After experimental beginnings in the 1970s, a commercial push in the 1980s, and an underground existence in the 1990s, from 2000 to 2007 contemporary Australian horror production has experienced a period of strong growth and relative commercial success unequalled throughout the past three decades of Australian film history. This study explores the rise of contemporary Australian horror production: emerging production and distribution models; the films produced; and the industrial, market and technological forces driving production. Australian horror production is a vibrant production sector comprising mainstream and underground spheres of production. Mainstream horror production is an independent, internationally oriented production sector on the margins of the Australian film industry producing titles such as Wolf Creek (2005) and Rogue (2007), while underground production is a fan-based, indie filmmaking subculture, producing credit-card films such as I know How Many Runs You Scored Last Summer (2006) and The Killbillies (2002). Overlap between these spheres of production, results in ‘high-end indie’ films such as Undead (2003) and Gabriel (2007) emerging from the underground but crossing over into the mainstream. Contemporary horror production has been driven by numerous forces, including a strong worldwide market demand for horror films and the increasing international integration of the Australian film industry; the lowering of production barriers with the rise of digital video; the growth of niche markets and online distribution models; an inflow of international finance; and the rise of international partnerships. In light of this study, a ‘national cinema’ as an approach to cinema studies needs reconsideration – real growth is occurring across national boundaries due to globalisation and at the level of genre production rather than within national boundaries through pure cultural production. Australian cinema studies – tending to marginalise genre films – needs to be more aware of genre production. Global forces and emerging distribution models, among others, are challenging the ‘narrowness’ of cultural policy in Australia – mandating a particular film culture, circumscribing certain notions of value and limiting the variety of films produced domestically.

As a resource based economy international engagement plays a critical role for the growth and development of New Zealand. One of the most notable trends over the past 15 years has been the rise of some of the largest markets around the world, that have led to a rapid and substantial increase in international trade and investment flows. The liberalisation and consequently the rise of emerging markets has today changed the economic geography for the business world, with companies entering these markets with the hope of getting superior returns arising from rapid economic growth and related market opportunities. Amongst other emerging markets, the economic resurgence of the Indian market in the recent years has been widely noticed and in many senses has influenced and changed the structure and operations of businesses around the world. The prospects offered by India have allowed firms to substantially expand their activities beyond their domestic borders and access new growth opportunities generating significant productive growth. The benefits that markets like India today generate are likely to be particularly significance for New Zealand, given the small size of the domestic market. Indeed, increasing New Zealand’s exporting and international investing activity is vital to raising New Zealand’s growth rate. The rapid rise and deregulation of the Indian market has seen a rise in the number of New Zealand businesses keen to tap into the vast prospects across different sectors over the recent years. Nevertheless, New Zealand businesses have not been participating to nearly the same extent as most businesses from other small developed countries currently operating in the Indian market. Reasons for this limited interaction are unclear and not well documented in the current literature that examines the economic activities amongst the two markets. Given the importance of international engagement New Zealand businesses cannot afford to isolate themselves from the opportunities provided by the Indian market. Considering this, the main aim of this research is to focus on the opportunities that India provides and the benefits that New Zealand businesses stand to gain from those. On identifying, this may help devise actions that might lead to substantially increased levels of international investments by New Zealand firms, given the challenges of entering the Indian base from a small remote country. Drawing on insights gained from existing literature and case studies of companies operating in India, the research will identify appropriate strategies and policies that might help New Zealand businesses to succeed and better direct operations in India.

