Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is a serious violation of the Human Rights with global and local implications. The multidimensionality of CSEC requires us to understand its historical elements, legal definitions, and psychosocial characteristics. International agencies, states, and national agencies (statutory and voluntary sectors) have agreed on an agenda of responses including research on CSEC, partnership and collaboration, legal changes and adjustment, promoting criminal prosecution, social policies and interventions for children and young people that have been made subject to CSEC. These interventions are diverse in their approaches, purposes, types of services, models, and critical points. In accordance with international agreements, the Chilean State recognised CSEC as a social problem and developed social policies, legal changes and intervention programmes across the country. In this context, practitioners have built a 'know-how' of social intervention in CSEC based on technical guidelines (social policy on CSEC), institutional directions and pragmatic decisions from fieldwork reflexivity. However, there is no clear evidence about the rationale, models, practices, strategies and critical points in the interventions and weakness in the monitoring and evaluations. Applied Discourse Analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between different levels of social intervention on CSEC: policy, intervention models and practices. The research purpose was to describe, understand, and analyse the programmes of social intervention in CSEC, the social intervention models, and the interdisciplinary practices in Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, implemented in the decade of 2004-2014 in Chile. Government and alternative documents were analysed (13 each), discussion groups with interdisciplinary professional teams in CSEC (3), and a focus group (1) composed of policymakers, academics, researchers, police and judicial representatives was undertaken. These materials were data-managed and analysed using the software dedoose. All University of Edinburgh Research Ethics procedures were followed. The findings indicate that Government documents highlight two discursive styles: Mandatory and Pragmatic, regarding the intervention and the approaches used. These discourses (1) defined the interventions as a part of a system or building a network of services, (2) established a condition of the intervention that recognised children as a subject of law or recognised the specialised character of the intervention, and (3) based interventions on guidelines and ethical principles or challenges, and evidence-based approaches. Alternative documents developed a discursive style of Monitoring and Evaluation that emphasised (1) the complexity of CSEC and the need to develop responses, (2) then recognised challenges such a making visible CSEC and problems with the interventions; and finally (3) recommended the basis for the intervention. Mixed Stakeholders group (1) emphasised CSEC characteristics, and the institutional responses (2) specified the structure of the intervention, and (3) identified tensions and challenges in the adjustments of social policies and intervention practices, methodological needs, and the judicial system rationale and practices. These findings are significant because they help us to understand the processes involved in building appropriate and situated responses for children and young people that have been made subject to CSE on a local, regional and global level.

This systematic overview examines the evidence base for parent involvement in intervention for phonology-based speech sound disorders. Of the 175 identified papers, 61 reported including parents and/or home-based tasks in intervention. However, insufficient detail reported within these papers limits replication and implementation. The clinical and research implications are discussed.

Two-hundred and seven speech-language pathologists (SLPs) from the US and 335 SLPs from Australia were surveyed about the intervention, service delivery models and intensity of intervention that they provide to children with speech sound disorder. Differences in practices, and implications for evidence-based practice and clinical outcomes, are discussed.

Self-efficacy constitutes the bedrock for individuals' actions and is formed through a reciprocal interaction process between the person, the environment, and the behavior. In the presence of a disability in children's and adolescents' lives, the stated process is disrupted; thus, healthcare professionals hold a pivotal role in children's and adolescents' well-being. Previous research that investigates healthcare professionals' views on self-efficacy was not found. This study followed a qualitative design with its data collection and abductive reasoning using the Family of Participation Related Construct (fPRC) framework and self-efficacy theory. The participants were ten (n=10) healthcare professionals, two from five different disciplines, who participated in individualized online interviews. This study aimed to investigate healthcare professionals’ a) perceptions, b) the importance they ascribe, and c) practices regarding self-efficacy of children and adolescents with disabilities. The study's data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. The results showed that self-efficacy is of utmost importance in healthcare professionals' practice because it relates to individuals' awareness and their expression of needs through a self-reflection process. Further, results demonstrated a bidirectional interaction of individuals' characteristics, functioning, and environmental factors with their participation (attendance and involvement) that positively or negatively affects their self-efficacy. In conclusion, healthcare professionals mentioned that the activity competence, preferences, adequate challenge, positive feedback, creation of peers' group and good therapeutic relationships enhance self-efficacy. They suggested that participation cannot exist without self-efficacy, and self-efficacy cannot be formed without participation. On this basis, the concept of participation should be taken into account when investigating self-efficacy.

