This paper explores how intrinsic motivation can be increased by making use of meaningful gamification strategies in an E-Learning environment. A framework for increased intrinsic motivation in E-Learning, based on existing gamification strategies is proposed. The proposed strategies are: Meaning & Framing, Autonomy & Freedom of Choice, Mastery & Reflection and Social Connection & Relatedness. The framework is implemented into a case design: an introductory online course for coding at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The design was discussed in a focus group. The findings from that focus group along with the proposed design strategies formed the basis for the discussion. The results showed that this framework has promise, but a proper implementation of the case design would be required in order to truly validate or dismiss the framework. It was also found that the user situation and the context of the learning were important to keep in mind when designing for meaningful gamification. Thus, Context & User Situation was added to the framework. / Detta arbete utforskar hur inre motivation kan ökas genom att använda så kallade meningsfulla spelifieringstekniker i miljöer för E-lärande. Ett ramverk baserade på existerande spelifieringstrategier togs fram. Ramverket innehåller följande strategier: Mening & Inramning, Autonomi & Fria Val, Bemästrande & Reflektion samt Social Anknytning & Samhörighet. Ramverket implementerades i ett design-case: en introduktionskurs för programmering vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) i Stockholm. Designen diskuterades och utvärderades i en fokusgrupp. Resultaten från den fokusgruppen bidrar till vidare diskussion om hur ramverket träffar målet om ökad inre motivation. Slutsatsen för arbetet blev att ramverket är lovande, men en riktig implementation av designen skulle behövas för att fullständigt validera eller avfärda det. Resultaten visar också på att användarens situation och i vilken kontext lärandet sker är viktiga att ta hänsyn till när det handlar om att designa för inre motivation. Således lades Kontext & Användarsituation till i ramverket.

This study develops and tests a model which investigates the simultaneous effects of job demands, job resources, and a personal resource (intrinsic motivation) on emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. Frontline hotel employees in Ankara, Turkey serve as the study setting. Among others, results show that job demands (role conflict and role ambiguity) trigger frontline employees' emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. Job resources (supervisory support, training, empowerment, and rewards) and intrinsic motivation reduce emotional exhaustion. Implications of the findings are discussed and directions for future research are offered.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Men comprise about 10% of the nursing population globally and approximately 15% of the nursing workforce according to the South African Nursing Council. There has been an increase noted in the number of males entering the nursing profession. However, it is reported that male nurses experience discriminatory encounters related to gender bias, nursing culture, lack of equity in learning opportunities, and the stigmatisation of male nurses by the media. Although figures indicate that men remain a minority within this female dominated profession, a university in the Western Cape reported an increased enrolment of males in the nursing programme. However, little is known about what motivates them to enter this female-dominated profession and the challenges they face within the nursing profession. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compile a profile of the current male student nursing population at his school of nursing. The objectives were to identify factors motivating male students to choose nursing as a profession; identify the perceived challenges of male students in the nursing programme; and determine any associations. A quantitative, descriptive study design was used to collect data from the study population, 218 male students registered for the undergraduate nursing programmes in 2018. Stratified sampling was used to select male students for participation in the cross- sectional survey and 143 completed the self-administered questionnaire. The tool in this study was adapted from studies conducted by Bartfay et al (2010) and from O’Lynn (2003, 2013). The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the Likert scale questions to determine the motivation for choosing nursing was 0.700 -and 0.905 for the perceived challenges. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to calculate descriptive and inferential statistics. Spearman’s correlations to calculate the strength of the relationship between the dependent variables. Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal- Wallis tests were used to determine the associations between the different variables. A response rate of 65.5% (143) was obtained. The majority of the male students, 84% (120) were aged between 18-25 years and 13% (18) between 26 and 33 years. The majority, 77% (110) were Blacks, 19% (27) Coloureds and 1% (2) White. Forty four percent (63) resides in the Eastern Cape, whilst 39% (56) is from the Western Cape. The spread across the different year levels from 1st to 4th year of the B. Nursing programme are 25% (35), 27(39), 21% (29) and 20% (28) respectively. The majority, 88% (126) had no previous nursing experience before commencing the nursing programme but 53% (76) were studying. The majority, 95% (137) were single and 79% (114) indicating no dependents. The desire to make a difference in society (97%, n=137) and always wanted to be a nurse (38%, n=54) were identified respectively as the most and least important intrinsic factor for entering the nursing profession. The highest rated extrinsic factors for choosing nursing ranging from 92% -76% included having a stable career; variety of career paths; travelling abroad; career mobility and using nursing as a steppingstone to other careers. However, 39% (56) were encouraged by family to do nursing. In terms of perceivedchallenges, the majority of male students indicated that media portrayed nursing as a female profession, 86% (122) and male nurses as gay or effeminate, 71% (102). Challenges in the clinical settings reveal that 71% (102) of the respondents fear being accused of inappropriate touching of female patients, 82% (118) indicated that female patients were reluctant to receive care from male nurses, and 78% (112) perceive that female colleagues utilize male nurses primarily to lift heavy objects or heavy patients. Finally, the results indicate that extrinsic motivations were significantly associated with the respondents’ race (p = 0.004) and province (p = 0.047). A significant association was found between intrinsic motivation and the age of those respondents who considered nursing as a profession (p = 0.000). There was a significant association between extrinsic motivations and the age when the respondents considered nursing (p = 0.016). The main recommendation that nurse educators and clinical staff be informed of the challenges and gender-based issues that male student nurses face and implement remedial actions in both the classroom and clinical areas.

