The World Trade Organization ("WTO") and its dispute resolution systém is unique in the international economic law, reasons are following: (i) enforcement, (ii) two-level proceding, (iii) exclusive jurisdiction of the Dispute Settlement Body ("DSU"). DSU continues to follow the case law based on GATT 1947 however develops more complex rule of law. How successful DSB is in this task is subject of examination of the thesis. Thesis is divided into two parts: theoritecal and practical. First chapter explains aim of the DSU, comparison of procedural rules with GATT 1947. Following, the second chapter explains the hard law and procedural rules, function and aim of WTO, followed by ideas for improvement of the dispute settlement. Last chapter of this parts is dedicated to methods of interpretation. The second part, practical, analyses the case law of DSU from its establishment in 1995 until now. It analyses possible conflicts between agreements of WTO or conflicts that arise during acting based on the agreements. Among the first cases belong the discrepancies between main 3 agreements - GATT 1994, GATS and TRIPS and cases such as Canada - Periodicals or Argentina- Textiles and Apparel, Indonesia - Auto; another group of cases represents isme of conflict between WTO agreement and other agreement of public...

O direito internacional dos refugiados constitui um dos mais importantes mecanismos de proteção internacional do indivíduo, sendo objeto de Convenção com alto número de ratificações e de legislação nacional ainda mais protetiva. Não obstante o amplo acervo normativo disponível, desenvolvido para lidar com os desafios impostos pelos frequentes fluxos migracionais que marcaram a primeira metade do século XX, fenômenos recentes tornaram evidente a necessidade de revisão, ainda que parcial, de sua estrutura. Políticas de controle de fronteiras adotadas na Europa levaram ao incremento do fluxo de refugiados entre Estados do Sul. Paralelamente, a transferência de parte do controle para fora das águas territoriais europeias fenômeno observado também no sudeste asiático põe o direito internacional dos refugiados em confronto com a regulamentação do direito do mar. Enquanto isto, o Brasil, por não possuir histórico recente relevante de recebimento de migrantes, enfrenta grande dificuldade para garantir até mesmo o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado. Neste contexto, é imprescindível o enfrentamento de tais problemas, compatibilizando o instituto do refúgio com as necessidades das primeiras décadas do século XXI. / The international refugee law is one of the most important mechanisms of international protection of the individual, being object of a Convention with a high number of ratifications and of even more protective national legislation. Notwithstanding all the existing legal norms, which were developed to deal with the challenges posed by the frequent emigrational flows that marked the first half of the twentieth century, recent phenomena have made the need of at least partial - revision evident. Border control policies adopted in Europe led to an increasing flow of refugees between southern states. At the same time, the transfer of some European border control activities to the high seas - phenomenon also observed in Southeast Asia led to a collision between the international refugee law and the law of the sea. Meanwhile, Brazil, which had no relevant recent history of receiving migrants, faces great difficulty in ensuring even the recognition of refugee status. In this context, it is essential to face these problems, adapting the refuge to the needs of the first decades of the twenty-first century.

Economic globalization, the liberalization of markets, and the opening of once closed societies have all heralded the remarkable emergence of the current system of investment treaty arbitration. The current system, however, has attracted significant criticism and calls for reform. This thesis reviews the historical employment of arbitration in international society and the circumstances that lead to the emergence of the current system of investor-state dispute settlement. Following this, two recent proposals for reform of the current system are outlined: the creation of an international court of investment and the implementation of appellate mechanisms for investment treaty arbitration. The thesis concludes by offering an assessment of these proposals and argues for the rejection of the proposal to replace the current system with an international investment court, but offers a cautious endorsement of appellate mechanisms. / Graduate

O direito internacional dos refugiados constitui um dos mais importantes mecanismos de proteção internacional do indivíduo, sendo objeto de Convenção com alto número de ratificações e de legislação nacional ainda mais protetiva. Não obstante o amplo acervo normativo disponível, desenvolvido para lidar com os desafios impostos pelos frequentes fluxos migracionais que marcaram a primeira metade do século XX, fenômenos recentes tornaram evidente a necessidade de revisão, ainda que parcial, de sua estrutura. Políticas de controle de fronteiras adotadas na Europa levaram ao incremento do fluxo de refugiados entre Estados do Sul. Paralelamente, a transferência de parte do controle para fora das águas territoriais europeias fenômeno observado também no sudeste asiático põe o direito internacional dos refugiados em confronto com a regulamentação do direito do mar. Enquanto isto, o Brasil, por não possuir histórico recente relevante de recebimento de migrantes, enfrenta grande dificuldade para garantir até mesmo o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado. Neste contexto, é imprescindível o enfrentamento de tais problemas, compatibilizando o instituto do refúgio com as necessidades das primeiras décadas do século XXI. / The international refugee law is one of the most important mechanisms of international protection of the individual, being object of a Convention with a high number of ratifications and of even more protective national legislation. Notwithstanding all the existing legal norms, which were developed to deal with the challenges posed by the frequent emigrational flows that marked the first half of the twentieth century, recent phenomena have made the need of at least partial - revision evident. Border control policies adopted in Europe led to an increasing flow of refugees between southern states. At the same time, the transfer of some European border control activities to the high seas - phenomenon also observed in Southeast Asia led to a collision between the international refugee law and the law of the sea. Meanwhile, Brazil, which had no relevant recent history of receiving migrants, faces great difficulty in ensuring even the recognition of refugee status. In this context, it is essential to face these problems, adapting the refuge to the needs of the first decades of the twenty-first century.