Au Québec, la médiation familiale en contexte de violence conjugale est controversée, mais la pratique est très peu documentée et est donc mal connue. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de comprendre comment les médiateurs familiaux composent avec la présence de violence conjugale dans le cadre de leur pratique. Les objectifs spécifiques sont les suivants : (1) connaître comment les médiateurs familiaux dépistent la violence conjugale ; (2) savoir comment ils interviennent en présence de violence conjugale une fois cette violence dépistée ; et (3) identifier les défis et les préoccupations rencontrées par les médiateurs dans ces dossiers. Cette étude qualitative fut menée auprès de 8 médiateurs issus des domaines juridique et psychosocial. Les participants furent rencontrés dans le cadre d’entrevues semi-dirigées. Les médiateurs rencontrés insistent sur l’importance d’offrir une formation avancée portant sur la problématique de la violence conjugale et sur les outils de dépistage à tous les médiateurs au Québec et de bonifier la formation actuelle en adressant la dangerosité, le risque de récidive et d'aggravation de la violence et l’appréciation du risque d’homicide conjugal. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent également l’importance de bien différencier le terrorisme conjugal de la violence situationnelle et de mettre en place des pratiques d’interventions spécifiques à chacun de ces types de violence. La médiation familiale en présence de violence conjugale devrait être un champ de pratique spécialisé et le travail de collaboration avec les ressources spécialisées en violence conjugale nécessiterait d’être renforcé. / In Quebec, family mediation cases regarding domestic violence are controversial, and the interventions used are not well documented or known. The main purpose of this thesis is to understand how family mediators deal with cases of domestic violence within their own practice. The specific research goals include the following: (1) understanding how family mediators screen for domestic violence; (2) learning how they intervene in domestic violence cases, once they have been identified; and, (3) identifying the challenges and concerns the mediators face when working with these cases. This qualitative study was conducted with eight mediators from the psychosocial and legal fields. Semi-constructed interviews were conducted with these participants. Those interviewed brought forth the importance of offering in-depth advanced training regarding domestic violence and screening tools to all mediators across Quebec and to add to the current training by addressing the issues of dangerousness, the risk of recurring or increase of domestic violence, as well as the evaluation of risk for spousal homicide. The results of this study also demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between intimate terrorism and situational couple violence, as well as the implementation of best intervention practices specific to each type of violence. Family mediation that includes the presence of domestic violence cases should be a specialized field of practice that promotes collegial collaboration in order to access pertinent and useful resources.

This dissertation discusses the convergence of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, the language acquisition and development of young children who are minimally verbal or nonverbal who acquire their native language while simultaneously learning to use an aided AAC system, and explicit and implicit elements that influence language outcomes. Factors investigated include those related to language acquisition universals, the AAC system, the young aided AAC user, and practices, philosophies, and beliefs of speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Further examined were: (a) language acquisition parallels in atypical populations who do not possess the full range of senses who have been shown to develop language, and (b) analogies between the linguistic structures of pidgins, interlanguages, and the syntax of young aided AAC users. This dissertation employed a survey methodology to capture the practices and beliefs of SLPs as a means of identifying potential contributing factors to the reduced linguistic outcomes of these children. Quantitative findings revealed statistically significant differences in SLPs’ perceptions of confidence and qualification with the two populations of children with language impairments who use an oral modality and young aided AAC users. Descriptive trends across all constructs measured suggested differences in SLPs’ practices, belifes, and perspectives in their work with these two populations. The analysis of the syntactic structures of the language of young aided AAC users revealed definitive parallels with the construct of interlanguages.

