L’augmentation des moyens relatifs aux droits de l’homme devant la Cour internationale de Justice pose la question de la forme juridique que prend leur application dans le cadre d’un contentieux de la responsabilité interétatique et généraliste. La procédure de la Cour, conçue en vue de la défense d’intérêts étatiques subjectifs, paraît impropre à tenir compte des relations juridiques complexes dans lesquelles s’établit la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme « internationalement garantis », et se limitant aux rapports de responsabilité bilatéraux entre les Etats parties au différend. Pourtant, au lieu de penser les liens juridiques en cause en fonction des seuls Etats parties au litige et dans des termes d’extériorité de l’individu, la Cour raisonne dans une logique de corrélation. Des relations tripartites émergent entre l’Etat auteur de la violation, les autres Etats également créanciers et débiteurs des obligations, et l’individu titulaire de droits. Mais alors qu’elle est prête à préciser ces relations juridiques, voire à les conceptualiser, la Cour n’en dénature pas pour autant sa fonction juridictionnelle traditionnelle. L’individu est certes pris en compte dans l’engagement de la responsabilité entre Etats : il n’en reste pas moins marginalisé au stade de la mise en oeuvre proprement dite de la responsabilité, mise en oeuvre centrée sur l’Etat et définie par le droit international public. Cette conception particulière de la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme souligne que celle-ci ne saurait être réduite à la relation entre l’individu et l’Etat, dont les autres Etats ne seraient au mieux que les garants désintéressés, mais qu’elle détermine aussi et directement les rapports entre Etats. / The increasing number of human rights based claims before the International Court of Justice raises the question of their implementation in the framework of generalist and interstate litigation. The procedure of the Court has been thought and conceived for the defense of subjective interests of States. Therefore, the Court seems unable to take into account the complex legal relationships in which lies State responsibility for “internationally guaranteed human rights” violations and its scope, limited to bilateral responsibility amongst State parties. But, instead of conceiving the legal connections in dispute as to the only State parties or as external to the individual, the Court endorses a correlation approach. Tripartite relations emerge between the State perpetrator of the human rights violation, other States which are equally creditor and bearer of the obligations infringed and the individual who holds the rights. However although the Court is ready to clarify or even conceptualize the legal relationships involved, it does not distort its traditional judicial function. While the individual is taken into account in the incurrence of State responsibility it is nevertheless marginalized in its implementation, which continues to be centered on the State and defined by public international law. This particular conception of State responsibility for human rights violations underlines that it cannot be reduced to the relation between the individual and the State, for which other selfless States would stand guarantor as the most, but that it also and directly determines interstate relations.

The research issue of this diploma thesis is a civil war. The main aim is to uncover mechanisms that form a logical chain reasons - mechanisms - indicators. The work is composed of a theoretical research and 2 case studies (Sudan, Georgia). A list of general indicators of CW is included. Our of a comples analysis of a civil war there's a main emphasis on previous context and reasons.

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Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka hur konflikter omskrivs i läromedel i samhällskunskap på gymnasieskolan. Via en kvalitativ läromedelsanalys av fyra läroböcker i samhällskunskap med inriktning mot gymnasieskolan undersöks hur konflikter definieras och vad som anses vara den föreliggande orsaken till konflikter utifrån en begreppsapparat taget ur fältet conflict resolution. De begrepp och förklaringar som undersöks är inkompatibilitet utifrån antingen territorium eller regeringsmakt samt mellanstatlig konflikt, statsbildningskonflikt och inbördeskrig. Resultatet visar att det existerar en skillnad gällande formuleringarna i de olika läroböckerna. Slutsatsen visar att både mellanstatlig konflikt och statsbildningskonflikt synonymiseras med konflikt medan inbördeskrig behandlas som ett eget begrepp. Vidare visar materialet med tydlighet på när en konflikt är grundad i inkompatibilitet gällande territorium. Konflikter grundade i inkompatibilitet gällande regeringsmakt saknar dock antingen en koppling eller en tydlig koppling till regeringsmakt. Slutsatsen som görs till följd av studien är att det undersökta materialet inte är konsekventa i sin beskrivning av konflikter. / The purpose of this study is to examine how conflicts are described in educational textbooks in social science for the upper secondary school. Via a qualitative textbook analysis of four educational textbooks in social science for the upper secondary school conflicts are examined by how they are defined and what is considered to be the cause for conflicts from a conceptual apparatus taken from the field of Conflict resolution. The concepts and explanations that are being examined are incompatibility of either territory or state and interstate armed conflict, state formation conflict, and intrastate conflict. The result shows a difference between the formulations in the textbooks. The conclusion shows how both interstate armed conflicts and state formation conflicts are being synonymized with conflict while intrastate armed conflicts are being treated as an own concept. Furthermore, the material shows with clarity when a conflict is sprung out of incompatibility of territory. Conflicts of state are however either missing a connection to incompatibility of state or the connection is unclear. The drawn conclusion following the study are that the material is not consistent in its description of conflicts.