Les grandes écoles d’ingénieurs font, depuis les années 1980, l’objet de critiques annonçant la fin d’un modèle en déclin, condamné à disparaître ou à s’adapter aux exigences de la « mondialisation » ; elles sont ainsi amenées à se redéfinir de manière à préserver leur légitimité. Sont notamment pris pour cible plusieurs traits hérités de la période qui s’étend de l’Ancien Régime à la Restauration, et dont la combinaison fait la spécificité nationale de ces établissements : élitisme scolaire, recrutement sur concours à l’issue des classes préparatoires, petite taille des effectifs d’élèves, enseignement à vocation théorique et généraliste, et distance marquée vis-à-vis du monde professionnel. À travers ces propriétés particulières du système français des grandes écoles, les attaques des réformateurs mettent en question le rapport étroit qui le lie traditionnellement à l’État. Ce travail entreprend d’analyser la manière dont les écoles d’ingénieurs ont modifié leur structure, leur recrutement et leurs programmes pédagogiques pour intégrer ces injonctions à « s’internationaliser », terme ambigu dont on tâche de déconstruire le sens : l’examen des nouvelles formes de compétition entre grandes écoles d’ingénieurs montre notamment que les évolutions du modèle français de la formation des élites ne bouleversent pas pour autant les principes d’organisation et de hiérarchisation du champ national. L’étude de la circulation internationale des élèves ingénieurs amène également à nuancer l’hypothèse d’un « marché éducatif mondial » se substituant progressivement aux États. On s’interroge enfin sur les métamorphoses de ce que Bourdieu désignait comme la noblesse d’État, et sur la question de savoir en quoi elle constitue une élite en voie d’internationalisation. / Since the 1980’s, French grandes écoles are undergoing critics announcing the end of a declining educational model, which is condemned to disappear or to adapt itself to requirements of “globalization”. In order to integrate new criteria of excellence, French engineering schools reform their pattern of selection and education, which is traditionally founded on academic values. Through the special characteristics of the French system of grandes écoles, reformers are challenging the traditionally close relationship that binds these institutions to the State. This work is aiming to analyze how engineering schools have changed their structure, their recruitment and educational programs to integrate these injunctions to "internationalize". The study about new forms of competition among engineering schools brings to light that changes in the French model of elite’s reproduction do not upset the national principles of organization and hierarchy. The analysis of international flow of engineering students also leads to nuance the hypothesis of a "global education market" gradually replacing the States. This research finally examines the metamorphoses of what Bourdieu designated as “State Nobility”, and it questions the actual range of its internationalization.

La mondialisation des marchés et de la compétitivité internationale de plus en plus dans les deux dernières décennies ont fourni à l’entrée des entreprises concurrentes sur le marché, parmi lesquels les petites entreprises. Notamment reconnus pour leur importance sociale et économique, les petites entreprises des secteurs de l’activité de l’industrie, du commerce et des services sont, en termes numériques, la grande majorité des entreprises au Brésil. Compte tenu de l’importance de cet objet de la recherche, cette recherche a comme objectif général d'explorer la relation entre l’orientation à l'innovation et les modèles d'internationalisation des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Pour atteindre cet objectif principal, trois objectifs spécifiques sont établis, qui sont l’étude du processus et du modèle d’internationalisation de petites et moyennes entreprises basées sur les nouvelles technologies et l’étude des capacités dynamiques pour l’innovation inhérente au processus et au modèle d’internationalisation des PMEs. Les capacités dynamiques d’innovation dirigent le développement de l’innovation technologique, à savoir, l’innovation des produits, procédés et services, favorisant également le développement d’innovation non technologique, en d’autres termes, de Marketing et de l’organisation. En outre, les capacités dynamiques renforcent positivement sur la compétitivité des petites entreprises dans les marchés intérieurs et internationaux. Le fondement théorique de cette recherche réside dans les théories de l’Internationalisation, de l’École Comportementale et de l’École Économique, de l’Internationalisation des Entreprises, et les théories de l’Innovation, se référant aux Capacités Dynamiques pour l’Innovation. Afin de mieux comprendre l’objet de la recherche, pour chaque sujet il y a une section concernant les PME. La diversité sectorielle des participants les entreprises a contribué à l’ampleur des résultats sur les capacités dynamiques de l’innovation des PME brésiliennes, ainsi que d’identifier leurs modèles d’internationalisation. D’après une étude qualitative, l’analyse montre que les PME brésiliennes cherchent à se différencier par l’innovation dans leurs marchés internationaux d’exploitation. En ce qui concerne les modèles d’internationalisation des PME brésiliennes, ils diffèrent à certains critères que celles figurant dans la littérature. Par conséquent, l’analyse des capacités dynamiques de l’innovation montre que les petites entreprises brésiliennes ont un fort potentiel pour le développement de l’innovation, même avec l’existence de barrières externes. Sur l’internationalisation, les PME de l’étude ont des modèles internationaux spécifiques, exigeant, par conséquent, critères approches par rapport à la littérature. Des contributions académiques, la recherche présente l’analyse des capacités dynamiques d’innovation liées à la configuration d’internationalisation des PME brésiliennes, présentant les variables émergents aux thèmes de recherche. Enfin, comme les contributions managériales, l’analyse des cas permettent de vérifier comment les entreprises cherchent à se positionner de manière concurrentielle sur les marchés internationaux. / The globalization of markets and the growing international competitiveness in the last two decades have provided the entry of competing firms in the market, among which are small firms. Notably recognized