Kan återkallning från långtidsminnet vara belönande i sig, oberoende av hur användbar informationen är? Intern motivation och metakognitiva bedömningar har tidigare undersökts i förhållande till igenkänning och återkallning. Studien ämnade att undersöka ifall korrekt återkallning av information instuderad närmare i tid kan leda till högre skattningar av konfidens och belåtenhet. Tidigare forskning kompletterades genom att undersöka effekten av kognitiv ansträngning på belåtenhet och konfidens. Eventuella relationer mellan återkallning och pupilldilatation undersöktes. Elva personer (M = 29 år) studerade 100 ord på swahili fördelade på fem tillfällen över en vecka. Därefter skulle samtliga ord återkallas i ett test med samtidig registrering av pupillstorlek. Resultaten indikerade att högre konfidens och lägre ansträngning kunde predicera högre belåtenhet vid korrekt återkallning. Genomsnittlig prestation var en bättre prediktor för belåtenhet än tid sedan instudering. Högre prestation predicerade högre belåtenhet vid korrekt återkallning. Resultaten indikerade en uppskattning för säkra minnen samt enkel och korrekt återkallning av dessa. Detta föreslås bero på ett samspel mellan instrumentella och belönande funktioner vid återkallning. Inga signifikanta relationer observerades mellan pupilldilatation och belåtenhet, konfidens eller ansträngning. Pupillförändring uppvisade svaga samband med samtliga men dessa hade inget prediktivt värde. / Can recollection from long-term memory in itself be rewarding, regardless of its usefulness? Internal motivation and metacognitive judgements have previously been explored in relation to recognition and recollection of memories. This study aimed to explore whether recollection of information studied closer in time can lead to higher ratings of confidence and satisfaction. Previous research was complemented by further investigating the effects of cognitive effort on satisfaction and confidence. Relationships between pupil dilation and recollection were also explored. Eleven people (M = 29 years) studied 100 words in swahili distributed over five sessions during one week. Recollection of the words was tested following the last study session. Pupil size was registered during the test. The results showed that higher confidence and lower cognitive effort could predict higher satisfaction at correct recollection. Average performance was a better predictor of satisfaction than time since a word was studied. Higher performance could predict higher satisfaction at correct recollection. The results indicated an appreciation of confidence in memories as well as easy and correct recollection. This may suggest an interplay between instrumental and rewarding functions during recollection. No significant relations were found between pupil dilation and satisfaction, confidence or cognitive effort. Pupil changes resulted in weak correlations with the aforementioned but were not predicted by any of them.

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Volunteerism is positively associated with various benefits to university students. Perhaps for this reason, some educational institutions are paying students to participate in volunteerism. Conversely, the cognitive evaluation theory suggests that monetary rewards may undermine intrinsic motivation and decrease the likelihood of future participation in volunteerism. However, there has been little empirical research done regarding this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of monetary rewards on university students' intrinsic motivation to participate in a volunteerism activity. While the findings indicated a subtle trend supporting the cognitive evaluation theory, an analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical significance, thus suggesting that further research is needed in order to understand the application of the cognitive evaluation theory to volunteerism.

How might a curriculum based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) influence student motivation and art making in a 9th grade art classroom? The researcher devised a negotiated curriculum called The Master Artist Program based on the SDT theory of intrinsic motivation. The implementation of this curriculum was designed to explore the question of how a curriculum based on SDT theory would influence student motivation and art making in a 9th grade art classroom. This curriculum was implemented in a ninth grade art class on an optional basis for the course of nine weeks. The results of data analysis, illustrated by relevant vignettes, revealed features indicative of intrinsic motivation as well as peer interaction and community.

Motivation på arbetet kan härledas till individens upplevelse och tillfredsställande av sin autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet. Tillfredsställda behov har en positiv inverkan på individens välmående, prestation och attityd mot organisationen. Dessa  behov främjas av intresse för sitt arbete, upplevd sakkunnighet och gemenskap. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur upplevelsen av de grundläggande behoven (autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet) inom självbestämmandeteorin påverkar motivationen hos anställda i Försvarsmakten. I en kvalitativ studie med nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med heltidsanställda inom Försvarsmakten har jag som författare undersökt detta. Resultatet summerat genom en tematisk analys visar att anställda upplever sig motiverade genom ett varierande arbete med ansvar. Ett arbete som bidrar till att utveckla sin egen och andras sakkunnighet i ett öppet och stödjande arbetsklimat med god återkoppling. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar de till en positiv inverkan på arbetsmotivationen inom Försvarsmakten och tillfredsställer behoven autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet.

This qualitative study investigates how and why students pay attention and engage in a German Level One class in a public high school in Utah. Data were collected from surveys, classroom observations, video/audio recordings, and interviews. Findings indicate that three major factors influenced student engagement during this study-type of motivation (extrinsic or intrinsic), type of learning activity (individual, partner, or class), and the mode of activity (technology, paper, or speaking). Additional findings offer support for the idea that metacognition may enhance language learning.