This study investigated how engagement, job satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation will affect retention among nurses. A sample of 150 nurses (CNAs, LPNs, and RNs) employed at medical centers in Sioux City (IA-SD-NE) and Carbondale, Illinois was selected using cluster random sampling. Employee engagement (Independent-Variable1) was measured against the Utrecht Work Engagement Survey (UWES), job satisfaction (Independent-Variable2) was measured against the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), and intrinsic motivation (Independent-Variable3) was measured against the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). The study followed a sequential transformative design, with all research questions or hypotheses examined through multinomial regression, which indicated the odds ratio of nurses’ decision or intent to leave or stay against leaving their current position. The regression analysis showed that intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction were significantly more likely to predict nurses’ intent to leave than employee engagement. The interviews showed employee engagement, job satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation to be an important part of the nurses’ decision to leave or stay

This diploma thesis deals with a second language learners´ motivation at primary schools, particularly its effects on English lessons. At the very beginning it describes the term motivation, all kinds of motivation we can meet with and features which it is composed from. The aim of thesis is to evaluate which types of motivation students find the most stimulating for studying second language, whether intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and its relation with the attitude which learners take towards the second language.

Entrepreneurs and the components that motivates them not to give up when facing obstacles have been the focus in many different studies. There have also been some studies which aims at connecting the concepts of intrapreneurs and motivation. However, we found a gap in the research which compares Swedish entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs focusing on their motivational factors. Therefore, this study aims to fulfill the found research gap through looking deeper into the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors of both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. This led up to the following formulation of the research question: What are the main differences in motivation factors between successful entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs in Sweden? To answer this question, a qualitative study was conducted with the focus on gaining more understanding on what intrinsic and extrinsic factors motivates entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Participants in the study were found based on criteria such as working in Sweden and being considered as successful through nominations or rewards. Data collection was done through using semi-structured interviews with five entrepreneurs and five intrapreneurs with the focus on finding motivational factors and typical personal characteristics related to their line of work. Since we found similar motivational factors in our chosen theories, it was decided that they would be used in the interviews. These factors were; Monetary reward, Challenges, Training, Acknowledgement, Affiliation, Power and Accomplishment.  Results show that the entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs have differences in their motivational factors both among the individuals within each title, as well as between the titles. The motivational factors found were paired with definitions of factors from the theories. Personal characteristics of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs were also found and connected to theories about personal characteristics. The analyzed answers of intrapreneurs’ and entrepreneurs’ motivational factors were compared against each other to see if the motivational factors differ between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. The conclusion of this study is that for the extrinsic motivational factors, the entrepreneurs are more motivated by monetary rewards than the intrapreneurs and challenges motivates the intrapreneurs more than the entrepreneurs. For the intrinsic factors, power was more motivating for the entrepreneurs and more intrapreneurs saw acknowledgement as motivating. The factors which had no differences were concluded to not being related to being an entrepreneur or intrapreneur.

abstract: The benefits of exercise have been recommended in typical and other special populations. However, the evidence for persons with Down syndrome (DS) is still limited. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of an acute bout of aerobic exercise intervention on motor performance, executive function and intrinsic motivation in adolescents and young adults with DS. Ten participants with DS were assigned to an exercise group, who walked on a incremental treadmill protocol for 20 minutes. The exercise intensity was achieved at 66% of their predicted maximum heart rate. Another ten participants with DS were assigned to an attentional control group, who watched a video for 20 minutes. Measures of fine manual dexterity (e.g., Purdue Pegboard test), manual force production (e.g., grip strength test), processing speed (e.g., visual choice reaction time test), verbal processing (e.g., verbal fluency test), attention shifting ability (e.g., The Dimensional Card sorting test), and inhibitory control (e.g., Knock and Tap test) were tested pre and post intervention. An intrinsic motivation scale (e.g., enjoyment and effort) was conducted after the intervention. First, results showed participants significantly improved their performance in manual force production and Knock and Tap Test after the exercise intervention. While it has been proposed that exercise increases arousal status, neurotransmitters, or cerebral vasculature, the exact mechanisms in persons with DS are still unknown. However, our results showed that after treadmill walking, motor and cognitive improvements can be found in individuals with DS, even in a single exercise session. In addition, participants reported higher scores in enjoyment after video viewing than exercise, which may a result from musical effect or too much emphasis on external rewards in their early participation in exercise. These may imply that participants had low intrinsic motivation to an active lifestyle. Further, scores in effort were significantly higher after exercise than video viewing, which indicated their capabilities to perceive their physical exertion. However, other motivational regulations (e.g., introjected and identified regulations) have shown the relationship with exercise behavior in this population. Thus, further study should consider divergent motivational factors in order to implement an effective exercise program. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Kinesiology 2013

