With the rising electricity, raw material and fossil fuel prices, as well as the relatively low selling price of steel, the steel industry has been put under strain to produce steel as cost–effectively as possible. Ideally the industry requires a cost–effective, stable source of energy to cater for its electricity and energy needs. Modern High Temperature Reactors are in a position to provide industries with not only electricity, but also process heat. Therefore, a study was conducted into the economic viability of centering the steel industry on nuclear power. This study considered 3 technology options: a nuclear facility to cater for solely the electricity needs of the steel industry; a nuclear facility producing hydrogen for the process needs of the steel industry; and a nuclear facility co–generating electricity and process heat for the steel industry. An economic model for each of the 3 scenarios was developed that factored in the various cost considerations for each of the 3 options. In general, this included the construction costs, operational and maintenance cost, build time and interest rate of the financed amount. For each option, the model calculated the cost of production per unit output. The outputs were electricity for option 1, hydrogen for option 2, and both electricity and process heat for option 3. Each model was optimised based on a realistic best case scenario for the capital and operational costs and respective best case cost per unit outputs for each of the options were calculated. Using the optimised cost model, it was shown that electricity produced from nuclear power was more cost effective than current electricity prices in South Africa. Similarly, it was shown that a nuclear facility could produce heat at a more cost–effective means than by the combustion of natural gas. Hydrogen proved to be not cost effective compared to reformed natural gas as a reducing agent for iron ore. Based on the cost savings, a cash–flow analysis showed that the payback period for a nuclear power plant that produced electricity for the steel industry would be around 12 years at 0% interest and 15 years at 5% interest. Due to the long payback period and lack of certainty in the steel industry, any steel manufacturer would opt for purchasing electricity from a nuclear based electricity utility rather than building a facility themselves. Savings of over $70 million/year were achievable for a 2 million tonne/year electric arc furnace. Overall this analysis showed that electricity generation is the only viable means for nuclear power to be integrated with the steel manufacturing industry. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

國家原係為鞏固人民生命、身體、財產安全而存在，後為防止行政權力過度擴張，避免侵害人民權益，故有權力分立考量。在權力分立下，良善調查權往往是有效節制行政濫權、防止行政弊端的主要設計，本文以為立法院與監察院的調查權，正好扮演制衡及防弊的角色。此外，本文由治理觀點出發，主張調查權應與時俱進，隨著經濟發展，人民著重高階需求，調查權的核心價值，亦應由傳統的管制力朝向市場力及自律力為主要目的。是以，國會應結合調查權與代替人民參與政治之角色，讓調查權發揮市場監督功效，並順應多數民意需要；監察院的調查權，更應轉為積極保障人權的角色，甚至轉型為人權保障機關，以發揮積極保障人民權益功能。 本文共計六章，第一章緒論說明研究動機、目的、範圍、研究方法與限制。第二章界定調查權的內涵，由國家的存在導引出調查權的起源與目的，並將調查權劃分為制衡型調查權及防弊型調查權兩種，比較分析此二種調查權及各國作法。第三章說明我國調查權的憲政設計，包括立法院及監察院調查權，同時由歷次相關大法官解釋，說明權力分立下外部調查權爭議。第四章介紹各種治理理論，並綜整三種治理機制。第五章結合調查權與治理機制，探究調查權應予轉型，以符合人民需求。第六章提出本文的結論與建議。 本文並不涉入長久以來之三權或五權之爭，而以客觀中立的學術探討，試圖由國家成立的源頭探究調查權存在的意義與內涵，經由理論探討及比較各國作法，強調如何讓立法院及監察院的調查權發揮應有功能，降低管制成本，並達到提升政府效能、保障人民權益之最終目的。 / The purpose of a country is to strengthen and secure people’s life, body and property. However, to prevent people from abuse of the government, most country divided the government power into different section. The investigation power is therefore designed for restricting abuse of power and avoiding malpractice of the government. This research proposed that the investigation powers of the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan may each achieve the goal of preventing abuse and malpractice. In addition, this research introduced governance mechanism and stressed that the position of the investigation power shall transform from ruled by order and regulation into ruled by market and self compliance. The Legislative Yuan shall act for the people to monitor the conduct of the Executive Yuan, and the Control Yuan shall take more aggressive role to protect human rights. There are six chapters in this dissertation. Chapter 1 included motivation, purpose, scope, methodology and restrictions of the research. Chapter 2 defined investigation power to the government and divided this power into check and balance power and anti-fraud power. Chapter 3 explained the investigation power to the government in our country and introduced the operation of this power in the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan. Chapter 4 illustrated the theory of governance and concluded three pillars of government governance: ruled by order and regulation, ruled by market and self compliance. Chapter 5 integrated investigation power and governance mechanism and discussed the transformation of the investigation power. Chapter 6 described the conclusion and suggestion of the research. Regardless the argument of three or five power, this research discussed the context of the investigation power from the point of the existence of the country. After analyzing related theory and practices in different countries, this research focused on the way to strengthen the function of investigation power in the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan and suggested the aim to enhance government’s effectiveness and protect human’s rights.