Nombreux sont les pays qui vivent aujourd’hui dans un état de guerre et de conflits violents. Ces pays supportent ainsi des coûts importants qu’ils soient directs ou indirects. Toutefois, les effets de la guerre sont encourus sur le long terme et empêchent le processus de développement économique du pays concerné. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’analyse du coût d’opportunité de la guerre. Cette analyse est reliée à la fois au prix de la vie humaine et au prix des destructions matérielles.Plusieurs économistes ont définit et ont estimé le coût d’opportunité de la guerre. Ce type d’estimation exige des hypothèses sur la manière dont l’économie aurait fonctionné en absence de la guerre. Cependant, ce genre de calcul n’est pas très élaboré. Notre travail de recherche se concentre sur le calcul de ce coût pour la guerre que le Liban a vécu entre 1975 et 1990. Nous nous intéressons au fonctionnement de l’économie libanaise, non pas uniquement pour la période de la guerre mais aussi pour la période postérieure à celle-ci. Les méthodes de calcul que nous utilisons sont inspirées des définitions du coût d’opportunité données par Jean Baptiste Say et par la Banque mondiale. / Nowadays, many countries live in a constant state of war and violence. They suffer from both direct and indirect costs that will have a long term impact on their economic development and progress. In this thesis, we are going to analyze the opportunity-cost of war. This analysis stresses both the value of human beings as well as the cost of material damages. Many economists have tried to define and estimate the opportunity-cost of wars. These estimations take into consideration several hypotheses on how the economy would have functioned in the absence of war. However, these calculations were never elaborate. Our work focuses on the calculation of the opportunity cost of the Lebanese civil war which started in 1975 and lasted for sixteen years. We will examine how the Lebanese economy functioned during the civil war as well as after it was done. The methods of calculation that we used are inspired from the work of Jean Baptiste Say and the World Bank.

Many Climate Scientists believe that global warming will produce more extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, intense rainfall, and flooding. These events are considered to be the most catastrophic natural events for transportation systems especially in coastal areas. Due to the severe damage from storm surge and flooding. Evaluating the magnitude of possible storm surges and their impacts on transportation systems in coastal areas is fundamental to developing adaptation plans and impact assessments to mitigate the damage. This thesis focuses on existing transportation systems in the Georgia coastal area that could be affected by several storm surges. An existing storm surge model is used to estimate the storm surges and the surge heights based on the category, direction, and forward speed of a storm. The ground elevation of the ports, interstates, state roads, railroads, and the principal airports on the Georgia coast are identified through a GIS analysis using the national elevation data set. Having the storm surge elevation and the elevation of the existing infrastructure, a GIS study is performed to identify those parts of the transportation system that will be affected by each type of storm giving results such as the length or sections of transportation assets under or above the surge elevation. A literature review of storm surge, rising sea levels, and their impacts on coastal bridges, roads, airports, ports, and railroads is presented in the thesis. Also, a description of the software used to analyze and estimate the impacts of climate change on transportation systems is described.

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No description available.

Health insurance and the entry of the Czech Republic to the European Union The first of May 2004 the Czech Republic became a member state of European Union. The membership in European Union bears a change in reservation necessities on health care in the movement of persons within the countries of European Union, European Economic Area (i. e., Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) and Switzerland. Diploma thesis, which is divided into two parts (theoretical and practical ones), summarizes accessible information about health insurance problems after the entry of the Czech Republic to the European Union. The objective of theoretical part is to summarize the problems of administration of health care within the countries of the European Union and find out consequences of the entry of the Czech Republic to the European Union for the Czech health insurance system. I present briefly the European Union, coordination of social security national systems, and the Czech health insurance system. Above all, the thesis is specialized in legal form of health insurance, in basic principles in administration of health care and in the extent of health care provided within the countries of the European Union. The special account is taken of problems of cross-border workers and Czech tourists. At the end of thesis information on the European Health Insurance Card and the Centre for Interstate Refund which fulfill the function of contact authority for the sphere of health insurance in the Czech Republic are mentioned. The objective of practical part of the thesis is to find out the legal consciousness of knowledge of the Czech Republic citizens of European law for the sphere of administration of health care in the European Union. Two hypotheses were set to accomplish the research target. The quantitative research methodology {--} technique of questionnaire was used in this survey. The research was realized in the South Bohemian Region, in the towns of České Budějovice and Strakonice. The respondents of the questionnaires were selected on purpose according to their age (from 30 years to 45 years). The research set icluded 120 respondents of both the sexes (citizens of the towns of České Budějovice and Strakonice). On the basis of obtained and proportionally evaluated research data, the both hypotheses were confirmed. The results of the research show the poor knowledge about the European law for administration health care sphere in the European Union in the citizens of České Budějovice and Strakonice. The diploma thesis can serve as a full-value information source for students, staff of health insurance companies and the general public. The questions of administration health care in the European Union is not entirely known among the general public and so the subject of this thesis can certainly clarify it.

This thesis discusses introducing CNC machining centers to the markets of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (currently the Eurasian Economic Union). The first chapter of the thesis focuses on the legal requirements for placing the products on the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, their comparison, systematic analysis of the problem, and certification schemes. The second chapter of the thesis analyses safety requirements for CNC machining centers, discusses CNC machines checklists development and their comparison for the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.