Orientador: Pedro Jose Winterstein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T07:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Massarella_FabioLuiz_M.pdf: 601197 bytes, checksum: 1b1012b90208cfa0b1338fc7ac856874 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A motivação intrínseca é caracterizada pelo comportamento comprometido consigo mesmo e com o prazer e satisfação derivados da participação, enquanto a motivação extrínseca ocorre se a tarefa é realizada na expectativa de recompensas externas. Quando um indivíduo está motivado intrinsecamente pode vivenciar um estado mental diferenciado, denominado estado de flow, uma teoria desenvolvida pelo psicólogo e pesquisador Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi. Trata-se de um estado de atenção plena e envolvimento profundo, que resulta em experiências marcantes e de grande significado pessoal. As duas teorias, motivação intrínseca e estado de flow, constituíram o referencial teórico para analisar: quais os motivos subjacentes à escolha da prática de corrida de rua como modalidade esportiva; a tendência motivacional intrínseca ou extrínseca; a vivência de um estado mental diferenciado como o flow e a relação com o engajamento na corrida. Este estudo analisou as respostas de praticantes de corrida de rua a uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Os dados foram analisados pelo método de ¿análise de conteúdo¿, baseado em Bardin, por meio da qual foram levantadas categorias temáticas relativas aos sentimentos e pensamentos dos praticantes quando estão correndo e às experiências pessoais vivenciadas nessa prática. As categorias levantadas foram: incentivos favoráveis e desfavoráveis com relação à motivação para a atividade; sentimentos favoráveis e desfavoráveis; pensamentos favoráveis e desfavoráveis; experiências pessoais positivas e negativas. As análises revelaram que a maioria dos praticantes começou seu envolvimento com a corrida motivada extrinsecamente, mas a motivação intrínseca é determinante no engajamento deles por muitos anos. Todos os praticantes apresentaram predominantemente uma tendência motivacional intrínseca. Foram verificados alguns elementos que caracterizam a vivência de um estado mental similar ao estado de flow. Os elementos da teoria do flow podem ser considerados como importantes direcionadores na estruturação das atividades físicas, podendo levar o indivíduo a um envolvimento profundo, à concentração total na atividade que realiza e a grande satisfação. A vivência de estados mentais positivos como o flow mantém o indivíduo intrinsecamente motivado, o que pode significar maior assiduidade e tempo de permanência enquanto praticante / Abstract: The intrinsic motivation is characterized by the compromised behavior within and with the pleasure and satisfaction derived from participation. When an individual is intrinsically motivated, he can experience a different mental state, named flow state, a theory developed by psychologist and researcher Mihalyi Csikszentmihaly. It is a state of full attention and deep involvement, which results in marked experiences and great personal significance. The two theories, intrinsic motivation and flow state, provided the theoretical benchmark for reviewing: the underlying reasons for choosing the practice of running as sports mode; the trends intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the experience of a different mental state such as flow, and the connection with the engagement in the running. This study examined the responses of the practitioners of street running to a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed by the method of "content analysis", based in Bardin, by means of which were raised thematic categories, related to the feelings and thoughts of the practitioners when they are running and the personal experiences lived on this practice. The categories were raised as follow: favorable and unfavorable incentives with respect to the motivation for the activity; favorable and unfavorable feelings, favorable and unfavorable thoughts; positive and negative on their own experiences. The analysis revealed that most practitioners began their involvement with running motivated by outer reasons than the intrinsic motivation, but it¿s crucial in engaging them for many years. All practitioners have shown predominantly a tendency motivation intrinsic. There where verify some elements that characterize the experience of a mental state similar to the flow state. The elements of the flow theory can be considered as important conditions in structuring physical activities given that the individual could lead to a deeper involvement, the total concentration on activity that holds and the greatest satisfaction. The experience of positive mental states such as flow keeps the individual intrinsically motivated and could mean higher attendance and length of stay while practicing / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

In the latest decade, the number of students learning German in Swedish upper secondary school has decreased. Thus, a quantitative study was conducted where German teachers as well as pupils learning German discussed the role of the German language in school and for future, professional prospects. This study investigates German learner’s general attitude towards the subject and discusses what kind of actions should be taken in order to attract and motivate more students to choose and to continue their German studies in school. Moreover, in order to answer my research questions, the reformation of the grade point enhancement “meritpoängssytemet” has been taken into account to investigate to what extent extrinsic motivation in the form of extra credits motivate students to take more advanced German classes offered in upper secondary schools. More information about the benefits with German knowledge was through this study identified as a possible action to motivate more students to learn German. Furthermore, the result of this study shows that the grade point enhancement is the most crucial factor to motivate students to take more advanced courses in German. Hence, the teachers encourage the idea of changing the system with extra credits to make more pupils interested in taking the German 5 class. However, the result shows that the group of students was equally extrinsically and intrinsically motivated to learn German 4. This indicates that besides reintroducing the grade point enhancement for German 5, the joy and pleasure in learning German should be stimulated as well in order to affirm the intrinisically motivated students.