The interest of suppressing migrant smuggling at sea is to be considered as part of state sovereignty and the state’s right to migrant control. This combat against criminal activity at sea is a balance between state security interest and ensuring the safety of migrants on board suspected vessels. There are a rising number of voluntary rescue organisations at sea that face trials, suspected of aiding migrant smugglers. This is a problematic fact against the big need for search and rescue operations. Despite the perilous nature of sea-crossings, maritime migration is a common phenomenon. Betweenyear 2014 and year 2020 there were20 959people reported dead in the Mediterranean Sea. Public international law provides the duty to render assistance at sea. The legal area of maritime rescuealsocoversthe coastal state dutyto promote the establishment and maintenance of adequate and effective search and rescue service. This thesis aims to analysethe conflict between the, within state sovereignty, right to control immigration and the state duty to render assistance at sea. Using aninternational legal perspective, it examines the extent of the state duty of maritime rescue.Furthermore, it examines the regulation concerning migrant smuggling and asks whether the measures taken by states against the smuggling of migrantsat seais in line with international law. The analysis concerns areas within international law of the sea, international refugee law as well as international human rights law. Vital regulations are the principle of non-refoulement and the right to life.The examination shows that the right to life reinforces thestate duty to render assistance at seaand that the principle of non-refoulement collides with extraterritorial migration control. Furthermore, it shows that the criminalisation of voluntary organisations at sea collides with the state duty to promote an effective search and rescue service. In summarythis analysis displaysthat the state interest of combating migrant smuggling wrongfully takes priority over the duty to render assistance and the respect for human rights concerning migrants at sea

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-13T14:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dinastia_solipsismo.pdf: 1241002 bytes, checksum: 4e91919775f9f37d4453e52f880c5f9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-13T14:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dinastia_solipsismo.pdf: 1241002 bytes, checksum: 4e91919775f9f37d4453e52f880c5f9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A proposta de abordagem do presente estudo pretende analisar o solipsismo soberano na sociedade internacional através das premissas político-jurídicas de Thomas Hobbes no contexto contemporâneo relativo à manutenção da paz e da segurança internacionais, sobretudo na análise do mundo pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, da Carta das Nações Unidas de 1945 e, por consequência, do principal órgão da referida instituição, o Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU). A partir da análise temporal centrada na passagem do jusnaturalismo à instituição de um sistema internacional de dominação política, demonstrar-se-á a estabilização do sistema político-internacional por meio das Resoluções e a manutenção do status quo mundial pela regra de unanimidade das grandes potências (direito de veto), apresentando as dimensões de instrumentalização do poder nas relações internacionais, inseridos claramente na perspectiva hobbesiana. Em tal concepção, o Direito Internacional Público assume mínimas funções instrumentais de garantia de paz e de segurança, com vistas à salvaguarda da temporalidade estável do Leviatã mundial hobbesiano. Além disso, demarcando os Direitos Humanos como legitimação por eloquência, a retórica jurídico-minimalista apresentada pelos discursos contemporâneos na política global resta constatada, o que torna a pesquisa, muito além de uma observação e de uma descrição do sistema político-internacional a partir de categorias de Thomas Hobbes, uma articulação perceptiva e reflexiva do despotismo e das controvérsias arrojadas nos processos de manutenção da paz e da segurança internacionais. / The main approach of this study intends to analyze the sovereign solipsism in the international society through the political and legal premises of Thomas Hobbes, in the contemporary context related to the maintenance of international peace and security, particularly in the analysis of the post World War II scenario, as well as the Charter of the United Nations (1945) and, moreover, the main body of that institution: the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). From the temporal analysis focused on the passage of natural law to the establishment of an international system of political domination, it will be demonstrated that the stabilization of the international-political system occurs through Resolutions and the maintenance of the global status quo through the great owers’ unanimity rule (veto right), showing the dimensions of the instrumentalization of power in the international relations field, clearly inserted in a Hobbesian perspective. In this conception, Public International Law assumes minimal and instrumental functions of maintaining peace and security, in a stable temporal safeguarding view of the Hobbesian Leviathan. Moreover, marking Human Rights as a legitimation for eloquence, the rhetoric presented by legal and minimalist contemporary discourses on global politics remains questioned, making the research a perceptive and thoughtful articulation of despotism and the controversies found within the process of maintaining peace and international security, well beyond the observation and description of the political-international system through Thomas Hobbes categories.