This research examined the impact of eyewitness identification decisions on student-investigators. Undergraduates played the role of police investigators and interviewed student-witnesses who in Studies 1 and 2 had been shown either a good or poor view of the perpetrator or in Study 3 viewed either a Caucasian or an Asian criminal, in a video-taped crime. Based on information obtained from the witness, student-investigators then chose a suspect from a database containing information about potential suspects and rated the probability that their suspect was the culprit. Investigators then administered a photo lineup to witnesses, and re-rated the probability that their suspect was guilty. Student-investigators were highly influenced by eyewitness identification decisions, typically overestimating the information gained from the identification decision (except under conditions that led witnesses to be very accurate), and generally did not differentiate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses.

Eyewitness identification evidence is often essential in criminal investigations, yet little is known about how police investigators evaluate identification evidence. This research simulated a police investigation by having participant-investigators obtain information about a crime, examine a database of potential suspects with the goal of choosing a likely suspect for the crime, and evaluate an eyewitness's lineup identification decision. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effect of order of presentation of the eyewitness decision. When the eyewitness identified the investigator's suspect, ratings of the suspect's guilt were similar regardless of when the eyewitness decision occurred. However, when the witness reported that the culprit was not present in the lineup, a recency effect occurred (the information that was presented last had a larger impact). Experiment 3 continued to examine order effects while also examining how investigators evaluated alibi information and eyewitness testimony when they had already identified a suspect in the case. The investigators evaluated alibi evidence that was either strong or weak (in regards to exonerating the suspect) and eyewitness evidence involving a witness who either identified the investigator's suspect or rejected the suspect (by not making an identification). The order of presentation of the alibi information and eyewitness testimony was manipulated such that half of the participants received the alibi information before the eyewitness testimony while the other half received the alibi information after the eyewitness testimony. Both the eyewitness decision and alibi evidence affected ratings of guilt. A recency effect was present only in the ID Suspect/Strong alibi conditions, such that when investigators saw the witness identify the suspect and then received the strong alibi, they rated the likelihood that their suspect had committed the crime as lower than when they received the strong alibi first and then saw the witness identification. Otherwise, the two forms of evidence had an additive effect. Together, these studies provide a valuable examination of the influence of presentation order and the importance of different forms of evidence on role-playing police investigators.

The research detailed in this thesis was focused on developing an experimental testing system to characterize the non-dimensional performance coefficients of horizontal axis kinetic turbines, including both wind turbines and tidal turbines. The testing rig was designed for use in a water tunnel with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) wake survey equipment to quantify the wake structures. Precision rotor torque measurement and speed control was included, along with the ability to yaw the rotor. The scale of the rotors were purposefully small, to enable rapid-prototyping techniques to be used to produce many different test rotors at low cost to furnish a large experimental dataset. The first part of this work introduces the mechanical design of the testing rig developed for measuring the output power of the scaled rotor models with consideration for the requirements imposed by the PIV wake measurements. The task was to design a rig to fit into an existing water tunnel facility with a cross sectional area of 45 by 45 cm, with a rotor support structure to minimize the flow disturbance while allowing for yawed inflow conditions. A rig with a nominal rotor diameter of 15 cm was designed and built. The size of the rotor was determined by studying the fluid similarities between wind and tidal turbines, and choosing the tip speed ratio as a scaling parameter. In order to maximize the local blade Reynolds number, and to obtain different tip speed ratios, the rig allows a rotational speed in the range of 500 to 1500 RPM with accurate rotor angular position measurements. Rotor torque measurements enable rotor mechanical power to be calculated from simulation results. Additionally, it is included in this section a description of the instrumentation for measurement and the data acquisition system. It was known from the outset that measurements obtained in the experiments would be subject to error due to blockage effects inherent to bounded testing facilities. Thus, the second part of this work was dedicated to developing a novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology to post-process the experimental data acquired. This approach utilizes the velocity field data at the rotor plane obtained from the water tunnel PIV test data, and CFD simulations based on the actuator disk concept to account for blockage without the requirement for thrust data which would have been unreliable at the low forces encountered in the tests. Finally, the third part of this work describes the practical aspects of the laboratory project, including a description of the operational conditions for turbine testing. A set of preliminary measurements and results are presented, followed by conclusions and recommendations for future work. Unfortunately, the water tunnel PIV system was broken and thus unavailable for more than a year, so only mechanical measurements were possible with the rig during the course of this thesis work. / Graduate