Background How companies choose to work with for instance sustainability and equality, something that today is known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), is a matter that over the years has become even more important. Contemporary researchers have found an interesting correlation between CSR activities and employee motivation. Provided that, the internal communication and managers play a crucial role in succeeding making CSR-activities increase employee motivation. Therefore, research regarding CEO’s views on CSR and its ability to possibly motivate employees, becomes relevant. Aim The purpose of this study is to contribute with a deeper understanding of CEO’s different interpretations and views on using CSR as a form of motivation for their employees. Furthermore, the study provides empirical knowledge to deeper understand the link between transformational leadership, CSR and employee intrinsic motivation. Methodology The main and only method used to collect data was qualitative semi structured interviews. An abductive approach has been used which has given the authors a chance to shift between theory and empirical evidence during the process. Conclusions All the CEOs in the study agreed on that CSR can be used to motivate employees. The main discovery done is that the interpretation of CSR as something bigger, including both internal and external CSR-activities, positively correlated with the CEO’s attitudes towards using CSR as a means of motivation and its importance for organizations. Furthermore, some of the CEOs argue that transparency and talk and action is crucial both ways to succeed in making CSR programs genuine and effective. As for communication, the transformational CEOs see symmetrical internal communication as key since they highlight the importance of trust and genuinity.

Gamification could be a solution to make office work more productive by in- creasing the intrinsic motivation of employees. Currently, little research exists on gamification in connection to administrative tasks. In literature the im- portance of designing gamified tasks to the target group is stressed. This study explores in an experiment the impact of gamification on intrinsic motivation while conducting basic administrative tasks, as well as differences between age groups. The qualitative analysis of the experiment (n = 32) reveals indications that gamification triggers positive emotions, a higher engagement and creativi- ty. Using a mixed methods approach, the indications from the qualitative anal- ysis could not be proven quantitatively with a statistical significance. The re- sults further suggest, that people over 35 years tend to perceive gamification more extreme than younger ones, leading to either high intrinsic motivation or alienation.

Motivation som process innefattar det som driver människan framåt och får henne att agera. Det som driver människan till handling är hens behov. Människan upplever välbehag när behov uppfylls och obehag när dessa inte tillfredsställs. För att en student ska påbörja, fortsätta med och slutföra högskolestudier krävs en viss mängd motivation. Motivation kan vara av antingen intern eller extern karaktär. Syftet med detta arbete var att studera till vilken utsträckning programstudenterna vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet ansåg sig vara motiverade till sina studier. Ytterligare ett syfte var att studera förekomsten av intern och extern motivation bland dessa programstudenter. Detta för att kunna framta den motivationsfaktor som respondenterna värderar högst. Data samlades in med hjälp av en webbenkät där respondenterna skattade graden av total motivation, intern motivation och extern motivation. Skattningarna jämfördes sedan mellan studenter tillhörande olika typer av utbildningar samt mellan studenter som befann sig i början respektive slutet av sin utbildning. Materialet analyserades sedan med hjälp av SPSS. Resultatmönstret tydde på att studenterna vid universitetet var stabilt motiverade till sina studier. Respondenterna uppvisade även en svag tendens till att skatta intern motivation högre än extern. Utbildningstyp (filosofisk/teknisk) och/eller tid vid utbildning (början/slutet) hade ingen signifikant effekt på skattningarna av total motivation, intern motivation eller extern motivation. / Motivation as a process involves everything that drives humans forward and causes them to act in a certain direction. What primarily drive people to act are their needs. Humans feel comfortable when needs are met and discomfort when not satisfied. In order for a student to start, continue and complete university studies, a certain amount of motivation is required. Motivation may be of either internal or external character. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate to what extent the students at Luleå University of Technology considered themselves motivated for their studies. Another purpose was to study the amount of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among these students. Data was collected using a web survey where the participants were asked to estimate their total motivation, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Estimates were then compared between participants belonging in philosophical versus technical faculty and between students in the beginning versus the end of their education. The material was then analyzed using SPSS. The performance pattern indicates that the students felt motivated to their studies. The feeling of motivation was seen as stable. The results showed that students had a week tendency to estimate their intrinsic motivation a bit higher than extrinsic motivation. Results showed that faculty affiliation or beginning / end of education had no significant effect on estimates of total motivation, intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation.

Gamification is the new strategy that is applied in different areas from healthcare to the education, it is gaining a lot of popularity. Gamification is applied also in the online retailing, for trying to influence the consumer behavior. In this research paper Steam is going to be taken as a case study, since the platform is gamified. The aim of the study is to understand how gamification can influence the consumer behavior in the online retailing. As a main theoretical framework, the Fogg behavioral model. The main variables of the model are motivation, ability and trigger. In specific how the gamification can prompt the human motivation. In order to answer to the research question qualitative and quantitative research has been conducted. The qualitative research was conducted by interviewing users of the platform. While the quantitative research was conducted using a survey. The interviews and the regression model showed that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation play an important role in influencing the purchase intention of the users. According to our findings gamification influence the purchase intention by prompting the motivation of the users and at the same time also ability does influence positively the purchase intention.