La coutume n’est pas uniquement la cumulation de ses deux éléments que sont la pratique et l’opinio juris, elle est en plus, et peut-être surtout, une opération. L’opération coutumière permet le passage de la pratique à la conviction du droit. Cette opération n’est possible qu’en ce que la pratique n’est pas uniquement la répétition de conduites, mais avant tout l’observation de cette répétition par les destinataires de l’obligation en formation. Dès lors, la coutume peut se définir comme une opération imprévisible par nature, identifiable toujours après coup, par la production de conduites, leur observation par les destinataires de l’obligation, puis par l’existence d’une conviction du droit de ces mêmes destinataires. La conviction en l’existence de l’obligation consiste finalement en une explication, pour les destinataires, de la répétition observée. Pourquoi une telle répétition existe, si ce n’est parce qu’il existe une obligation y contraignant. De ce point de vue, la coutume de droit international pénal, bien qu’identifiée abondamment par les juridictions internationales pénales, présente des difficultés d’identification inédites : les conduites pertinentes sont souvent cachées, elles ne sont pas observables, en particulier en temps de guerre et dans le cadre des hostilités, les destinataires sont les personnes physiques et, enfin, le droit international pénal s’est développé par l’intermédiaire de l’activité de juridictions ad hoc, ayant quasiment une obligation de résultat quant à leur compétence et l’existence de condamnations. Il en ressort une modalité d’identification des normes coutumières posant des questions inédites. / Custom is not only the accumulation of these two elements that are the practice and the opinio juris, it is additionally, and maybe mostly, an operation. The customary operation allows to pass from practice to the conviction of law. This operation is only possible in that practice is not only the repetition of conducts, but above all, the observation of this repetition by the addressee of the obligation in formation. Therefore, custom can be defined as an operation which is, in nature, unforeseeable, identifiable afterwards, by the production of conducts, and their observation by the obligation’s addresses. The conviction in the existence of the obligation actually consists in an explanation, to the addressees, of the observed repetition. Why would the repetition exist if not because of an obligation constraining it to be so. From this point of view, the custom of international criminal law, bears unprecedented identification difficulties. Indeed the pertinent conducts are often hidden and cannot be observed, particularly at times of war and in the context of hostilities. Furthermore, the addressees are natural persons. Lastly, international criminal law has developed through the activity of ad hoc jurisdiction that had practically an obligation of result concerning their jurisdiction and the existence of condemnations. From these difficulties emerges an identification method of customary rules bearing unprecedented issues.

