Canada to work or return home. However, results support the conclusion that labour market perceptions are the most significant factors in students’ decision making.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

L’époque contemporaine est marquée par la mobilité des personnes, des biens et des idées. Dans ce contexte, les différences se côtoient et s’entrechoquent. Diverses stratégies sont mises de l’avant par les gouvernements, les groupes ou les individus pour réagir à ces nouveaux paradigmes. Nous montrons que la religion peut fournir un point d’ancrage et un cadre de signification partagé en reliant les gens dans un même espace-temps. L’étude de la communauté baha'ie de Montréal, un groupe religieux transnational qualifié de vieille « nouvelle religion », a permis de mettre en lumière l’articulation de l’idéologie cosmopolite, tant dans le message religieux que dans son appropriation par les membres. Cette idéologie est également une source d’inspiration dans la construction d’une identité baha'ie internationale puisqu’elle définit aussi l’appartenance à la communauté et qui se traduit par une appartenance au monde. L’identité religieuse est ici favorisée au détriment de l’identité ethnique tandis que l’accent est mis sur la diversité plutôt que l’homogénéité de la communauté. Les baha'is partagent des représentations collectives et un répertoire symbolique qui définissent leur projet de gouvernance mondiale. C’est dans ce contexte qu’ils allient les stratégies institutionnelles et personnelles pour reconnaître la place de tous en tant que citoyens du monde, et ce, dans la mise en place du « village global » baha'i. / The contemporary world is marked by the mobility of persons, goods and ideas. In this context, differences collide and coexist. Governments, groups and individuals bring forward diverse strategies in reaction to these new paradigms. We believe religion can offer significant points of reference while providing roots with which individuals and groups anchor themselves in a common time-space. The study of Montreal's Baha'i community, a transnational religious group seen as an old "new religion", shed light on the articulation of the cosmopolitan ideology found in this religion's message and in its members' discourse. This ideology influences the construction of an international Baha’i identity, which encompasses a sense of belonging to the community, which then extends to a sense of belonging to the world. For the Baha'is, religious identity is favoured over ethnic identity, and community diversity rather than homogeneity is displayed. Members share a common set of collective representations and symbolic repertoire that define their global governance project. They ally institutional and personal devices to recognize every person as a citizen of the world, further advancing the establishment of a Baha’i "global village".