No description available.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des pratiques d’intervention dans les maisons d’hébergement pour femmes victimes de violence au Québec, depuis leur développement au milieu des années 1970. Plus spécifiquement, elle trace un portrait de 40 ans de pratiques au sein de ces ressources, mettant en lumière les transformations qu’elles ont connues au fil des années. Guidée par une posture épistémologique critique et féministe et s’appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, l’étude guidant la présente thèse fut menée auprès d’un échantillon composé de 48 participantes, dont 8 pionnières, 7 vétérantes et 33 intervenantes. Elle est également alimentée par 53 documents produits par le Regroupement des maisons pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale et par la Fédération des maisons d’hébergement pour femmes. Un cadre conceptuel ayant émergé de manière inductive du corpus de données a orienté l’analyse des résultats, articulés autour de six valeurs : la sécurité, la dignité, l’autodétermination, l’égalité, la solidarité et la justice sociale. Dans l’ensemble, cette recherche démontre qu’initialement, les maisons d’hébergement pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale au Québec qui s’appuient sur une lecture féministe du phénomène ont été mises sur pied dans l’objectif ultime de disparaître avec l’élimination de la violence faite aux femmes. Dans cette optique, ces ressources étaient conceptualisées comme des lieux de changement social; les pratiques, fortement axées sur le collectif, ciblaient l’ensemble de la société (Lacombe, 1990). D’une solution temporaire à une fin en soi (Murray, 1988), les maisons d’hébergement se sont progressivement structurées à l’interne dans la manière de travailler avec les femmes et avec les enfants, un phénomène mis en lien avec la professionnalisation. Les résultats laissent également entrevoir que les six valeurs servant de cadre conceptuel à la présente étude ont traversé l’histoire des maisons d’hébergement et influencent encore profondément les pratiques d’intervention, telles que conceptualisées par les pionnières et les vétérantes au cours des années 1970. Or, certains éléments laissent entrevoir des glissements en lien avec l’analyse sous-jacente à ces valeurs. Plus précisément, le regard porté sur la situation des femmes vivant différentes problématiques outre la violence conjugale (santé mentale, toxicomanie, agressivité) varie davantage d’une participante à l’autre et le manque de repères théoriques semble complexifier leur travail avec les femmes considérées « difficiles ». Plus encore, le retour en force du discours médical, une préoccupation pour la place des hommes, ainsi que la conceptualisation des femmes dans leur rôle de mère dans une « vision déficitaire » (Peled & Dekel, 2010) font émerger d’importants questionnements sur l’équilibre et l’influence du féminisme en maison d’hébergement. / This dissertation focuses on the evolution of intervention practices in domestic violence shelters in the province of Québec, since their development in the mid-1970’s. More specifically, it provides an overview of 40 years of practices in these refuges, highlighting the transformations that have occurred over the years. Drawing upon a critical and feminist epistemological viewpoint and relying on a qualitative methodology, the study guiding this thesis was conducted with a total sample of 48 participants, including 8 pioneers, 7 veterans and 33 domestic violence shelter workers. Moreover, 53 documents issued by the Regroupement des maisons pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale and by the Fédération des maisons d’hébergement pour femmes have also supported the current research. The conceptual framework through which the intervention practices were analyzed emerged inductively from the data and is organized around six values: security, dignity, self-determination, equality, solidarity, and social justice. Overall, domestic violence shelters in the province of Québec which drew upon a feminist perspective of the phenomenon were developed with the ultimate goal of dissolving when violence against women was eliminated. Accordingly, these resources were conceptualized as mean of social change; collectively-oriented practices were thus targeting society as a whole (Lacombe, 1990). From a “means to and end” to “an end in itself” (Murray, 1988), domestic violence shelters have been gradually structured internally with regards to the way they work with women and children, a phenomenon which can be linked to the professionalization of services. The results also suggest that the six values on which the conceptual framework of the study was built have remained deeply entrenched in the history of domestic violence shelters and are still influencing the intervention practices, as conceptualized by the pioneers and veterans during the 1970’s. However, some of the data provided in the current research suggests some shifts in existing practices are occurring. More specifically, the challenge of understanding the situation of women affected by different issues (mental health, substance abuse, aggression) through a feminist lens and the lack of theoretical references seems to further complicate the participants’ work with women who are deemed “difficult”. Moreover, the resurgence of a medical discourse, the willingness of some to involve men in shelters and the conceptualization of women in their role as mothers through a “deficit perspective” (Peled & Dekel, 2010) raises important questions about the continuing strength and influence of feminism on workers.

L’empowerment, concept central de la prévention et de l'intervention psychosociale et en santé, est recommandé par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé autant pour les femmes ayant un parcours de prostitution, que plus généralement pour les populations socialement et politiquement défavorisées. Aujourd’hui, bien que de nombreux organismes et professionnels se déclarent promouvoir l’empowerment, la question continue de se poser sur la façon dont ces pratiques s’articulent et se vivent en intervention psychosociale. En plus des paradoxes et contradictions soulevés dans les écrits scientifiques, l'articulation de ce concept est possiblement encore plus complexe auprès d'individus marginalisés pour qui les contextes de vie et les structures d'intervention viennent freiner leur capacité d'autodétermination, comme c'est le cas des femmes avec un parcours de prostitution. L'aspect multidimensionnel des enjeux de sortie de la prostitution ainsi que le vécu d'abus et d'oppression de ces femmes soulèvent des défis importants dans l'établissement d'un lien de confiance et des objectifs d'intervention. Afin de conceptualiser les pratiques d’empowerment, cette recherche de nature qualitative et d’approche compréhensive, a recueilli les savoirs expérientiels de six intervenantes se disant pratiquer l’empowerment auprès de femmes ayant un parcours de prostitution. Les analyses ont permis de décrire : (1) les contextes dans lesquels les pratiques s’incarnent, (2) la façon dont les participantes adaptent leurs pratiques, (3) l’empowerment en tant que processus, (4) les conditions et mécanismes à l’empowerment et enfin, (5) les paradoxes et tensions que les participantes rencontrent dans l’application de leurs pratiques d’empowerment. Les résultats illustrent que les participantes exercent l’empowerment aux niveaux individuel, collectif et structurel, tout en décortiquant les conditions et mécanismes nécessaires pour soutenir le processus. Notamment, les résultats soulignent l’importance de développer une relation basée sur la congruence, la réciprocité et la coopération. / The World Health Organization promotes the use of empowerment-based approaches when working with socially and politically disadvantaged populations in general and more specifically with women engaged in prostitution. With the growing popularity of this concept, it is now used to label a variety of psychosocial practices, however, questions remain as to how these practices are articulated and put into practice in interventions, especially considering that certain authors have highlighted paradoxes associated with the concept of empowerment. The articulation of this concept may be even more complex when working with people who experience social marginalization and for whom life contexts and intervention structures can limit the possibilities of self-determination, as is the case for women with a history of prostitution. There are major barriers in establishing a bond of trust and developing pertinent objectives in interventions. Such barriers are related to the complex nature of exiting prostitution and the long-term impacts of experiences of abuse and oppression. In order to conceptualize empowerment practices, this qualitative research, with a comprehensive approach, gathered the experiential knowledge of six practitioners who describe their practice as empowerment-oriented and work with women who have experienced prostitution. Analyses allow us to describe: (1) the contexts in which the practices are embodied, (2) the way in which the participants adapt their practices, (3) empowerment as a process, (4) the conditions and mechanisms for empowerment, and finally, (5) the paradoxes and tensions that the participants encounter in applying their empowerment practices. The results illustrate that the participants exercise empowerment at individual, collective and structural levels, and dissect the conditions and mechanisms necessary to support the process of empowerment. The results underline the importance of developing a relationship based on authenticity, reciprocity and cooperation.