The concept of the investigation of accidents at job and the problems of the investigation of accidents at job in Lithuania and in foreign countries are analyzed in the theoretical part of the work. In the practical part of the work Lithuanian regulations of investigation of accidents at job are compared with the documents which regulate the investigation of accidents at job in Great Britain, Canada, Russia Federation and France. In proceedings of comparing analysis we intended to ascertain how the interests of the workers are protected during the investigation of accidents at job. To reach the aim, we made the analysis of the questionnaire results. The research and comparing analysis of legal documents confirmed the hypothesis arguably, that regulations of the investigation of accidents at job and account do not enough protect the interests of the workers during the investigation in Lithuania.

Natural disasters are becoming more common due to climate change and it is important to adapt the society and its infrastructure to withstand events such as extreme rainfall. Precipitation is an important climatic factor affecting the transport and annually generates the cost of millions in damages, over the past 40 years heavy rain has increased and will continue to increase in the future. The extreme rainfall that occurred in Kramfors municipality in September 2013 led to flooding and destroyed several roads, including highway 90, which recently both had been rebuilt and given a new stretch of road. Extreme rainfall had also occurred in the municipality earlier.   The aim of the thesis was to examine how the Swedish Transport Administration handles new knowledge gained after natural disasters and how this is used in the planning of new roads. From the aim of the study a case study was used as a method. Information was sought from reports, official documents and government investigations in order to see how the Swedish Transport Administration’s work looks like and to find studies about the incident on highway 90. There were also conducted interviews with informants within the Swedish Transport Administration to find out how the planning and investigation of roads looks like, and to get information about the work of national highway 90. Within the Swedish Transport Administration lessons are learned from natural disasters and events in the past, but learning is mainly individual - based and internally. There is no system in the Swedish Transport Administration to manage new information or collect past experiences. New knowledge and new conditions are used in the investigation and planning of roads, but depends on which people work with those. The planning of highway 90 follows the regulations and plans to be followed, but with additional information on past events and climate adaptation in those, the damages caused by the extreme rain on highway 90 could perhaps have been avoided. / Naturolyckor blir allt vanligare i samband med klimatförändringar och det är viktigt att anpassa samhället och dess infrastruktur för att motstå händelser som exempelvis skyfall. Nederbörd är en viktig klimatfaktor som påverkar transportsystemet och som årligen genererar i miljonbelopp i form av skador. Under de senaste 40 åren har andelen skyfall ökat och det kommer att öka mer i framtiden. Skyfallet som drabbade Kramfors kommun i september 2013 medförde översvämningar och flera förstörda vägar. Bland annat skadades riksväg 90 som nyligen både byggts om och fått en ny vägsträcka. Skyfall har också tidigare inträffat i kommunen.   Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka hur man på Trafikverket hanterar ny kunskap som man fått efter att naturolyckor inträffat och hur man använder denna vid planering av nya vägar. Utifrån syftet valdes fallstudien som metod. Information söktes från rapporter, myndighetsdokument och statliga utredningar för att kunna se hur Trafikverkets arbete ser ut och för att hitta utredningar runt händelsen på riksväg 90. Vidare utfördes intervjuer med informanter inom Trafikverket för att ta reda på hur arbetet med planering och utredning av vägar ser ut, samt för att få information runt arbetet med riksväg 90.   Inom Trafikverket dras lärdom av naturolyckor och tidigare händelser, men lärandet är främst personbaserat och internt. Det finns inget system inom Trafikverket för att hantera ny kunskap eller samla in tidigare erfarenheter. Ny kunskap och nya förutsättningar används vid utredning och planering av vägar, men det påverkas av vilka personer som genomför dessa. Planeringen av riksväg 90 gjordes i enighet med de regelverk och planer som ska följas, men med ytterligare information om tidigare händelser och klimatanpassning i dessa hade kanske de skadorna som uppkom vid skyfallet på riksväg 90 kunnat undvikas.