for their social and economic importance, small enterprises of the industry, trade and services sectors of activity are, in numerical terms, the vast majority of businesses in Brazil. Given the importance of this object of research, this research has as general objective to explore the relationship between the innovation orientation and the internationalization patterns of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). To achieve this general objective, three specific objectives are drawn, which are the study of the internationalization process and patterns of small-and-medium-sized technology based firms and the study of dynamic capabilities for innovation inherent to the distinct internationalization process and patterns of the SMEs. The dynamic capabilities for innovation drive the technological innovation development, namely, innovation in products, processes and services, also fostering the non-technological innovation development, in other words, the Marketing and the organizational. In addition, the dynamic capabilities impact positively on the competitiveness of small businesses in domestic and international markets. The theoretical basis of this research lies in the Internationalization Theories, from the Behavioral School and the Economic School, for Business Internationalization, and the Innovation Theories, referring to the Dynamic Capabilities for Innovation. In order to better understand the object of research, for each topic there is a section concerning to the SMEs. The sectoral diversity of the participants firms contributed to the magnitude of results on the dynamic capabilities for innovation of Brazilian SMEs, as well as to identify their internationalization patterns. From a qualitative study, the analysis show that Brazilian SMEs seek to differentiate through innovation in their international operating markets. Regarding the internationalization patterns of Brazilian SMEs, they differ in some criteria than shown in the literature. Therefore, the analysis of dynamic capabilities for innovation shows that small Brazilian companies have high potential for the innovation development, even with the existence of external barriers. Concerning the internationalization, the SMEs of the study have specific international patterns, requiring, therefore, criteria approaches in relation to literature. As academic contributions, the research presents the analysis of dynamic capabilities for innovation related to the pattern of internationalization of Brazilian SMEs, presenting emerging variables from the research themes. Finally, as managerial contributions, the analysis of the cases enables verifying how firms seek to position themselves competitively in international markets.

HEIs have, over the recent decade, been involved in internationalisation of their academic programmes and in the delivery of their degrees in international locations. Internationalisation is associated with the incorporation of international facets into the composition of curriculum, faculty, and students through a combination of activities and policies. One such activity associated with internationalisation is transnational education, in which the degree students are located in a different country than where the institution delivering the education is based. Transnational education is often categorised in many forms: franchise, twinning, articulations, double degree programme, partnership, distance education, and international branch campus. Hospitality and tourism programmes have been identified as having been involved not only in internationalising their degree programmes, but also in delivering their degrees internationally in branch campus locations. However, even though the narrative has been on the start-up, operations, and management of these IBCs, less is known about the impacts the international branch campus has on the exporting hospitality and tourism programme. This research, based in management, tourism, and international education, and viewed through a post positivism and critical realist perspective, presents an understanding of the effects that exist between hospitality and tourism programmes in HEIs and their IBCs. This is achieved through developing a typology of the influences that overseas expansion has on the exporting hospitality and tourism programme. To address the objective of this research, a case strategy approach was used to support the exploratory and descriptive nature of this topic of study. The methodological design consisted of a mixed-methods approach, exploring three hospitality-tourism programmes in the United States delivering their degrees at international branches campuses. A conceptual framework based on elements associated with overseas expansion of both firms and HEIs and the theoretical foundations regarding internationalisation, guided data collection and analysis. The significance of this study is twofold. First, it contributes to greater understanding of IBCs from the perspective of the home campus. Much of the literature surrounding exporting education through IBCs broadly focuses on three themes: market entry, risks and benefits, and quality control issues. Understanding these influences back at the home campus programme contributes to an underdeveloped area in the transnational literature. Secondly, the research contributes to the topic of internationalisation specific to the academic field of hospitality and tourism management. Although there is much consensus that academic programmes should prepare students for an international industry and a global marketplace, it is unclear the role that exporting hospitality and tourism degrees on IBCs has in internationalising the exporting degree programme specific to students, faculty, and curriculum. Greater insight was gained regarding IBCs and internationalisation by assessing the influences of IBCs through the experiences of home campus faculty and staff. Additionally, findings may also prove useful to organisations, both academic and commercial, seeking to expand internationally. Findings of this research demonstrate that delivering a degree internationally is motivated by both internal and external factors, but home programme leadership combined with pull factors from the international location may be the catalyst in the decision to expand internationally. Additionally, the justification for international expansion and the outcome of this activity appears to be most associated with expanding the programme's brand and credibility in the area of international education. Impacts on faculty, students, and curriculum diverge somewhat when considering the mobility between both the home campus and international branch campus. Students at the home campus experience internationalising influences based on two factors. The first is their study abroad experiences at the branch campus, and the second is their interactions with foreign students who transfer to the home campus. Similarly, faculty who engage with the branch campus onsite in the international location are in some cases gaining international exposure that allows them to internationalise their perspective on the industry and their students. Faculty and staff at the home campus identify the challenges of supporting both the necessary resources of the international branch campus, and the requirements to serve the changes associated with the home campus environments.