Si le concept de dignité de la personne humaine occupe une position privilégiée au frontispice de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union Européenne, il est longtemps resté absent de l’ordre juridique communautaire. Les premières Communautés, organisations d’intégration économique ne se réfèrent pas au concept malgré leur vocation humaine, portée par les objectifs de paix et de progrès social. C’est sous l’impulsion du juge et du législateur de l’Union, que le concept est reconnu puis consacré, d’abord par le droit dérivé puis par le droit primaire. L’analyse des sources du concept et de son processus d’intégration permet de déterminer avec rigueur et justesse les fonctionnalités de la dignité de la personne au sein de l’Union. Le droit est en effet dynamique et les institutions de l’Union recourent au concept de dignité selon une finalité orientée. Polyfonctionnelle, la dignité de la personne humaine joue, à l’image de ses sources, un rôle fondateur déterminant sur le continent européen. Objectivement, elle constitue le fondement du paradigme européen et détermine la substance et les frontières de son ordre juridique. Subjectivement, le concept revêt une fonction protectrice de la personne humaine et de ses droits fondamentaux. Son inscription au sein des traités marque espérons-le, un tournant humaniste de l’organisation européenne. / Human dignity is a key element in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Yet, EU law has long failed to incorporate the concept of human dignity. Europeans founded the European Community to promote peace and social progress. The European Community focused on economic integration first as a mean to reach this goal, however. The Union’s judge and legislator later helped turn attention to human dignity: secondary legislation then primary law integrated the concept. We analyze how human dignity developed as a concept. We also analyze its integration into law. Doing so allows assessing carefully what role human dignity plays in the EU. Law is dynamic. EU institutions use the concept of human dignity to reach specific goals. Human dignity serves several functions. Like its sources, dignity plays a seminal role in Europe. Objectively, dignity is the basis of the European paradigm. Dignity defines the content and limits of the legal order. Subjectively, dignity protects human beings and their fundamental rights. Including human dignity into European treaties hopefully signals a humanistic shift in how Europe works. / Auch wenn das Menschenwürdekonzept eine besondere Position in der Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union innehat, war dieses Konzept lange Zeit abwesend in der EU-Rechtsordnung. Die ersten EU-Mitgliedsländer hatten den Frieden und den sozialen Fortschritt als Ziel, Organisationen, die die wirtschaftliche Integration zur Aufgabe hatten, bezogen sich nicht auf das Menschenwürdekonzept trotz ihrer menschlichen Neigung. Auf Veranlassung des Richters und Gesetzgebers der Union wurde das Konzept zunächst anerkannt und setzte sich dann durch, zunächst im Sekundärrecht, dann im primären Gemeinschaftsrecht. Eine Analyse der Quellen des Würdekonzepts und des Integrationsprozesses erlauben es, mit Strenge und Schärfe die Aufgaben der Würde im EU-Recht zu bestimmen. In der Tat ist das Recht dynamisch und die Einrichtungen der EU beziehen sich auf das Würdekonzept nach einer orientierten Zielgerichtetheit. Multifunktional spielt das Menschenwürdekonzept, folgt man seinen Quellen, eine Gründungsrolle, die auf Europa festgelegt ist. Objektiv stellt sie Grundlage des europäischen Paradigma dar und legt die Substanz und die Grenzen der juristischen Ordnung fest. Subjektiv betrachtet beinhaltet das Konzept eine Schutzfunktion des Menschen und seiner Grundrechte. Die Eintragung des Menschenwürdekonzepts innerhalb des EU-Vertrags markiert, so lässt sich hoffen, einen humanistischen Wendepunkt der Europäischen Union.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a relação entre a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH), suas decisões em relação ao Brasil e como elas podem influenciar o ordenamento jurídico interno. Para isso, pretende analisar a história da Comissão e como ela acabou por possuir uma dualidade de competências, em razão dos tratados internacionais que a orientam, especialmente a Declaração Americana de Direitos e Deveres do Homem (DADH), a Carta da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) e a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (CADH). Embora não seja o tema central do trabalho, também será mencionada a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CteIDH) no procedimento da Convenção. Com intuito de compreender a influência das decisões da Comissão no ordenamento brasileiro, que é o objetivo central do presente estudo, o trabalho busca estudar e analisar alguns casos práticos, tanto do período em que a Comissão atuou como órgão reconhecido da Carta da OEA, como da época em que atuou como órgão do sistema da Convenção, posteriormente à ratificação do Brasil. / The present work analyzes the relation between the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), its decisions regarding Brazil and how they could influence the internal legal system. In order to do so, it analyzes the history of the Commission and how it became an organ with a dual competence in the Inter- American System of Human Rights (ISHR), due to the international treaties that guide it, specially the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Men, the OAS Chart and the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Although it is not the central issue of the research, the work also mentions the role of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (ICtHR) in the ACHR’s procedure. In order to comprehend the influence of the Commission’s decisions in the internal legal system, which is the central objective of the present study, it will study and analyze some practical cases, from the period when the Commission were solely the OAS Chart human rights organ, as well as from the time when it was an Convention organ, after Brazil’s ratification of the Convention.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a relação entre a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH), suas decisões em relação ao Brasil e como elas podem influenciar o ordenamento jurídico interno. Para isso, pretende analisar a história da Comissão e como ela acabou por possuir uma dualidade de competências, em razão dos tratados internacionais que a orientam, especialmente a Declaração Americana de Direitos e Deveres do Homem (DADH), a Carta da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) e a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (CADH). Embora não seja o tema central do trabalho, também será mencionada a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CteIDH) no procedimento da Convenção. Com intuito de compreender a influência das decisões da Comissão no ordenamento brasileiro, que é o objetivo central do presente estudo, o trabalho busca estudar e analisar alguns casos práticos, tanto do período em que a Comissão atuou como órgão reconhecido da Carta da OEA, como da época em que atuou como órgão do sistema da Convenção, posteriormente à ratificação do Brasil. / The present work analyzes the relation between the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), its decisions regarding Brazil and how they could influence the internal legal system. In order to do so, it analyzes the history of the Commission and how it became an organ with a dual competence in the Inter- American System of Human Rights (ISHR), due to the international treaties that guide it, specially the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Men, the OAS Chart and the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Although it is not the central issue of the research, the work also mentions the role of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (ICtHR) in the ACHR’s procedure. In order to comprehend the influence of the Commission’s decisions in the internal legal system, which is the central objective of the present study, it will study and analyze some practical cases, from the period when the Commission were solely the OAS Chart human rights organ, as well as from the time when it was an Convention organ, after Brazil’s ratification of the Convention.