Cette étude sociologique porte sur le travail des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale en relation avec les personnes qu’elles accompagnent. Le contexte actuel dans lequel se déroulent les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale est caractérisé par une injonction contraignante à l’autonomisation des personnes accompagnées. C’est pourquoi, nous avons fait le pari de comprendre comment se traduit l’autonomie dans les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale dans des organismes communautaires, à travers la perspective d’intervenantes. En nous inscrivant dans une démarche exploratoire et analytique, s’appuyant sur un cadre d’analyse interactionniste, incluant les concepts d’autonomie et de la street-level-bureaucracy, nous avons décortiqué d’une part, comment les intervenantes exercent leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le cadre d’actions situées, régulées par des contraintes de nature organisationnelle, et d’autre part, comment les interactions d’intervention sont des espaces d’observation des jeux d’autonomie. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une méthode qui nous permet d’entrer au cœur des pratiques des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale, soit l’entretien d’explicitation. À travers ces entretiens, les interviewées ont produit un récit d’une situation d’intervention choisie. Ces données sont découpées en trois corpus (contextuel, narratif et représentatif) que nous avons analysés sous la forme d’études de cas transversales. Celles-ci nous informent sur les spécificités de la relation dynamique entre l’autonomie des professionnelles et celle des personnes accompagnées, selon les professionnelles de l’intervention. Ainsi, nous concluons que les jeux d’autonomie prennent une forme bidirectionnelle qui découle en « cascade », c’est-à-dire que l’autonomie des professionnelles influence directement celle des personnes accompagnées. Les jeux d’autonomie sont aussi empreints d’une hiérarchie relationnelle, alors que tous et toutes ont une « reddition de compte » à faire pour l’expression de leur autonomie, les intervenantes envers leur milieu de pratique et les personnes accompagnées envers les professionnelles. / This sociological study focuses on relational work of community mental health workers. The current context in which community mental health intervention occurs is characterized by a binding rule to empower the people they accompany. This leads us to seek to better understand how personal autonomy in mental health intervention unfolds in the context of specific situations that arise in community organizations. The thesis presents an exploratory and analytical study, based on an interactionist framework, and guided by two approaches. First, street-level-bureaucracy, which allows us to capture the strategies of relational workers in constraining organisational contexts; and second, the concept of “autonomy” defined as dynamic relational power in contexts of interaction. We analyzed how community mental health workers, on the one hand, exercise their discretionary power within their work milieu, and on the other hand, how they see their own autonomy and that of a person they were accompanying, in the context of a situated intervention. Our principal method of data collection, the explication interview, allowed us to delve deeply into the practices of community mental health workers, as they were invited to produce a detailed narrative of a specific intervention situation. These narratives were then integrated and reconstructed in the form of three textual data sets (contextual, narrative and reflexive) that were coded using both thematic and grounded theory procedures, and analysed transversely to produce insights into the situated autonomy of the community mental health workers, and their negotiated autonomy in the context of intervention interactions. We found that, from the perspective of the community mental health workers we interviewed, autonomy in the context of intervention has a bidirectional dynamic, in that the autonomy of the workers influences that of the people they accompany, but is also conditioned by the autonomy exercised by the people they are helping. There is none the less a hierarchical cascade that can be observed, in so far as the workers must justify their strategic intervention choices to the community organizations in which they work and to their colleagues, while the people they help must justify their choices to them.