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la sociologie historique d’un domaine scientifique : l’histoire de l’Europe. A travers une étude des projets collectifs relatifs à l’écriture ou à l’enseignement de cette histoire impliquant des historiens ou des experts de l’enseignement secondaire de l’histoire français et/ou allemands, elle montre l’importance de leurs interactions avec les institutions promouvant l’histoire européenne. De 1976 à la fin des années 1980, un petit nombre d’historiens fondent un domaine de recherche, l’histoire de l’intégration communautaire, en coopération avec la Commission Européenne. De la fin des années 1980 à la fin des années 1990, nombre d’historiens et d’acteurs politiques,scientifiques et économiques s’entendent autour d’une ambition : repenser l’histoire et son enseignement pour fonder une identité européenne. Mais à partir de 2000, cette ambition se délite et les coopérations reposant sur celle-ci cèdent la place à des financements institutionnalisés. / This thesis is dedicated to the historical sociology of “European history” as a scientific field. Through the study of the collective projects relating to the writing or the teaching of such a history which involve historians or experts in history teaching from France, Germany or both countries, it shows how important are their interactions with the institutions promoting European history. In cooperation with the European Commission, a few historians found a research field, the history of the European integration, between 1976 and the end of the eighties. Many historians and political, scientific and economic actors agree between the end of the eighties and the end of the nineties about the ambition of rethinking history and its teaching in order to found a European identity. However, this ambition started to fade out in 2000 and cooperations based on it backed down in favour of institutionalised funding.

The standardisations/adaptation theme is amongst the most debated within International Retailing. Much research has attended to the question of whether an MNC should adapt to local market needs or, if instead, it should emphasise the upholding of global standards to reap efficiencies. Within this debate there is much focus on resonating to market needs but less on the inheritance, history and structure of the MNC and how this affects the ability to adapt or standardise, or indeed to do both by applying the glocalisation theme. Existing research has placed less emphasis on how the MNC might be biased towards either standardising or adapting regardless of market conditions. Central to this debate is the transfer of a retail formula. It is commonly understood that the faithful replication of a retail formula means that each element of the marketing mix is copied ‘as is’ from home to host country. This can at best be a benchmark as no MNC would be able to completely copy a home-derived standard to the host market, however, some retail concepts are generically better able to perform this ideal act than others. They would attempt to standardise as much as possible, adopting a strategy that maximises replication as it seeks not to duplicate resources across borders. The key point in this attempt is whether it does so out of recognising that differences are insignificant, or if it does so because it is unable to see that the differences do matter. Seen from an institutionalisation perspective and, initially looking at the home-derived context only, one recognises the well-defined relationship and interaction between MNC and consumer culture and the position the MNC has obtained in terms of brand strength and success. It is easy to see that context will be different in the host market, but difficult to take this into account when transferring the retail formula out of the home context. More recent literature on embeddedness has addressed some of these linkages and influences which affect the way MNCs transfer their retail concepts, but the literature fails to recognise the full impact. The structural paradox embodies some of the dilemma in this discussion as it addresses the conflict between transferred operational structure and the need to adapt locally to market needs. The glocalisation theme approaches the same dilemma from a competency perspective but does not embrace what stops the MNC from being more adaptive. This research develops a model that aims to combine these perspectives. This model is deployed to three cases, all detailing the transfer of a highly standardised retail concept, hard discounting, which is an ideal platform to explore how home-derived structure is transferred and how it deals with trans-contextual dimensions across borders. The research looks critically and in-depth at how the standards applied impact on the levels of awareness paid towards the need to adapt to trans-contextual dimensions and seeks evidence that demonstrate how attention to the differences become vital to success. At the same time, the cases illustrate that the differences may alter, but the approach taken towards them remain the same. The model defines this approach as a strategic trajectory called ‘MaxRep’, which is developed out of the home context and remains aligned to this particular foreign context when transferred in on the host settings. The benchmarking of this approach against the glocalisation theme leads to the identification of gaps and definition of action to be taken to overcome these barriers to applying effective glocalisation.