Fundamental notions: Publicity principle, Pretrial investigation, The secrecy of the data of pretrial investigation. The content of publicity principle in penal code has been analyzed applying the methods of data analysis, comparison and classified analysis, and the place of the content in the system of the other principles of penal code has been assessed. The standards of penal code of the Republic of Lithuania regulating the run of publicity principle in pretrial investigation have also been analyzed. The content of the above mentioned standards has been revealed analyzing the practice of European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. The conception of publicity principle and its place in the system of penal code is presented in the work; hereinafter the possibilities of participants and people who are uninterested in the result of criminal process are analyzed. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania consolidates the principles of free speech and other principles of democratic states, which guarantee the right to get information about all events and processes, including the investigation of criminal act and at the same time to enable the control of these processes and to influence them. The Law on Criminal Process of the Republic of Lithuania consolidates the attitude that the data of pretrial investigation cannot be declared. The secrecy of the data like the right to free speech cannot be considered as absolute value... [to full text]

The efficacy of injection-driven remediation techniques for non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zones is limited by the principle that fluid flow is focused along paths of least hydraulic resistance. The pressure pulse technology stands among a number of innovative methods that have been developed with the aim of overcoming or mitigating this limitation. The objective of this research was to observe and document differences in saturated groundwater flow and solute transport between an injection using a conventional or continuous pressure delivery approach and an injection using a pressure pulsing instrument. The underlying motivation was to identify engineering opportunities presented by pressure pulsing with the potential to improve remediation efficiency at contaminated sites. A series of tracer injections were conducted in the unconfined aquifer at the University of Waterloo Groundwater Research Facility at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden near Alliston, ON (homogeneous fine sand), and in the shallow aquifer at a groundwater research site located on the North Campus at the University of Waterloo (moderately heterogeneous with discrete layers varying from fine sand to silt). A single injection well was used at each site for both the conventional and pressure pulsing injections. Different tracers were used for consecutive injections. Bromide, Lithium, Chloride, and fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine WT and Sulforhodamine B) were used. Formation pressurization data was captured by pressure transducers. The spatial distribution of the injected tracers was monitored at a series of multilevel wells. A groundwater flow and solute transport modeling exercise (MODFLOW and MT3DMS numerical engines) simulating the rapid boundary pressure modulation that occurs in association with pressure pulsing was conducted to complement the field injections. A two-dimensional domain was used to conduct a parametric investigation of pressure modulation and its effect on flow and transport. A three-dimensional domain served to scale-up the two-dimensional results and for benchmarking against field observations. Pressure pulsing simulation results reveal that repeated sudden onset of injection cessation produces brief periods of gradient reversal near the injection well and the development of a mixing zone around the injection well. The spatial extents of this mixing zone are highly dependent upon the hydraulic diffusivity of the medium. Greater heterogeneity in combination with presence of high hydraulic diffusivity pathways maximized the extent of the mixing zone and the magnitude of transverse and reversal hydraulic gradients. Lower pulsing frequency and higher pulsing amplitude favoured a more significant mixing zone, though these effects were secondary to geologic properties. Use of the pressure pulsing tool did not manifest into distinct changes in tracer breakthrough at either field research site. Comparison between tracer tests was complicated by sorption of fluorescent dyes and ongoing well development. Solute transport simulation results demonstrated augmentation of dispersion arising from the mixing zone phenomenon, but no distinct changes in advection.

Reservoir characterization is one of the most important problems in petroleum engineering. It involves forward reservoir modeling that predicts the fluid behavior in the reservoir and inverse problem that calibrates created reservoir models with given data. In this dissertation, we focus on two problems in the field of reservoir characterization: depth of investigation in heterogeneous reservoirs, and history matching and uncertainty quantification of channelized reservoirs. The concept of depth of investigation is fundamental to well test analysis. Much of the current well test analysis relies on analytical solutions based on homogeneous or layered reservoirs. However, such analytic solutions are severely limited for heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs, particularly for unconventional reservoirs with multistage hydraulic fractures. We first generalize the concept to heterogeneous reservoirs and provide an efficient tool to calculate drainage volume using fast marching methods and estimate pressure depletion based on geometric pressure approximation. The applicability of proposed method is illustrated using two applications in unconventional reservoirs including flow regime visualization and stimulated reservoir volume estimation. Due to high permeability contrast and non-Gaussianity of channelized permeability field, it is difficult to history match and quantify uncertainty of channelized reservoirs using traditional approaches. We treat facies boundaries as level set functions and solve the moving boundary problem (history matching) with the level set equation. In addition to level set methods, we also exploit the problem using pixel based approach. The reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach is utilized to search the parameter space with flexible dimensions. Both proposed approaches are demonstrated with two and three dimensional examples.