The aim of this study is to explore the Study in Sweden Facebook page, particularly about the use of nation branding identity and its representation on the social media channel during the period for application promotion for Swedish higher education institutions for Autumn semester 2018. Facebook page has been used as a centre for international marketing activities. With the purpose of promoting brand identity and the brand products, Facebook page has a significance as an online brand platform. Despite the importance of nation branding on online channel, few studies focusing on online channels for nation branding were conducted. Study in Sweden. The Study in Sweden Facebook page is used to promote Swedish higher education and Sweden, which also aims to imprint a positive image of Swedish education and Sweden as a country. Applying nation branding theoretical approach with qualitative content analysis, how nation branding identity is represented on the Study in Sweden Facebook page was investigated. In accordance with cultural approaches to nation branding, nation branding identity was labelled as binders of the imagined community further values of the nation. The study brought a focus on the relations between national identity and Swedishness concerning the core values of the nation. Facebook was investigated as communicator of the nation branding for representing the core values of Sweden.

Internationalisation is high on the agenda of Higher Education in the UK, with the promotion of the students’ intercultural capabilities seen as key for their future careers and lives as global citizens. Within this agenda international study visits are considered beneficial for student teachers, giving those with limited exposure to cultural diversity an opportunity to learn first-hand about education in other countries. Taking a postmodern approach and using Facet Methodology, the research investigated the extent to which the pattern of study visits in a School of Education in a University in the South West of England was conducive to promoting the intercultural capabilities of the participants. Drawing on perspectives from Bourdieu and postcolonial theory, analysis of the University policies on Internationalisation and Teaching and Learning revealed a variety of positions towards international study visits and interviews with Associate Deans of a Faculty explored how far these were being manifested for the different professional disciplines of Education, Health and Social Care. The perspectives, views and attitudes of the student and tutor participants on a range of study visits were then captured through focus groups, interviews and writing frames. The study found that neither the students nor the tutors showed an awareness of the nature and importance of intercultural capabilities and therefore the approaches to study visits were patchy in developing them. It suggests that though such visits can be beneficial in promoting such capabilities in the participants, they will only do so consistently if there is in place a transformational pedagogy, informed by postcolonial theory, and implemented by knowledgeable tutors. This approach would include a planned programme of pre-trip, in-trip and post-trip activities encouraging reflection upon experiences, whether positive or disturbing, based upon an explicit contract with students to engage in intercultural learning as a central aspect of the visit.

La mondialisation, qui n’est ni l’internationalisation ni la globalisation, est un phénomène en perpétuelle mouvance mû par diverses dynamiques, interactions et interdépendances. La SEC, avec une stratégie unilatéraliste marquée, s’est elle-même adaptée aux évolutions et réactions internationales. Des vecteurs internes d’adaptation ont abouti au développement des caractéristiques de la réglementation de la SEC et sur l’interrégulation de celle-ci. Marques prégnantes d’un nationalisme juridique offensif, l’acculturation juridique de la SEC, ainsi que le développement tentaculaire et subtil de l’extraterritorialité, ont permis à la SEC de s’assurer un rôle moteur, prépondérant à l’échelle internationale, ouvrant la voie et stimulant, de manière positive ou par réaction, les échanges avec ses homologues. Si la SEC participe activement aux logiques de structuration du cadre juridique mondial, ces dynamiques sont parfois paradoxales, mais se complètent nécessairement. La concurrence entre régulateurs doit être dépassée pour privilégier les échanges et collaborations, l’exemple de la coopération transatlantique, elle-même multiforme, constitue un exemple de réussite susceptible de s’appliquer de manière plus large. D’autres pans du multilatéralisme permettent à la SEC d’évoluer et de se développer dans le cadre de la mondialisation financière : il s’agit, d’une part, des protocoles internationaux d’entente ou d’intention – dont elle est bien souvent à l’origine – ou encore de la coopération internationale dans le cadre d’actions juridictionnelles et, d’autre part, des mécanismes internationaux tendant à l’équivalence des réglementations financières. / Globalisation does not equals to internationalization : it constitutes a continuing dynamics moved by diverse interactions and interdependences. The US SEC together whith its significant unilateralist strategy adapted accordingly to international evolutions and reactions. Internal vehicles of adaptation gave rise to the developement of the SEC regulation caracteristics and to its inter-regulation. The SEC legal acculturation and its subtle and ribbon development of extrateritoriality are the direct consequences of the significant offensive legal nationalism of the US financial regulator. The US regulator becam accordingly a leader on the international scale and pioneered – directly or by reaction – exchanges with its foreign counterparts. The SEC actively participate in the structuring process of the worldwilde legal framework : those logics are sometimes paradoxical but necessarily complement one another. Competition among regulators should be avoided in order to favour exchanges and collaboration. The multifaced transatlantic cooperation is a perfect example of success likely to spread more broadly. Other multilateral aspects enable the SEC to evolve within the financial globalization context. Such is the case of multilateral memorandum of understanding and international agreements on enforcement actions and international mecanisms leading to the equivalence of local financial regulations.